The surface grammar of reports such as ‘I have a pain in my leg’ suggests that pains are objects which are spatially located in parts of the body. We show that the parallel construction is not available in Mandarin. Further, four philosophically important grammatical features of such reports cannot be reproduced. This suggests that arguments and puzzles surrounding such reports may be tracking artefacts of English, rather than philosophically significant features of the world.

Dieser abschliessende Band der Bockmühl-Werkausgabe präsentiert 16 Aufsätze zur Grundlegung evangelischer Ethik: Von der Frage der biblischen Grundlage evangelischer Ethik, der theologischen Bewertung der Situationsethik bis hin zum Verhältnis von Reich Gottes und Humanismaus und der Auseinandersetzung mit der Ethik des Marxismus. Die Aufsätze bauen auf den biblischen und reformatorischen Grundlagen auf, versuchen aber auch, in ökumenischer Offenheit den Herausforderungen der nachchristlichen Gegenwart gerecht zu werden. Der Band veranschaulicht eindrucksvoll Bockmühls lebenslanges Bemühen, eine konsequent biblische Ethik darzulegen, auch wenn diese (...) dem Mainstream der zeitgenössischen protestantischen Ethik widerspricht oder sogar zur Modifikation und Korrektur reformatorischer Ethik nötigt. (shrink)

Im Denken über das Verhältnis zwischen Philosophie und Alltäglichkeit muss man dem Denken den Weg bereiten, indem der Bezug zwischen Philosophie und Alltäglichkeit offengehalten wird. Diesen Bezug halten wir im Denken offen, indem jene im Denken sich vollziehende Grenze, die scheinbar das eine und das andere auseinanderhält, als der Bezug anerkannt wird, der das, was die Philosophie bereithält und den alltäglichen Lebensvollzug in eine Zusammengehörigkeit bringt. So können Philosophie und Alltäglichkeit bisweilen zusammenwachsen, denn so ist zwar das, was die Philosophie (...) bereithält immer das Allgemeine, Allgemeines aber, das über sich hinaus zu greifen trachtet und auf das Leben zielt. (shrink)

This book covers completeness of first-order logic, some model theory, Gödel's incompleteness theorems and related results, and a smattering of computability theory. The text is self-contained and provides full proofs of the main facts. Ideally, the reader of this work has already taken at least one introductory logic course; however, everything needed to understand the syntax and semantics of first-order logic is presented herein. Students from philosophy, linguistics, computer science, physics, and other related subjects will find this work useful and (...) enlightening. (shrink)

Hermeneutik gilt heutzutage meistens als Bestandteil der Philosophie. Das ist aber eine verkürzte Sicht ihrer Gegenwart und erst recht ihrer Geschichte. Denn von Haus aus bezeichnet Hermeneutik alle Verfahren zur Auslegung von Texten. Sie begann in der Antike mit der Neu-Interpretation klassischer Dichter. Anschließend lernten die Christen die jüdische Bibel im Sinne ihres Evangeliums auszulegen. Sodann brauchte auch schriftliches Recht Interpretation, ebenso die philologisch-historische Quellenkritik der Geschichtswissenschaft. Jetzt erst führte die Philosophie die verschiedenen Varianten zu einer allgemeinen Hermeneutik zusammen. Daneben (...) hatten aber vier andere Wissenschaften eigene Auslegungstheorien und Methodenlehren entwickelt. Diese fünf Entwicklungspfade des gesamten Feldes werden hier zum ersten Mal von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart im Überblick dargestellt. (shrink)

Philosophers disagree about what the folk concept of pain is. This paper criticises existing theories of the folk concept of pain, i.e. the mental view, the bodily view, and the recently proposed polyeidic view. It puts forward an alternative proposal – the polysemy view – according to which pain terms like “sore,” “ache” and “hurt” are polysemous, where one sense refers to a mental state and another a bodily state, and the type of polysemy at issue reflects two distinct but (...) related concepts of pain. Implications with respect to issues in philosophy of pain are also drawn. (shrink)

In The Specter of Materialism Petrus Liu examines what "materialism" means for progressive queer theory and Marxist approaches to China's postsocialist economy. Liu recasts the history of queer theory in light of the Beijing Consensus, arguing that North American queer theory's inability to sustain a materialist analysis is the result of its positioning of the United States, rather than China, as the focal point of contemporary global capitalism. Analyzing relations of gender and sexuality that have been reconfigured by China's global (...) capitalist accumulation-such as dagongmei (female migrant laborers in China's export-oriented sunbelt) and money boys (rural-to-urban sex workers)-Liu argues for a materialist queer theory that positions China at the center. (shrink)

