The term sustainability has become one of the most significant in the current era. It seems to be ubiquitous amongst academics, politicians, business leaders, media personnel and even the general public. It is no exaggeration to state that it is considered all over the world to be the most pressing issue to be addressed for the long-term future of the planet and its inhabitants. The topic is of course complex, and the issue of sustainability is under much debate as to (...) what it actually is and how it can be achieved, but it is completely certain that the resources of the planet are fixed in quantity and, once used, cannot be reused except through being reused in one form or another. At present, much of the discourse of sustainability has focused upon the environment and in particular upon climate change and the effects that this is having. Thus, the discourse has tended to be about mitigation. Sustainability of course requires all three pillars of the triple bottom line—economic, environmental and social—to be addressed. Indeed, it might be considered that the effects upon the social, and how we choose to live our lives, might well be the most profound effect of achieving sustainability. This book therefore focuses upon some of the many aspects of the social and how we can adapt our lives to accommodate the requirements of sustainability. it therefore takes a very different approach to addressing the issues of sustainability, while of course not ignoring the other pillars. This book therefore sets out to examine various aspects of the changes to personal, corporate and institutional behaviour which may have to come about in our search for sustainability. It is tended to address some of the issues and how they are being dealt with in various parts of the world. As always, our concept is to share best practice and thereby enrich both the discourse and our progress towards sustainability. Thus, we focus upon the current situation while also considering the extent to which the focus is changing so much that we need to think about new approaches to our understanding of behaviour and differing effects in practice. The international origins of the contributors to this book make this an original contribution taking some of the best ideas from around the world. This book therefore addresses these issues from a perspective not generally addressed by researchers, or even by politicians and the press. It therefore provides fresh perspectives upon the important issue of our common future. As always, this approach is based on the tradition of the Social Responsibility Research Network srrnet.org (a worldwide body of scholars with membership of several thousand), which in its 20-year history has sought to broaden the discourse and to treat all research as inter-related and relevant to business. This tradition has always been to explore the subject widely and to seek relevant solutions, while also sharing best practice. This book is based primarily upon some of the contributions from the network at our recent conference and shows both commonality and diversity in approaches and effects. (shrink)

We estimate that 208,000 deep brain stimulation (DBS) devices have been implanted to address neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders worldwide. DBS Think Tank presenters pooled data and determined that DBS expanded in its scope and has been applied to multiple brain disorders in an effort to modulate neural circuitry. The DBS Think Tank was founded in 2012 providing a space where clinicians, engineers, researchers from industry and academia discuss current and emerging DBS technologies and logistical and ethical issues facing the field. (...) The emphasis is on cutting edge research and collaboration aimed to advance the DBS field. The Eighth Annual DBS Think Tank was held virtually on September 1 and 2, 2020 (Zoom Video Communications) due to restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The meeting focused on advances in: (1) optogenetics as a tool for comprehending neurobiology of diseases and on optogenetically-inspired DBS, (2) cutting edge of emerging DBS technologies, (3) ethical issues affecting DBS research and access to care, (4) neuromodulatory approaches for depression, (5) advancing novel hardware, software and imaging methodologies, (6) use of neurophysiological signals in adaptive neurostimulation, and (7) use of more advanced technologies to improve DBS clinical outcomes. There were 178 attendees who participated in a DBS Think Tank survey, which revealed the expansion of DBS into several indications such as obesity, post-traumatic stress disorder, addiction and Alzheimer’s disease. This proceedings summarizes the advances discussed at the Eighth Annual DBS Think Tank. (shrink)

