We estimate that 208,000 deep brain stimulation devices have been implanted to address neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders worldwide. DBS Think Tank presenters pooled data and determined that DBS expanded in its scope and has been applied to multiple brain disorders in an effort to modulate neural circuitry. The DBS Think Tank was founded in 2012 providing a space where clinicians, engineers, researchers from industry and academia discuss current and emerging DBS technologies and logistical and ethical issues facing the field. The (...) emphasis is on cutting edge research and collaboration aimed to advance the DBS field. The Eighth Annual DBS Think Tank was held virtually on September 1 and 2, 2020 due to restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The meeting focused on advances in: optogenetics as a tool for comprehending neurobiology of diseases and on optogenetically-inspired DBS, cutting edge of emerging DBS technologies, ethical issues affecting DBS research and access to care, neuromodulatory approaches for depression, advancing novel hardware, software and imaging methodologies, use of neurophysiological signals in adaptive neurostimulation, and use of more advanced technologies to improve DBS clinical outcomes. There were 178 attendees who participated in a DBS Think Tank survey, which revealed the expansion of DBS into several indications such as obesity, post-traumatic stress disorder, addiction and Alzheimer’s disease. This proceedings summarizes the advances discussed at the Eighth Annual DBS Think Tank. (shrink)
Comment expliquer, dans une perspective psychologique, pourquoi certaines personnes se tournent vers le religieux aujourd’hui? Quels sont les motifs d’attraction pour le religieux? Cette question est particulièrement importante dans le contexte actuel de la sécularisation et du marché du religieux. Des résultats solides soutiennent la présence de vulnérabilités psychologiques préalables à l’attraction pour le religieux. Outre ces besoins compensatoires, nous émettons l’hypothèse que la religiosité moderne est caractérisée par des motivations qui reflètent la réalisation de soi et le développement optimal (...) de la personne . Dans le présent article, sept études sont rapportées. Parmi des populations spécifiques , plusieurs mesures ont été examinées dans le cadre de ces deux paradigmes . Les comparaisons aux scores obtenus par la population tout-venant sur les mêmes mesures suggèrent la coexistence de ces deux types de motifs. En outre, les différences quantitatives observées entre les populations étudiées semblent pouvoir être interprétées en termes de correspondance entre la demande et l’offre. (shrink)
The belief in immanent justice is the expectation that the universe is designed to ensure that evil is punished and virtue rewarded. What makes this belief so ‘natural’? Here, we suggest that this intuition of immanent justice derives from our evolved sense of fairness. In cases where a misdeed is followed by a misfortune, our sense of fairness construes the misfortune as a way to compensate for the misdeed. To test this hypothesis, we designed a set of studies in which (...) we show that people who do not believe in immanent justice are nonetheless implicitly influenced by intuitions of immanent justice. Strikingly, this effect disappears when the misfortune is disproportionate compared to the misdeed: In this case, justice is not restored and participants lose the intuition of immanent justice. Following recent theories of religion, we suggest that this intuition contributes to the cultural success of beliefs in immanent justice. (shrink)
Contents: "Analysis of Claude Bernard's Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine," "Two Unpublished Chapters from She Came to Stay," "Pyrrhus and Cineas," "A Review of The Phenomenology of Perception by Maurice Merleau-Ponty," "Moral Idealism and Political Realism," "Existentialism and Popular Wisdom," "Jean-Paul Sartre," "An Eye for an Eye," "Literature and Metaphysics," "Introduction to an Ethics of Ambiguity," "An Existentialist Looks at Americans," and "What is Existentialism?".