Against a backcloth of philosophical debates on science and technology, and in particular the viewpoints of Karl Marx, this three-volume set proposes to reconsider science and technology and explores how the philosophy of science and technology responds to scientific and technological evolutions and an ever-changing world. The first volume analyses Marx's reconsideration of science and technology in five parts: its positioning, its historical practice, alienation of science and technology, and its relationship with productivity and human liberty. In the second volume, (...) viewpoints and problems of scientism and anti-scientism are discussed, covering topics such as instrumental reason, scientific optimism and pessimism, irrationalism and the deconstruction of scientism. The final volume discusses complementary value choices, the loss and awakening of scientific culture and reveals a vison for a liberal and open world of science and technology. The volumes will appeal to scholars and students interested in Marxist philosophy, the philosophy of science and technology and topics related to scientific culture. (shrink)

The problem of consciousness has been an issue in philosophy of mind for decades, and in recent years panpsychism and panprotopsychism have gained attention among philosophers who are still dedicated to finding a complete explanation of consciousness. In this dissertation, I criticize panpsychism and panprotopsychism by examining their metaphysical plausibility and their epistemic prospects. Concerning the metaphysical plausibility of panpsychism and panprotopsychism, I explain the “combination problem” of panpsychism and criticize several major accounts of panpsychism and panprotopsychism that aim at (...) solving this problem, including Seager’s panpsychist infusionism, Goff’s phenomenal bonding proposal, and Coleman’s panqualityism. I also examine the proposal of motivating panpsychism and panprotopsychism by drawing support from the integrated information theory (IIT) of consciousness. I argue that this proposal to merge panpsychism or panprotopsychism with IIT does not work. Concerning the epistemic prospect of panpsychism and panprotopsychism, I raise concerns about whether panpsychism and panprotopsychism can guide a fruitful research program about the nature of consciousness. First, I argue that a theory based on Russellian Monism would not have a promising epistemic prospect. I compare Russellian Monism to Thomistic Hylomorphism and argue that Russellian Monism faces similar epistemic challenges that plagued Thomistic Hylomorphism. Since most theories of contemporary panpsychism and panprotopsychism rely on the metaphysical framework of Russellian Monism, the challenges to Russellian Monism also undermine the epistemic prospects of panpsychism and panprotopsychism. Second, I challenge the epistemic prospects of panpsychism and panprotopsychism by examining if there can be a viable method to study the consciousness of micro-level entities. After revisiting the reasoning process that guided the study of atoms, I argue that studying micro-level facts requires “analogies” that compare micro-level facts with macro-level models. Then I argue that an analogy that fits the need of panpsychism or panprotopsychism is hard to achieve, because we have no macro-level models to be compared to the hypothesized systems of micro-level consciousness. (shrink)

本书收录了刘文英先生1978年到2004年发表的论文及未刊稿53篇,文章主题分为"天论新诠""时空纵横谈""科学史话""意识观与认识论""梦的解析""原始思维探秘"等专题.

Representationalism is a philosophical position which reduces all phenomenal conscious states to intentional states. However, starting from the phenomenal consciousness, the phenomenal intentionality theory provides an explanation of all sorts of intentionality. Against Michael Shim's interpretation, I argue that, although Hussserl's phenomenology is certainly considered as an antipode of strong representationalism, Husserl does not stand in opposition the weak representationalists, because Husserl maintains an essential connection between the senses of noemata and the hyletic data. In addition, Husserl's phenomenology is also (...) consistent with the phenomenal theory of intentionality. According to him, statically and genetically, all non-phenomenal intentional states take a recourse to phenomenal intentional states and eventually to sensual perceptions. (shrink)

Seit etwa 50 Jahren prägt der Identitätsbegriff die Religionspädagogik. Die Grundlage dafür lieferte maßgeblich das Konzept der psychosozialen Identität von Erik H. Erikson. Trotz spätmoderner Kritik und Dekonstruktion geht die Rede von Identität weiter und ist der "Abschied von Erikson" (Keupp) bis heute gesellschaftlich und wissenschaftlich nicht gelungen. Barbara Pühl untersucht die Hintergründe für die bleibende Bedeutung des Begriffs und schreibt ihm eine neue Rolle in der Religionspädagogik zu.