Peut-on continuer à considérer les canons d’Elvire comme appartenant à un seul concile ? L’historiographie française la plus répandue jusqu'a ce jour a répondu affirmativement à cette question. Depuis la fin du siècle dernier, on assiste a un débat très anime sur l’authenticité et l’unité des Actes dits d’Elvire. Les différentes thèses se partagent entre deux approches totalement opposées : l’une soutient l’unité des Actes, sans refuser qu’ils aient pu être remanies au cours de leur transmission historique ; l’autre, a (...) la suite de l’article pionnier de M. Meigne (1975), défend le caractère composite des Actes, qui constitueraient une collection de dispositions juridiques hétérogènes. L’article présente l’état actuel de la recherche sur le concile d’Elvire ainsi que les enjeux principaux du débat. (shrink)

El presente trabajo, estudia de forma sintética, la metodología y criterios utilizados en los países capitalistas (en este caso el Análisis Beneficio Costo) y socialistas en la cuantificación del excedente generado por las actividades de I+D, en el sector agropecuario como parte del desarrollo sostenible, o sea, la cuestión que se propone analizar es ¿será posible cuantificar el capital ambiental que tiende a ser escaso? ¿Cómo o con que precios evaluar las externalidades? ¿Será que la ciencia económica (en este caso (...) a través de la evaluación de proyectos agropecuarios) tiene alguna respuesta convincente de cómo asignar recursos no renovables? (shrink)

Il presente contributo indaga la trasformazione della definizione di “giustizia” da Tommaso d’Aquino (analogica) a Tommaso De Vio (univoca). Esaminando la connessione fra logica e filosofia morale si considera il tema della virtù e l‘interpretazione del pensiero dell’Angelico da parte del Gaetano. Si intende approfondire il rapporto fra la giustizia e il bene comune attraverso l’uso dell’analogia (Tommaso) o in altri termini (Gaetano). Il lavoro fa riferimento anche alla tesi di S. Hofstadter, secondo cui l’analogia è quasi un a priori (...) cognitivo con cui l’uomo concettualizza il mondo e progredisce nella conoscenza, tenendo presente il ruolo fondamentale che l’analogia svolge nella filosofia e nella teologia del Gaetano. Partendo dal presupposto che la nozione analogica di giustizia esprima più chiaramente il pensiero dell’Angelico sul rapporto con il bene comune, si osserva che il Gaetano fa uso di uno strumento diverso, interpretando la stessa virtù secondo una concettualizzazione di carattere univoco. E ciò, precisamente, per il suo modo di concepire l’analogia. Appaiono, quindi, due nozioni di giustizia in relazione al bene comune e a tutte le altre virtù morali. Come influisce tutto ciò sul discorso etico e sulla riflessione politica? Qual è il rapporto con la suprema potestas, il governo ecc.? Emergono chiaramente due diversi modi di argomentare e di rappresentare il mondo e le sue relazioni, cioè di costruire percorsi diversi sulla base dello stesso oggetto di studio. This paper investigates the definition of “justice” and its transformation, from Aquinas (analogical) to Cajetan (univocal). Through the commentaries of Cajetan to the S. Th., this contribution also deeps into the connection between Logic and Moral Philosophy. We intend to deepen the relationship between justice and the common good using the analogy (Aquinas) or not (Cajetan). This work also refers to the thesis of S. Hofstadter according to which the analogy is almost a cognitive a priori with which man conceptualizes the world and progresses in knowledge, bearing in mind the role that analogy played in Cajetan’s thought. If the analogical notion of justice renders much better the teaching of Aquinas, it is observed that Cajetan interpretates the same virtue according to univocity, because of his previous conception of the analogy. Therefore, we have two notions of “justice” related to the common good and the rest of the moral virtues. How could this affect the Ethics and the political reflections? What is the relationship between the suprema potestas, the government, etc.? Again, we have now two different ways of arguing and representing the world and its relations. (shrink)

El presente artículo presenta los nuevos e importantes descubrimientos en la terraza litoral al pie del oasis de niebla, a partir de Noviembre de 2003, que junto a estudios anteriores conforman un cuadro general bastante completo de los patrones de asentamiento, modus vivendi, costumbres y actividades económicas de los antiguos pobladores costeros del norte de Chile, que reafirman la enorme importancia que adquirió el ecosistema de oasis de niebla costero en el género de vida, tipos de asentamiento y desplazamientos de (...) los cazadores-recolectores marinos del litoral norte. (shrink)

The most popular work of Francisco Sánchez, Quo nihil scitur (1581), transmits an absolutely sceptic thought. However, other writings like Carmen de Cometa anni M.D.LXXVII (1578), offer us different ideas about how Sánchez considers possible the scientific knowledge like, for example, his idea about the casual relations between natural objects.

