Comment expliquer, dans une perspective psychologique, pourquoi certaines personnes se tournent vers le religieux aujourd’hui? Quels sont les motifs d’attraction pour le religieux? Cette question est particulièrement importante dans le contexte actuel de la sécularisation et du marché du religieux. Des résultats solides soutiennent la présence de vulnérabilités psychologiques préalables à l’attraction pour le religieux. Outre ces besoins compensatoires, nous émettons l’hypothèse que la religiosité moderne est caractérisée par des motivations qui reflètent la réalisation de soi et le développement optimal (...) de la personne . Dans le présent article, sept études sont rapportées. Parmi des populations spécifiques , plusieurs mesures ont été examinées dans le cadre de ces deux paradigmes . Les comparaisons aux scores obtenus par la population tout-venant sur les mêmes mesures suggèrent la coexistence de ces deux types de motifs. En outre, les différences quantitatives observées entre les populations étudiées semblent pouvoir être interprétées en termes de correspondance entre la demande et l’offre. (shrink)

En utilisant de première main les sources juives et les textes de la tradition hébraïque, ce livre affirme la différence fondamentale entre le messianisme et ce qui y est souvent assimilé, le millénarisme, la fin du monde, la téléologie, la théodicée et l’eschatologie. Cette distinction préliminaire, philosophiquement articulée, permet de mieux penser le lien entre le temps et la loi, c’est-à-dire finalement entre le politique et le religieux, et d’en dégager quelques significations majeures. En particulier, la sécularisation est ici envisagée (...) sous deux rapports opposés et complémentaires, l’advenir du nouveau et le retour du même, la réparation et la répétition. Le livre éclaire par ailleurs la notion de loi du talion au regard de la rédemption messianique et propose une réflexion sur la relation qu’entretiennent la temporalité et la loi. Il se conclut sur une affirmation : la réalisation messianique ne peut finalement s’inscrire que dans l’éphémère et le messianisme ne peut s’entendre que dans l’instant et non dans la durée, dans l’imprévisibilité et non dans la linéarité. (shrink)

The belief in immanent justice is the expectation that the universe is designed to ensure that evil is punished and virtue rewarded. What makes this belief so ‘natural’? Here, we suggest that this intuition of immanent justice derives from our evolved sense of fairness. In cases where a misdeed is followed by a misfortune, our sense of fairness construes the misfortune as a way to compensate for the misdeed. To test this hypothesis, we designed a set of studies in which (...) we show that people who do not believe in immanent justice are nonetheless implicitly influenced by intuitions of immanent justice. Strikingly, this effect disappears when the misfortune is disproportionate compared to the misdeed: In this case, justice is not restored and participants lose the intuition of immanent justice. Following recent theories of religion, we suggest that this intuition contributes to the cultural success of beliefs in immanent justice. (shrink)

— Quand le messie viendra t-il?… — Va lui demander. Traité talmudique Sanhédrin, 98a. Pourquoi parler du messianisme aujourd’hui? Cette notion de messianisme, souvent incomprise et dont la signification est surdéterminée ou connotée, semble de prime abord se référer à l’antique tradition juive, avant d’être reprise par les monothéismes. Mais on la retrouve finalement dans de nombreux discours politiques, journalistiques, sociologiques, ou encore dans les théories millénari...

Le Procès de Kafka est généralement interprété comme une œuvre mettant en scène une victime du système bureaucratique autoritaire : Joseph K., innocent, est condamné à tort par un jugement hâtif, par un semblant de justice, par la faute d’avocats incompétents ou d’une calomnie injustifiée. Personne ne semble remettre en question l’innocence de Joseph K. Et si le procès de Joseph K. n’était pas une procédure infligée à un innocent, mais une occasion pour un coupable se racheter? C’est ce que (...) K. ne verra pas. Si l’innocence n’est qu’une fausse question durant le déroulement du Procès, nous sommes alors contraints d’interroger le rapport entre le coupable et sa faute, entre la peine et son châtiment, pour le dire encore autrement : entre l’individu et la loi. Au regard du droit hébraïque, nous verrons que la question que soulève le Procès n’est pas celle de l’injustice, mais celle de la culpabilité. (shrink)

