Hoerl and McCormack demonstrate that although animals possess a sophisticated temporal updating system, there is no evidence that they also possess a temporal reasoning system. This important case study is directly related to the broader claim that although animals are manifestly capable of first-order relational reasoning, they lack the capacity for higher-order, role-based relational reasoning. We argue this distinction applies to all domains of cognition.

У статті автор розглядає суспільну, просвітницьку, релігійну діяльність блаженного Г. Лакоти. Висвітлено основні віхи біографії владики. Автор акцентує на тому, що проповіді й промови блаженного Г. Лакоти вселяли надію на краще майбутнє та були пронизані патріотичними ідеями. Основною метою владики було формування нового покоління духовенства, яке б сприяло відродженню національного життя українства на принципах християнської моралі.

The article deals with the financial situation of the Greek Catholic clergy of the Eparchy of Peremysl during the period of theSecondPolish-LithuanianCommonwealth on the basis of archival documents. The author analyzes the status and living standards of the Greek Catholic clergy. The paper studies the number of plots of land, which religious communities use. The authors of the study argue that the main source of the majority of priests’ income were allotments. The authors carried out a comparative analysis with the (...) financial situation of the clergy during the Austro-Hungarian Empire through describing the sources of material income in the study period. The priests had several sources of material funding. During the stay ofGaliciaunder the rule ofAustria-Hungarybefore the First World War, the Austrian authorities paid clergy financial compensation in the form of monthly subsidies. The amount of the payment of subsidies for each parish was different and depended on the quantity and quality of land plots, which transferred to the use of the family priest. The heavier were the conditions of agriculture, the higher was the amount of subsidy from the state for a priest. It testifies to the fact that the Austrian authorities cooperated in filling no gainful parishes with priests, thus equalizing the material incomes of the clergy. The financial situation of the Greek-Catholic clergy has changed greatly after the occupation ofGaliciabyPolandin 1919. Incomes from allotments didn’t cover obligatory payments, which were carried out of a church. The material support of the clergy was differentiated. Available incomes cannot often to cover the obligatory requirements. The article gives specific facts about their financial support. At the same time the material support of the clergy was much better than the material support of the local Ukrainian population. (shrink)

Optimal foraging theory has been criticized for underestimating patch exploitation time. However, proper modeling of costs not only answers these criticisms, but it also explains apparently irrational behaviors like the sunk-cost effect. When a forager is sure to experience high initial costs repeatedly, the forager should devote more time to exploitation than searching in order to minimize the accumulation of said costs. Thus, increased recognition or reconnaissance costs lead to increased exploitation times in order to reduce the frequency of future (...) costs, and this result can be used to explain paradoxical human preference for higher costs. In fact, this result also provides an explanation for how continuing a very costly task indefinitely provides the optimal long-term rate of gain; the entry cost of each new task is so great that the forager avoids ever returning to search. In general, apparently irrational decisions may be optimal when considering the lifetime of a forager within a larger system. (shrink)

Dans l’imaginaire philosophique de J.-M.G. Le Clézio et de Göran Tunström, le rapport centralité / marginalisation occupe une place extrêmement importante. Les personnages de ces deux écrivains sont souvent intégrés dans des sociétés plus ou moins ouvertes, où l’isolement représente l’élément central. Ayant une certe philosophie implicite, mais loin de proposer l’image d’une société parfaite, les romans de J.-M.G. Le Clézio et de Göran Tunström, décrivent, tout aucontraire, la vie des enfants dans une collectivité qui ne les aime pas, où (...) règnent la pauvreté, ainsi que la haine. S’assumer le statut de marginalisé dans un monde aliéné nous démontre à quel point ce thème reste significatif pour la compréhension des personnages. (shrink)