La epistemologia. Ciencia del conocimiento; Aplicacion del metodo dubidativo; Algunos rasgos fundamentales del conocimiento; Estados de la inteligencia en relacion con sus objetos; La posibilidad del conocimiento como tal; La experiencia consciente del juicio; Idealismo y realismo; El conocimiento del yo; El conocimiento del mundo corporeo; Caracter intuitivo del conocimiento sensible; El conocimiento intelectual; La verdad y el error.

Principles of biological psychology -- Criminology -- Toward an ethic without doctrines -- Moral forces -- Mediocre man.

One of the most pleasurable aspects of video games is their ability to induce immersive experiences. However, there appears to be a tentative conceptualization of what an immersive experience is. In this short review, we specifically focus on the terms of flow and immersion, as they are the most widely used and applied definitions in the video game literature, whilst their differences remain disputable. We critically review the concepts separately and proceed with a comparison on their proposed differences. We conclude (...) that immersion and flow do not substantially differ in current studies and that more evidence is needed to justify their separation. (shrink)

Frente a la teoría de la pena, con sus sutiles matices y fines comunicativos, encontramos una realidad que diverge sustancialmente de aquella. Donde, con frecuencia, la denominada prevención general no acontece, porque la resolución no llega a esta, a la generalidad a la que se apela como fundamento del castigo. Pero, en particular, cuando tal comunicación acontece, tiene lugar en un inquietante marco discursivo que va dando nombre a nuestro tiempo: la era de la posverdad. Se revela aquí un contexto (...) comunicativo hostil al discurso experto y a los hechos, que se ven desplazados por su valoración, donde los interlocutores se alejan del modelo del ciudadano racional sobre el que se teoriza en Derecho, y donde actores políticos desarrollan estrategias comunicativas propagandistas, de modo que, en ocasiones, se termina comunicando un mensaje contrario a lo que enuncia literalmente la resolución judicial. (shrink)

The high levels of land use, inputs, and investment, along with the specific forms of organization and management that characterized Cuba's state extensive growth model during the 1980s, could not overcome the challenges posed by the integrated care required by the sugarcane crop and corresponding industrial activities. Starting in 1993, large state farms have been converted into Basic Units of Cooperative Production with some degree of autonomy. Although first-year production results are not satisfactory, it is too early to evaluate their (...) performance. Their establishment, however, is a step in the right direction to alleviate the problems that the previous forms of organization and management inherent to the state extensive growth model were unable to solve. (shrink)

Dubljević et al. (2022) argue that neuroethics has a socio-political role that can “(1) serve to clarify and resolve conflicts, (2) orient the public with regards to the moral status of neurotechno...

Cooperative learning encourages the development of interpersonal skills and motivates students to participate more actively in the teaching and learning process. This study explores the impact of cooperative learning on the academic goals influencing university students’ behavior and leading to the attainment of a series of academic objectives. To this end, a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design was used, with a sample of 509 university students from Preschool, Primary and Social Education undergraduate degree courses. Using the Academic Goals Questionnaire, pretest (...) and posttest measures were taken via self-reports to evaluate three types of academic goals: learning goals, social reinforcement goals and achievement goals. The results show that cooperative learning is an effective tool for encouraging university students to develop academic goals that motivate them to fully engage with the tasks they are set in order to acquire knowledge and skills. In addition, when students are asked to work as part of a team on an autonomous basis without the structure and supervision necessary to ensure a minimum standard of cooperation, they display a greater tendency toward social reinforcement goals than toward learning and achievement goals. These findings contribute new knowledge to the conceptual framework on cooperative learning. Goals may be considered one of the most important variables influencing students’ learning and the use of cooperative learning techniques in university classrooms creates the necessary conditions for encouraging students to develop goals oriented toward learning. (shrink)