Resumen La reseña, situada en la sección final de revistas especializadas, es un género textual típico del discurso científico, que ofrece información crítica acerca del contenido de una publicación reciente. El propósito del presente trabajo es enfocar el aspecto evaluativo del género reseña, ámbito propicio para la ocurrencia de diversas actividades de imagen de rol, de autocortesía, de cortesía y de descortesía. Este trabajo adopta el punto de vista discursivo-sociocultural para abordar los fenómenos de cortesía: Bravo y Kaul de Marlangeon. (...) Asimismo emplea la perspectiva de la teoría de la evaluación en el discurso, principalmente: Martin y Martin y White. El corpus ha sido extraído de reseñas de obras de autores hispanohablantes publicadas durante la última década en una selección de revistas internacionales de lingüística escritas en español: RILI, Signos, Discurso & Sociedad y Linred, donde se constata tanto el uso de los recursos evaluativos interconectados en el texto, como las diferentes actividades de imagen que desarrolla el reseñador. (shrink)
Este artigo analisa a distinção entre dois tipos de fundamentação, a lógico-semântica e a pragmático-lingüística, a partir da perspectiva habermasiana.Esta última apresenta, para a justificação das normas morais, uma ética do discurso. Operando ainda em outro registro, procura-se mostrar que o esquema habermasiano, inicialmente voltado para a moral, pode aplicar-se à política, quando as proposições políticas são tratadas de modo análogo àsmorais. Nesse caso, utilizam-se os conceitos habermasianos como operadores. This article offers an analysis of the distinction between two types (...) of argumentation, namely the logic-semantic and the so-called pragmatic-linguistic approach. The last one presents, for the justification of moral norms, an ethics of discourse. Dealing with another aspect as well, it attempts to show that Habermas’s scheme, initially devoted to moral thought, may be applied to politics, whenever political propositions are treated analogously to moral ones. In that case, concepts of Habermas’s theory are used merely as operators. (shrink)
The main objective of this text is to analyze some of the ambiguities that characterize Augustine of Hippo’s position regarding the so-called pagan culture in general and Greek philosophy in particular. As a matter of fact, the author of Confessions is situated in a mid-term, which I identify by the expression “the paradox of between”, for he does not totally embrace the position of Justin Martyr, who identifies Christian wisdom with Greek philosophy, neither does he claim the other extreme position (...) of Tertullian, who sees an antagonism or an insuperable gap between “Christian wisdom” and “pagan wisdom”, or between faith and reason. In the perspective of this paradox, three major questions will be examined: (a) the relation between philosophy and Christian religion, (b) the problem of the “platonic philosophers”, (c) the concepts of recollection and memory. (shrink)
Nuestra hipótesis consiste en considerar la alegría como fruto del dinamismo interpersonal entre Dios y el hombre bajo la figura de la nupcialidad, cuyas notas de reciprocidad, exclusividad, intimidad y fecundidad especifican esta dimensión particular de vida teologal. Al desplegarse en la historia, la nupcialidad adquiere una tensión escatológica pues el diálogo amante de libertades intensifica la presencia recíproca de Dios y el hombre hasta desembocar en una radicalidad que puede conducir al martirio. Tales fueron los casos de dos místicos (...) y mártires contemporáneos, Christophe Lebreton y Edith Stein, cuyos textos testimonian que la alegría se manifiesta como un fruto visible de la entrega definitiva de sus cuerpos. Our hypothesis is to consider joy as a result of the interpersonal dynamics between God and man under the figure of marriage, whose traits of reciprocity, exclusivity, intimacy and fecundity give a distinctive specifity to this particular dimension of theological life. As it unfolds in history, nuptiality develops an eschatological tension, as the loving dialogue of freedoms intensifies God and man's mutual presence, leading to a radicality which can usher into martyrdom. Such were the cases of two contemporary mystics and martyrs, Christophe Lebreton and Edith Stein, whose texts testify that joy is manifested as a visible fruit of the final offering of their bodies. (shrink)
Este artículo de homenaje a la Profesora Yolanda Ruano se divide en dos partes. En la primera discuto las críticas que ella realizara a mi libro sobre la diosa Fortuna en las que avanzaba su propio análisis de las complejas relaciones entre razón y fortuna en el pensamiento occidental. En la segunda parte, desde el punto de vista del “giro icónico” en humanidades y ciencias sociales, analizo el caso concreto del auge y desaparición de la diosa Fortuna en la iconografía (...) política de la ciudad de Berlín. A lo largo del siglo XIX la diosa Fortuna desaparece de la escena berlinesa y es sustituida por la diosa Niké o Victoria, que popularmente se interpreta como un Ángel de la Victoria. Este es el marco de la infancia de Walter Benjamin, quien más tarde expresará su visión de la historia con un otro ángel completamente distinto, el Angelus Novus de Paul Klee. (shrink)
La aparición de las geometrías no euclidianas o astrales parecían contradecir la filosofía de la matemática de Kant. Éste había contemplado la posibilidad de una geometría suprema, pero la desechó por que no se relacionaba sintéticamente con la experiencia. Sin embargo, a principios del siglo XX Albert Einstein desarrollo la Teoría de la relatividad e hizo de ella una teoría de la gravitación. Esta teoría, conocida como Teoría de la relatividad general, confiere al Universo una estructura no euclídea. En este (...) artículo se plantea que tal dotación de sentido físico a un tipo de geometría astral, hace que los recelos... que Kant manifestó hacia una posible geometría diferente de la que se nos presenta en la intuición se disipen. La Teoría de la relatividad restablece, de esta manera, la conexión necesaria entre la nueva geometría y la experiencia. The appearance of the non-Euclidean or astral geometries seemed to contradict the philosophy of the Kant´s mathematics. He had considered the possibility of a supreme geometry, but he discarded it due to it was not synthetically related with the experience. However, at the beginning of the XX century Albert Einstein developed the Theory of the Relativity and made it a theory of gravitation. This theory, known as Theory of the General Relativity, confers to the Universe a non Euclidean structure. In this article it is outlined that such an endowment of physical sense to an astral geometry kind, makes that the... mistrust that Kant manifested with respect to a possible geometry different to that which the intuition presents to us, will vanish. The Theory of Relativity so recovers the necessary connection between the new geometry and the experience. (shrink)
El presente artículo expone la crítica de Putnam sobre la noción de "referencia" en Fodor. Tal noción supone analizar el uso de condicionales contrafácticos y el uso de relaciones de dependencia asimétrica que realiza Fodor en Psico-semántica. De acuerdo con la concepción de Putnam, lo que se propone Fodor es naturalizar el discurso semántico-intencional; esto es, de lo que se trata es de ofrecer una reducción de la relación de referencia que no recurra a términos semántico-intencionales. Putnam concluye que no (...) es posible definir el léxico intencional en términos de un léxico no intencional porque el mero hecho de intentar tal reducción supone ya ejercitar un interés: la intención reductora. This article talks about the Putnam¿s critique to Fodor¿s reference notion. This notion means analysing counter factuals conditionals and the use of asymmetric dependence relations which Fodor translates into psycho semantic. According to Putnam¿s view, what Fodor¿s wants is to naturalize the semantic-intentional language. More precisely, Fodor offers a reduction of the reference relation that doesn¿t resort to semantic-intentional notions. Putnam concludes that it¿s not possible to define the intentional language in terms of a non intentional language because the simple fact of trying such a reduction implies the exercise of an intention: the reducer intention. (shrink)
When designing public policies, decision makers often rely on their own behavioral preferences. Pepper & Nettle's theory suggests that these preferences are unlikely to be appropriate when applied to a different environment. This theory has profound implications for the design and ethics of public policies.