Le caractère institutionnel du messie et sa capacité à instaurer une suspension de la Loi en font une figure étonnamment proche du souverain. Cette possibilité de changer l’état de la Loi que détient le souverain est également celle du messie : comme le souverain, il possède la capacité d’instituer un nouveau rapport à la Loi au sein de la temporalité messianique, en rétablissant ou suspendant les lois alors en vigueur. La Loi, religieuse dans le cas du messianisme juif, juridique dans (...) le cas de l’état d’exception, serait donc susceptible d’un changement significatif d’état. L’examen de cette proximité entre les deux figures nous oblige alors à renouer avec le caractère éminemment politique que possède le messianisme originaire, capable d’accorder une véritable structure conceptuelle à la question de la souveraineté. La politique révolutionnaire et prolétarienne dont parle Benjamin pourrait alors apparaître comme étant l’équivalent profane de la rédemption messianique. (shrink)

When designing public policies, decision makers often rely on their own behavioral preferences. Pepper & Nettle's theory suggests that these preferences are unlikely to be appropriate when applied to a different environment. This theory has profound implications for the design and ethics of public policies.

This paper investigates the relationship that people with high functioning autism have with organizational temporality by considering this operationalization within the framework of humanistic management. To do so, it proposes an analysis based on seven propositions. Autism is a disorder that is still poorly understood and often linked to social depictions that are as unfounded as they are repulsive. It remains an unexplored area of study in the field of management sciences. Existing scholarship has established that people with autism have (...) great difficulty finding and retaining employment. While it is well known that they have weak social skills, their difficulties in relation to time have only been studied in medical research, even though organizational temporality substantially shapes the functioning of teams. The operationalization of autistic temporality as a particular temporality within humanistic management allows for the development of a new conceptual framework based on a consideration of neuro-atypia. This paper begins with a presentation of the theoretical background. It then develops the theoretical model. Implications, limitations and directions for further studies are discussed before concluding. (shrink)

A long tradition of research in WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic) countries has investigated how people weigh individual welfare versus group welfare in their moral judgments. Relatively less research has investigated the generalizability of results across non-WEIRD populations. In the current study, we ask participants across nine diverse cultures (Bali, Costa Rica, France, Guatemala, Japan, Madagascar, Mongolia, Serbia, and the USA) to make a series of moral judgments regarding both third-party sacrifice for group welfare and first-person sacrifice for group (...) welfare. In addition to finding some amount of cross-cultural variation on most of our questions, we also find two cross-culturally consistent judgments: (1) when indi- viduals are in equivalent situations, overall welfare should be maximized, and (2) harm to individuals should be taken into account, and some types of individual harm can trump overall group welfare. We end by discussing the specific pattern of variable and consistent features in the context of evolutionary theories of the evolution of morality. (shrink)

Neonatal behavioral data support the argument that multiple relations exist between vision and touch. Looking at an object triggers the motion of a neonate's arm and hand towards it. A textured surface that is seen can be recognized tactilely, but not a volumetric shaped object in cross-modal transfer tasks. These data are supported by adult neuroimaging data.

Investigating the bases of inter-individual differences in risk-taking is necessary to refine our cognitive and neural models of decision-making and to ultimately counter risky behaviours in real-life policy settings. However, recent evidence suggests that behavioural tasks fare poorly compared to standard questionnaires to measure individual differences in risk-taking. Crucially, using model-based measures of risk taking does not seem to improve reliability. Here we put forward two possible - not mutually exclusive - explanations for these results and suggest future avenues of (...) research to improve the assessment of inter-individual differences in risk-taking by combining repeated online testing and mechanistic computational models. (shrink)

Stimulation of mitogenesis by the epidermal growth factor (EGF) operates through a pathway involving the receptor, the small G‐protein Ras and protein kinases of the MAP kinase cascade. It is proposed that two of the critical steps of that pathway utilize localization of components to the plasma membrane where Ras is located: recruitment of the nucleotide exchange protein Sos to the phosphorylated EGF receptor via a complex with the SH2/SH3‐containing protein Grb2 and recruitment of the protein kinase Raf to activated (...) Ras. Moreover, it is then proposed that Raf associates with the cytoskeleton at the membrane as it is being activated. Other signaling elements, including class I receptor kinases, nonreceptor tyrosine kinases and tyrosine phosphatases, are known to function at specific cellular sites. These observations have led us to propose that localization of signaling components, and particularly sites at membrane‐microfilament interfaces, play critical roles in cellular regulation. (shrink)

Microfilament interactions with the plasma membranes of animal cells appear to vary with cell type and localization. In the erythrocyte, actin oligomers are associated with the membrane via spectrin and ankyrin. The ends of stress fibers in cultured cells, such as fibroblasts, are attached to the plasma membrane at focal adhesion sites and may involve the protein vinculin as a linking protein. In intestinal brush border microvilli a 110,000 dalton protein links the microfilament bundles to sites on the microvillus. A (...) transmembrane complex containing actin stably associated with a cell surface glycoprotein can be isolated from ascites tumor cell microvilli and can be obtained still associated with microfilaments by gentle extraction and gradient centrifugation of the microvilli. These varied interaction mechanisms are believed to be needed to satisfy the different structural and dynamic requirements of the particular systems. (shrink)