More than a century ago, Edward W. Nelson and Edward A. Goldman spent 14 years traveling across much of Mexico in one of the most critical biological expeditions ever undertaken by two naturalists. This long-term survey was a cornerstone in Mexican mammalogy development; however, their specific role in discovering taxa that were practically unknown before the expedition is not yet necessarily recognized. In a time when the historical aspect of knowledge on mammals is being ignored for the new generations of (...) mammalogists, a detailed analysis of the legacy of the survey is essential. Here I focus on shrews to analyze how the fieldwork and the specimens they collected have contributed to the current knowledge of shrews in the country. Nelson and Goldman collected 474 specimens of shrews, representing 31 of the 40 species that have currently been recognized. This collection has been key to building taxonomic, evolutionary, and biogeographic knowledge of shrews in the country. The success of the expedition was primarily due to the epistemic role of novel methods and approaches in natural history research at the time. The collection also offers the opportunity to document the loss of species and ecological interactions as indirect consequences of human activities, especially in montane regions. I argue that the value of this expedition can still increase with the use of modern biodiversity study tools and the digitization and access of ancient material such as photographs, field notes, and correspondence. (shrink)

This article analyzes a panel of 550 international firms, for the period 2004 to 2010, to compare the role of female directors in family and non-family firms in promoting responsible practices. Many studies have associated the presence of women on the board with a higher degree of socially responsible commitment. However, we found that this is much less so in family firms than in non-family firms. In family firms, corporate social responsibility commitment does not vary significantly with the presence of (...) female directors, as the latter tend to behave in accordance with the family orientation toward CSR. This orientation depends on the stakeholders being addressed, with greater social responsibility shown toward external stakeholders than internal ones. (shrink)

In this article, we sketch how theoretical neuroethics can clarify the concept of autonomy. We hope that this can both serve as a model for the conceptual clarification of other components of PIAAAS and contribute to the development of the empirical measures that Gilbert and colleagues [1] propose.

In this article, we sketch how theoretical neuroethics can clarify the concept of autonomy. We hope that this can both serve as a model for the conceptual clarification of other components of PIAAAS and contribute to the development of the empirical measures that Gilbert and colleagues [1] propose.

How do Goya's representations of the body disrupt the Enlightenment's configurations of the corporeal? If for eighteenth-century aesthetics the body is both the site of ideal beauty and the limit of what can and may be represented, then Goya's panoply of monsters provides a way of understanding other modes of reason, other ways of representing the body and its functions within culture. In his work there is a recuperation of those elements that seem to lie outside the ken of the (...) Enlightenment project: physicality, animality, hybridity, the grotesque, the popular; a recognition of the animal nature of the body and the products of bodily impulses and forces. A rethinking of the body would incorporate an understanding of its role as a physical and social phenomenon in the constitution of the subject. Following on from Paul Ilie's concept of counter-rational Reason, which he defines as the opposite of a uniform centre of rationality in representative thought, the first half of my paper will consider Goya's problematization of representation. My analysis of a selection of drawings from the collection Los Caprichos will focus not just on the representation of bodies in the painter's work but on his exploration of bodies in their material variety—configurations of modes of constructing the body. This examination of Goya's prolific pictorial negotiations and adaptations of flesh and world will draw upon contemporary approaches to theorizing the body, namely the theories of Julia Kristeva and Elizabeth Grosz. (shrink)