Neonatal behavioral data support the argument that multiple relations exist between vision and touch. Looking at an object triggers the motion of a neonate's arm and hand towards it. A textured surface that is seen can be recognized tactilely, but not a volumetric shaped object in cross-modal transfer tasks. These data are supported by adult neuroimaging data.
Les deux livres de Sartre sur l’image posent un problème d’interprétation rarement traité. Le premier, L’Imagination, s’achève sur un vibrant hommage à la théorie husserlienne de l’image. Le second, L’Imaginaire, qui faisait initialement partie d’un même volume, propose une théorie inédite de l’imagination qui ne cite pas une seule fois Husserl, et qui s’en démarque fortement. Sartre a-t-il changé de point de vue d’un livre à l'autre ? Ou faut-il comprendre que son hommage à Husserl était d’emblée un hommage critique, (...) porteur de lourds désaccords explicités par L’Imaginaire ? Cet article répond à ces questions en cernant les lignes de fracture décisives entre les deux auteurs. (shrink)
We designed a new protocol requiring French adult participants to group a large number of Munsell colour chips into three or four groups. On one, relativist, view, participants would be expected to rely on their colour lexicon in such a task. In this framework, the resulting groups should be more similar to French colour categories than to other languages categories. On another, universalist, view, participants would be expected to rely on universal features of perception. In this second framework, the resulting (...) groups should match colour categories of three and four basic terms languages. In this work, we first collected data to build an accurate map of French colour terms categories. We went on testing how native French speakers spontaneously sorted a set of randomly presented coloured chips and, in line with the relativist prediction, we found that the resulting colour groups were more similar to French colour categories than to three and four basic terms languages. However, the same results were obtained in a verbal interference condition, suggesting that participants rely on language specific and nevertheless perceptual, colour categories. Collectively, these results suggest that the universalist/relativist dichotomy is a too narrow one. (shrink)
A estrutura argumentativa deste artigo pode ser resumida no seguinte raciocínio: 1) Espinosa foi recorrentemente acusado de eleatismo; 2) há ruptura com o eleatismo quando se admite a multivocidade dos operadores lógicos “é” e “não é”; como se vê, por exemplo, 2.1) na discussão que introduz os Grandes Gêneros no So sta de Platão, e 2.2) em certo uso que Aristóteles faz da doutrina das categorias para exibilizar a versão parmenídica do Princípio de Não-Contradição. 3) Espinosa admite a multivocidade do (...) “é” e do “não-é”. Logo, Espinosa não deve ser colocado entre os eleatas mas sim na irmandade dos suspeitos do chamado parricídio contra Parmênides. Este raciocínio, quase um truísmo, permitirá, não obstante, duas apreciações interessantes: uma acerca de como certa tradição interpretativa da loso a de Espinosa colocou mal o problema da relação da ontologia espinosana com os princípios lógicos; outra acerca do tipo de lógica subjacente à teoria dos modos de percepção ou gêneros de conhecimento. (shrink)
A long tradition of research in WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic) countries has investigated how people weigh individual welfare versus group welfare in their moral judgments. Relatively less research has investigated the generalizability of results across non-WEIRD populations. In the current study, we ask participants across nine diverse cultures (Bali, Costa Rica, France, Guatemala, Japan, Madagascar, Mongolia, Serbia, and the USA) to make a series of moral judgments regarding both third-party sacrifice for group welfare and first-person sacrifice for group (...) welfare. In addition to finding some amount of cross-cultural variation on most of our questions, we also find two cross-culturally consistent judgments: (1) when indi- viduals are in equivalent situations, overall welfare should be maximized, and (2) harm to individuals should be taken into account, and some types of individual harm can trump overall group welfare. We end by discussing the specific pattern of variable and consistent features in the context of evolutionary theories of the evolution of morality. (shrink)
