This book offers a metaphysical development of the notion of perspective. By explaining the functional nature of point of view, and by providing a concrete definition of point of view as a window through which to see the world, it offers a scientific realist theory that explains that points of view are real structures that ground properties and objects as well as perspectives. The notion of point of view has been of key importance in the history of philosophy, and different (...) philosophical schools have used this notion to conduct analyses from the external reality to the inner phenomenal status, or even to construct an entire philosophical system. However, there has been a lack of systematic analysis of what a point of view is and what its structure is; this book fills the gap in the literature and makes the transition between semantics and epistemology, and the philosophy of science. (shrink)

This book offers a metaphysical development of the notion of perspective. By explaining the functional nature of point of view, and by providing a concrete definition of point of view as a window through which to see the world, it offers a scientific realist theory that explains that points of view are real structures that ground properties and objects as well as perspectives. The notion of point of view has been of key importance in the history of philosophy, and different (...) philosophical schools have used this notion to conduct analyses from the external reality to the inner phenomenal status, or even to construct an entire philosophical system. However, there has been a lack of systematic analysis of what a point of view is and what its structure is; this book fills the gap in the literature and makes the transition between semantics and epistemology, and the philosophy of science. (shrink)

This is the first critical edition and study of a unique and important Muslim polemic against Christians and Jews. The Book of Disputation was written in Arabic by a Mudejar (subject Muslim living under Christian rule in late medieval Iberia) and offers new insight into the cultural and intellectual life of this Muslim minority. The text advances arguments drawn from natural philosophy-largely from Aristotle and Averroes-along with more traditional revealed sources such as the Qur'an and the Bible. Mudejar communities suffered (...) a diminution of religious and political intelligentsia over time. This text, however, highlights the author's particular conception of the world as the creation of God in his defense of Islam, demonstrates the vitality of intellectual life among Muslims in medieval Christian Iberia, and documents the continued cultivation of natural philosophy within these Muslim communities. (shrink)

The size and organization of the brain are determined by the activity of progenitor cells early in development. Key mechanisms regulating progenitor cell biology involve miRNAs. These small noncoding RNA molecules bind mRNAs with high specificity, controlling their abundance and expression. The role of miRNAs in brain development has been studied extensively, but their involvement at early stages remained unknown until recently. Here, recent findings showing the important role of miRNAs in the earliest phases of brain development are reviewed, and (...) it is discussed how loss of specific miRNAs leads to pathological conditions, particularly adult and pediatric brain tumors. Let‐7 miRNA downregulation and the initiation of embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes (ETMR), a novel link recently discovered by the laboratory, are focused upon. Finally, it is discussed how miRNAs may be used for the diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of pediatric brain tumors, with the hope of improving the prognosis of these devastating diseases. (shrink)

This book seeks to arrive at a better understanding of the relationships between the objective and subjective aspects of time. It discusses the existence of fluent time, a controversial concept in many areas, from philosophy to physics. Fluent time is understood as directional time with a past, a present and a future. We experience fluent time in our lives and we adopt a temporal perspective in our ways of knowing and acting. Nevertheless, the existence of fluent time has been debated (...) for both philosophical and scientific reasons, thus creating a rift between the subjective and objective aspects of time. Starting from the basic notion of points of view, or perspectives, this book explores the relationships between objective or external time, as it has been conceptualized by science, and subjective or internal time, which is involved in our lived experiences. It establishes a general framework encompassing the nature, structure and mode of existence of points of view, in which the objective and subjective aspects of time can be integrated. The book mainly addresses researchers and postgraduates in philosophy and logic. Additionally, it offers inspiration for physicists and computer scientists involved in the modeling and simulation of complex behaviors for which the representation of internal time should be considered together with the notion of objective, external time. (shrink)

In Words and Meaning in Metasemantics, Juan José Colomina-Almiñana argues that language meaning determination requires close attention to the constant interaction between speech communities, speaker's intentions, and the audience's uptakes.

In Words and Meaning in Metasemantics, Juan José Colomina-Almiñana argues that language meaning determination requires close attention to the constant interaction between speech communities, speaker's intentions, and the audience's uptakes.

, 3661–3678, 2020) argues that a positivistic defense of science’s objectivity is incoherent because bias in the generation of scientific theories (implies that the rational evaluation of theories will also be biased. Even though this is an idea easy to agree with, this approach is flawed for two different but related reasons. First, Dellsén’s notion of bias does not account for many ordinary biases. Second, Dellsén’s use of bias at the community-level is inconsistent. It shifts from individual scientists generating new (...) theories and making decisions to scientific communities evaluating and accepting what theories are valid. This article offers a stronger response than Dellsén’s about aseptic objectivity in science by providing a more adequate account of bias, where psychological and behavioral aspects of individual scientists and community-level scientific practices are considered. (shrink)