Intentaremos mostrar en este estudio qué significa la expresión “hermenéutica en san Buenaventura”. Esto significa que no pretendemos hacer una lectura hermenéutica del pensamiento bonaventuriano y que situados desde una perspectiva de historia del pensamiento nos preguntaremos si realiza lo que podría señalarse en términos modernos una “teología hermenéutica” o más bien una “hermenéutica teológica”, es decir, una aproximación y lectura teológico-filosófica como herramienta para conseguir un fin teológico determinado. Para ello realizaremos una lectura del Prólogo del Breviloquium, sin duda, (...) el texto que mejor muestra la “hermenéutica en Buenaventura” como instrumento privilegiado para presentar la ciencia teológica como camino de comprensión de la Sagrada Escritura. (shrink)

The relevance of social norms for understanding appropriate behaviour in context has taken central stage in politeness research in recent years, and particularly in studies of workplace interaction. As an example of this research, this paper explores the way in which a group of nurses interacting with their colleagues negotiates complaints. The data were collected in a ward of a public healthcare institution in New Zealand and consist of audio and video recordings of four roster meetings involving nurses and nurse (...) managers. Instances of nurses’ complaints are explored from an interactional sociolinguistic point of view, allowing the researcher to investigate emergent facework. The findings suggest that multiple ingroup and outgroup memberships, achieved through the dynamic use of personal pronouns, enact preferred politic behaviour for both, transactional and relational goals. In addition, nurses’ convergence in their display of socio-pragmatic norms governing their complaining practices suggests that this group of nurses belongs to the same workplace community. Finally, strong emphasis is placed on the role that complaining plays in the positive presentation of nurses’ identities. (shrink)

In this important study D. M. Armstrong offers a comprehensive system of analytical metaphysics that synthesises but also develops his thinking over the last twenty years. Armstrong's analysis, which acknowledges the 'logical atomism' of Russell and Wittgenstein, makes facts the fundamental constituents of the world, examining properties, relations, numbers, classes, possibility and necessity, dispositions, causes and laws. All these, it is argued, find their place and can be understood inside a scheme of states of affairs. This is a comprehensive and (...) rigorously this-worldly account of the most general features of reality, argued from a distinctive philosophical perspective, and it will appeal to a wide readership in analytical philosophy. (shrink)

(2009). A Review of “War and the Soul: Healing Our Nation's Veterans from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”. World Futures: Vol. 65, Creativity@Science/Society/Arts, pp. 620-625.

O presente trabalho traz um estudo do perfil dos 417 prefeitos eleitos no estado da Bahia nas eleições de 2016 pelos critérios de cor/raça e gênero. A partir desta definição, busca compreender qual o compromisso que os partidos políticos vitoriosos têm com a agenda antirracista e de igualdade de gênero de modo a compreender se mulheres e homens negros têm à disposição conteúdo propositivo dos partidos que apoiem pautas defendidas pelo movimento Negro e Feminista. A análise dos dados revela que (...) a Bahia é governada majoritariamente por homens, e brancos lideram a corrida de forma desproporcional já que sequer correspondem a 20% da população do estado. Por outro lado, a participação de mulheres e homens negros, apesar de representarem maioria dos eleitos, não significa corresponder automaticamente a uma associação objetiva da pauta antirracista e de igualdade de gênero dada às vinculações partidárias que escolheram. (shrink)

Advances in genomics have led to calls for developing population-based preventive genomic sequencing programs with the goal of identifying genetic health risks in adults without known risk factors. One critical issue for minimizing the harms and maximizing the benefits of PGS is determining the kind and degree of control individuals should have over the generation, use, and handling of their genomic information. In this article we examine whether PGS programs should offer individuals the opportunity to selectively opt out of the (...) sequencing or analysis of specific genomic conditions or whether PGS should be implemented using an all-or-nothing panel approach. We conclude that any responsible scale-up of PGS will require a menu approach that may seem impractical to some, but that draws its justification from a rich mix of normative, legal, and practical considerations. (shrink)