Le système qui assure l’approvisionnement alimentaire des villes actuelles n’a pas toujours été mondial et privé, mais a longtemps été une prérogative des pouvoirs publics. La privatisation du système alimentaire s’est faite à la faveur de bouleversements dans les domaines agricole, industriel et commercial. Cet article propose le récit de la trajectoire de l’approvisionnement alimentaire parisien de la fin de l’Ancien Régime au début du XXIe siècle pour comprendre la coévolution de l’aire de ravitaillement de Paris et des modalités de (...) gestion des flux alimentaires. Cette recherche interdisciplinaire met en relation la disponibilité d’une ressource et les modalités de son appropriation par une société. Au vu de cette trajectoire conjointe, nous esquissons deux orientations possibles pour l’avenir du système alimentaire parisien. From the end of the 18th century, the food supply has been continuously reconfigured to meet livelihood requirements in the Paris metropolis. The food supply prerogative, which used to be a prominent responsibility of governments, was gradually scaled down to general interest controls. Private, increasingly opaque interests now govern the city’s food supply. Widespread privatization was made possible by a range of factors, including the agricultural, industrial, and market revolutions. Nowadays, the production and consumption areas are linked solely by the pursuit of maximum economic profit: a monopoly of private groups rules the urban food system, under distant and minimum control from the public authorities. The production, distribution and consumption thus appear isolated and independent from any spatial context. Our interdisciplinary research results from work which gathered academics from the fields of biogeoscience, geography and urban history. This work links the availability of a resource and the terms according to which a given society manages them. On the basis of the socioecological trajectory of these two variables, we outline two possible directions for the future of the Parisian food system. (shrink)
Beauchamp and Childress have performed a great service by strengthening the principle of respect for the patient's autonomy against the paternalism that dominated medicine until at least the 1970s. Nevertheless, we think that the concept of autonomy should be elaborated further. We suggest such an elaboration built on recent developments within the neurosciences and the free will debate. The reason for this suggestion is at least twofold: First, Beauchamp and Childress neglect some important elements of autonomy. Second, neuroscience itself needs (...) a conceptual apparatus to deal with the neural basis of autonomy for diagnostic purposes. This desideratum is actually increasing because modern therapy options can considerably influence the neural basis of autonomy itself.Sabine MNeuroScienceAndNorms: Ethical and Legal Aspects of Norms in Neuroimaging at Bonn University Hospital, Germany. Her main research interests are in neuroethics. She is coauthor of three German books about neuroethics and bioethics.Henrik Walter, M.D., Ph.D., is Full Professor of Medical Psychology at the University of Bonn, Germany, and vice-director of the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at the University Clinic of Bonn. He is author of Neurophilosophy of Free Will and editor of the book From Neuroethics to Neurolaw?. His research fields are biological psychiatry, cognitive neuroscience, neuroimaging, neurophilosophy, and neuroethics. (shrink)
La notion de dénomination d’un rapport domine la théorie de la proportionnalité au Moyen Âge et à la Renaissance. Elle apparaît dans des contextes différents, traités d’arithmétique, éditions des Éléments, traités sur la théorie des proportions, etc. L’exposé le plus complet sur cette notion se trouve dans le commentaire de Clavius à la définition 4 du livre V des Éléments d’Euclide. Clavius se fait ici l’écho des travaux de ses prédécesseurs en particulier de Jordanus et de Campanus, mais ne rapporte (...) pas la théorie des rapports irrationnels initiée par Bradwardine et développée par Oresme. (shrink)
An underappreciated aspect of The lord of the rings by JRR Tolkien is in how the author dealt with death, longevity and ageing in the work. During his early years, Tolkien endured first the passing of both parents and then the deaths of most of his friends during the First World War. It was not surprising that a search for the meaning of life and death became a preoccupation of Tolkien. Tolkien’s Roman Catholic faith underpinned his thoughts about mortality. He (...) also found solace in Northern myths that held that there was intrinsic worth to courage in the face of our inevitable demise. Along with his colleague, CS Lewis, he took an opposing stand to JBS Haldane, Olaf Stapledon and other precursors of transhumanists, who felt that bioengineering would allow us to extend human life span virtually without limit. Although Tolkien acknowledged the urge to try to escape our mortality, TLOTR is a story about accepting the need to let go with all of the attendant regrets and sorrow. (shrink)