ResumenPrimero, veremos el modo en que Dennett defiende su teoría de la conciencia frente a los ataques de destacados filósofos, logrando contrastar su anti-intuicionismo con las numerosas dificultades que se le presentan a todos aquellos que conciben la conciencia de modo realista. Segundo, afrontamos la explicación del uso de la evolución llevado a cabo por Dennett para explicar el nacimiento de la mente humana. Tercero, analizamos el importante papel que el lenguaje tiene en la aparición del pensamiento y el modo (...) en que ello permite el establecimiento de todo un entramado de simbología llamado cultura. Cuarto, nos detendremos en una matización y dos críticas al naturalismo dennettiano.Palabras clave:Daniel C. Dennett, conciencia, evolución, intencionalidadFirst, we show the Dennett’s theory of conciousness in a comparative and confrontative approach with the realistic conceptions of mind. Second, we confront the dennettian’s explanation of the human evolution. Third, we analyze the language’s rol in the appearance of thought and is implication in the culture. Fourth, we conclude with a elucidation and two critics of the dennettian naturalism.keywordsDaniel C. Dennett, conciousness, evolution, intentionality. (shrink)

Este texto pretende analizar algunas incongruencias presentes en un reciente estudio fisiológico acerca del lenguaje que parte de la idea chomskyana de la existencia de una ‘instancia’ en la mente humana (reducible para ellos, por supuesto, al cerebro). Para ello, comenzaremos analizando la implausibilidad de esta tesis en apariencia reductivista que ha cobrado fuerza en los últimos años (la posibilidad de la existencia de un órgano del lenguaje) para mostrar que su naturalismo responde más a un dualismo de propiedades que (...) a un verdadero estudio sobre la intención lingüística (algo que expondremos en un segundo apartado). Para concluir, expondremos cómo consideramos que debe tratarse la convención lingüística, teniendo en cuenta tanto los últimos aportes de la semántica cognitiva como los últimos avances en biología evolutiva. (shrink)

En los últimos años, ha ido radicalizándose cada vez más una separación entre los defensores del análisis semántico del lenguaje y los partidarios de una visión pragmática del mismo. En base a establecer los inicios de dicha separación, presentamos en este texto las primeras disputas entre Austin y Strawson respecto de las nociones de verdad y significado, con la pretensión de establecer los términos en los cuales tendrán lugar los desarrollos posteriores. También presentaremos el origen de una dicotomía actual respecto (...) de la determinación del significado : actualmente se considera posible diferenciar entre lo que se dice y lo que se quiere decir. Defenderemos la visión austiniana de la determinación del significado, más allá de la intencionalidad presente en el lenguaje puesta de relieve por Grice, que apuesta por una visión contextualista del significado que tendrá implicaciones para la actual Teoría del Conocimiento y la actual Filosofía de la Mente. Este texto, además, pretende defender una concepción de la filosofía austiniana que haga justicia al leng uaje y a su naturaleza, al significado y a su determinación y al conocimiento y su justificación, intentando presentar, a su vez, una particular teoría del significado acorde con las actuales polémicas entre literalistas y contextualistas. In last years, has gone becoming more radical increasingly a separation between the defenders of the semantic analysis of language and the supporters of a pragmatic vision of language. On the basis of establishing the origins of above mentioned separation, we show the first disputes among Austin and Strawson on meaning and truth. Also we will present the beginning of a dichotomy respect the determination of meaning : nowadays it is considered possible to differ between what is said and what is meant. We will defend the austinian point of view from the determination of meaning, beyond the speaker's intention in language put from relief for Grice, who bets for a contextualist view of meaning that will have implications for Theory of Knowledge and Philosophy of Mind. In this paper, in addition, we try to defend a conception of the austinian philosophy that does justice to language and his nature, to meaning and his determination and to knowledge and his, trying to present, in turn, a particular theory of meaning according to the current polemics among literalists and contextualists. (shrink)

El corpus de manuscritos árabes de los musulmanes de los territorios cristianos de la península ibérica medieval y temprano-moderna (mudéjares y moriscos) ha sido generalmente estudiado en menor medida que sus escritos en romance en caracteres latinos o árabes (aljamiado). Este artículo discute los nuevos datos en el códice misceláneo Árabe 1668 (El Escorial), copiado en 928 (=1522) probablemente por musulmanes en los territorios cristianos. MS Escorial Árabe 1668 no es totalmente desconocido por los estudiosos, pero han sido pocos los (...) intentos por investigar sus extraordinarios contenidos, que hasta ahora han permanecido en gran medida sin identificar. Destacable es la copia en árabe de la historia universal de ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Ḥabīb (s. IX), el Kitāb al-Taʾrīkh [La historia], considerada como el ejemplar más antiguo de literatura árabe en al-Andalus y que se preserva solamente en un único manuscrito árabe en Oxford. Además, MS Escorial Árabe 1668 contiene un número importante de narrativas adaptadas en aljamiado que ya se conocían, pero de las cuales aún no se habían identificado los originales árabes en circulación entre los musulmanes peninsulares. Estos materiales amplían los datos ya existentes de la producción tardía de manuscritos árabes de los musulmanes peninsulares y la preservación dentro de sus comunidades de originales provenientes de al-Andalus, el norte de África y el oriente islámico, algunos de los cuales contienen miniaturas. En el MS Escorial Árabe 1668 también encontramos un sermón árabe-Aljamiado (waʿẓ) que arroja luz sobre las reuniones de musulmanes que a veces se celebraron de forma clandestina debido a las crecientes restricciones impuestas a sus comunidades por los cristianos. (shrink)