We estimate that 208,000 deep brain stimulation (DBS) devices have been implanted to address neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders worldwide. DBS Think Tank presenters pooled data and determined that DBS expanded in its scope and has been applied to multiple brain disorders in an effort to modulate neural circuitry. The DBS Think Tank was founded in 2012 providing a space where clinicians, engineers, researchers from industry and academia discuss current and emerging DBS technologies and logistical and ethical issues facing the field. (...) The emphasis is on cutting edge research and collaboration aimed to advance the DBS field. The Eighth Annual DBS Think Tank was held virtually on September 1 and 2, 2020 (Zoom Video Communications) due to restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The meeting focused on advances in: (1) optogenetics as a tool for comprehending neurobiology of diseases and on optogenetically-inspired DBS, (2) cutting edge of emerging DBS technologies, (3) ethical issues affecting DBS research and access to care, (4) neuromodulatory approaches for depression, (5) advancing novel hardware, software and imaging methodologies, (6) use of neurophysiological signals in adaptive neurostimulation, and (7) use of more advanced technologies to improve DBS clinical outcomes. There were 178 attendees who participated in a DBS Think Tank survey, which revealed the expansion of DBS into several indications such as obesity, post-traumatic stress disorder, addiction and Alzheimer’s disease. This proceedings summarizes the advances discussed at the Eighth Annual DBS Think Tank. (shrink)

We designed a new protocol requiring French adult participants to group a large number of Munsell colour chips into three or four groups. On one, relativist, view, participants would be expected to rely on their colour lexicon in such a task. In this framework, the resulting groups should be more similar to French colour categories than to other languages categories. On another, universalist, view, participants would be expected to rely on universal features of perception. In this second framework, the resulting (...) groups should match colour categories of three and four basic terms languages. In this work, we first collected data to build an accurate map of French colour terms categories. We went on testing how native French speakers spontaneously sorted a set of randomly presented coloured chips and, in line with the relativist prediction, we found that the resulting colour groups were more similar to French colour categories than to three and four basic terms languages. However, the same results were obtained in a verbal interference condition, suggesting that participants rely on language specific and nevertheless perceptual, colour categories. Collectively, these results suggest that the universalist/relativist dichotomy is a too narrow one. (shrink)

We designed a new protocol requiring French adult participants to group a large number of Munsell colour chips into three or four groups. On one, relativist, view, participants would be expected to rely on their colour lexicon in such a task. In this [ramework, the resulting groups should be more similar to French colour categories than to other languages categories. On another, universalist, view, participants would be expected to rely on universal features of perception. In this second framework, the resulting (...) groups should match colour categories of three and four basic terms languages. In this work, we first collected data to build an accurate map of French colour terms categories (Experiment 1). We went on testing how native French speakers spontaneously sorted a set of randomly presented coloured chips and, in line with the relativist prediction, we found that the resulting colour groups were more similar to French colour categories than to three and four basic terms languages (Experiment 2). However, the same results were obtained in a verbal interference condition (Experiment 3), suggesting that participants rely on language specific and nevertheless perceptual, colour categories. Collectively, these results suggest that the universalist/relativist dichotomy is a too narrow one. (shrink)

MUC1 and MUC4 are the two membrane mucins that have been best characterized. Although they have superficially similar structures and have both been shown to provide steric protection of epithelial surfaces, recent studies have also implicated them in cellular signaling. They act by substantially different mechanisms, MUC4 as a receptor ligand and MUC1 as a docking protein for signaling molecules. MUC4 is a novel intramembrane ligand for the receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB2/HER2/Neu, triggering a specific phosphorylation of the ErbB2 in the (...) absence of other ErbB ligands and potentiating phosphorylation and signaling through the ErbB2/ErbB3 heterodimeric receptor complex formed in the presence of neuregulin. In contrast, MUC1 has a highly conserved cytoplasmic tail, which binds β‐catenin, a key component of adherens junctions and a regulator of transcription, in a process that is tightly regulated by MUC1 phosphorylation. The specific localization of these membrane mucins to the apical surfaces of epithelial cells suggests that their signaling functions may be important as sensor mechanisms in response to invasion or damage of epithelia. BioEssays 25:66–71, 2003. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)