According to Vázquez and Liz (Found Sci 16(4): 383–391, 2011), Points of View (PoV) can be considered in two different ways. On the one hand, they can be explained following the model of propositional attitudes. This model assumes that the internal structure of a PoV is constituted by a subject, a set of contents, and a set of relations between the subject and those contents. On the other hand, we can analyze points of view taking as a model the notions (...) of location and access. If we choose to follow the second approach, instead of the first one, the internal structure of a PoV is not directly addressed, and the emphasized features of PoV are related to the function that PoV are intended to have. That is, PoV are directly identified by their role and they can solely be understood as ways of accessing the world that bring some kind of perspective about it. Having this in mind, we would like to propose a notation that explains how to understand such access as a sort of models (that can allow the creation of concepts), independently of whether the precise PoV under consideration is impersonal or non-impersonal, its kind of content, and its subjective or objective character. First, we will present an account of some previous approaches to the study of points of view. Then, we will analyze what kind of structure the world is assumed to posses and how the access to it is possible. Third, we will develop a notation that explains PoV as qualitative dimensions by means of which it is possible to valuate objects and states of the world. (shrink)

Según Kripke, las aproximaciones tradicionales acerca de la presuposición no funcionan en ciertos casos de oraciones compuestas porque habitualmente se ha considerado que las partes antecedentes de las mismas asignan presuposiciones a cada una de sus partes consecuentes por separado. Estoy de acuerdo con las críticas que Kripke dirige contra esta interpretación, pero defiendo la necesidad de tener en cuenta elementos y procesos pragmáticos a la hora de determinar el significado de las presuposiciones incluidas en dichas oraciones compuestas, algo que (...) podría solucionar ciertas dificultades que atañen a las aproximaciones puramente semánticas al problema de la proyección de la presuposición, como la de Kripke. (shrink)

In this paper, we try to show why a formal definition of truth is not satisfactory (first point). Later, we expound (second point) the polemic between Austin and Strawson about truth with the intention to show that both refer to different problems concerning truth and to prove that Austin did not lose this confrontation and that we can recover some elements of his investigation for making an adequate approach to this notion. We will complete our definition of truth using the (...) latest thesis of Charles Travis and that will permit us to conclude with a semantic definition of truth for natural languages. (shrink)

En el presente escrito, los autores pretenden una nueva interpretación de las principales tesis de la más conocida obra de Kripke, Naming and Necessity. Se atiende a las nociones de a priori (y de necesidad) y a posteriori (y contingencia), la noción de designador rígido (con su explícita crítica a la teoría descriptivista fregeana de los nombres) y su revisión de los conceptos metafísicos de modalidad de dicto y modalidad de re. Más tarde, se definirá mínimamente la noción de realismo (...) y se intentará situar a Kripke en el tipo que más cómodamente se adapte a sus presupuestos teóricos de carácter ordinario. Todo ello permitirá situar la teoría kripkeana de los nombres dentro de un marco realista que posibilitará, en otro momento ulterior, formular ciertas críticas a esta Teoría Causal de la Referencia y al realismo metafísico a ella asociada. (shrink)

In this paper, we try to show why a formal definition of truth is not satisfactory (first point). Later, we expound (second point) the polemic between Austin and Strawson about truth with the intention to show that both refer to different problems concerning truth and to prove that Austin did not lose this confrontation and that we can recover some elements of his investigation for making an adequate approach to this notion. We will complete our definition of truth using the (...) latest thesis of Charles Travis and that will permit us to conclude with a semantic definition of truth for natural languages. (shrink)

In this paper, we try to show why a formal definition of truth is not satisfactory (first point). Later, we expound (second point) the polemic between Austin and Strawson about truth with the intention to show that both refer to different problems concerning truth and to prove that Austin did not lose this confrontation and that we can recover some elements of his investigation for making an adequate approach to this notion. We will complete our definition of truth using the (...) latest thesis of Charles Travis and that will permit us to conclude with a semantic definition of truth for natural languages. (shrink)

This chapter argues for a notion of time that allows time travel. In order to time traveling to happen, in contrast to Presentism, the chapter demonstrates that we can change the past and we have some place where to travel. It shows the advantages of a non-presentist ontology that advocates for indeterminacy of future facts based not on its absence of truth-value, but on the overdetermination of future facts. The conclusion is that to break the causal chain is impossible in (...) we are placed in the same causal line. But if we rethink the time traveling as a trans-world traveling, it is possible to open a new causal line anytime that someone travel in time, to the past as well as to the future. (shrink)