If one of the most important aims of education on military ethics is to strengthen moral competence, we argue that it is important to base ethics education on virtue ethics, the Socratic attitude and the process of ?living learning?. This article illustrates this position by means of the example of a ?train the trainer? course on military ethics for Non-Commissioned Officers (NCOs), which is developed at the Netherlands Defence Academy, and uses a number of examples both from its structure and (...) from experiences from its actual use. (shrink)
Este artículo trata de la posmodernidad como estilo cultural que influye, desde todos los espacios sociales, en el individuo. Analizada como límite extremado de la modernidad, la posmodernidad se ha descrito como la base teórica de la revolución de las tecnologías que han modificado el mundo radicalmente en los últimos veinte años. La economía sigue ocupando un lugar fundamental en esta nueva sociedad, como en todas las anteriores. Pero, ahora el consumo se ha convertido en la variable más importante, y (...) condiciona la vida de los individuos afectando a su propia identidad.This article treats of the postmodern era as cultural style that influences, from all the social spaces, the individual. Analyzed as extreme limit of the modernity, the postmodern era has been described as the theoretical base of the revolution of the technologies that have modified the world radically in the last twenty years. The economy continues occupying a fundamental place in this new society, ,like in all the previous ones. But, now the consumption has turned into the most important variable, and determines the life of the individuals concerning his own identity. (shrink)
Starting from the Friday woman lead prayer held in 2005 in New York, I focus in this paper on the role Muslim contemporary women play in shaping Muslim societies and communities to assert their authoritative role “in the mosque”. I begin by setting the scene of the event and, after a brief discussion of its symbolic meaning, I address two main questions: first, how the debate which followed the event contributed and contributes to promote a change inside the Muslim world (...) and outside it, letting emerge some leading figures in the struggle for justice and equity in contemporary Islam; and second which are the theological and legal basis for the role of woman as imāma. Although the issue of women leadership in prayer is far from finding a unanimous consent, the debate demonstrates that some issues can and must be discussed, and that a change is possible only when Muslim women question the male elite power. (shrink)
This paper explores structuralism as a way to model theories from scientific practice. As a case study I analyzed a theory about the dynamics of the basal ganglia, a part of the brain that is involved in Parkinson's disease. After introducing the case study I explore how to structurally represent qualitative assumptions about disease, intervention and dynamical systems in general. I further explicate the structure of the basal ganglia theory in detail, how it explains Parkinson's disease and how it implies (...) treatments. I close with a consideration of how a structuralist representation could be useful in practice to explore and develop theories with the aid of a computer. (shrink)
To explore whether market reforms in a health care system affect medical professional ethics of hospital-based specialists on the one hand and physicians in independent practices on the other. Qualitative interviews with 27 surgeons and 28 general practitioners in The Netherlands, held 2–3 years after a major overhaul of the Dutch health care system involving several market reforms. Surgeons now regularly advertise their work (while this was forbidden in the past) and pay more attention to patients with relatively minor afflictions, (...) thus deviating from codes of ethics that oblige physicians to treat each other as brothers and to treat patients according to medical need. Dutch GPs have abandoned their traditional reticence and their fear of medicalization. They now seem to treat more in accordance with patients’ preferences and less in accordance with medical need. Market reforms do affect medical professional principles, and it is doubtful whether these changes were intended when Dutch policy makers decided to introduce market elements in the health care system. Policy makers in other countries considering similar reforms should pay attention to these results. (shrink)
Cesario's analysis has three key flaws. First, the focus on whether an effect is “real” overlooks the importance of theory testing. Second, obsession with effects sidelines theoretically informed questions about when and why an effect may arise. Third, failure to take stock of cultural and historical context strips findings of meaning.
Fiodor Dostoievski rasga el alma humana hasta dejarla herida por el sufrimiento, la culpa y el aislamiento. Y, sin embargo, la derrota no gana la batalla. La escritora sureña estadounidense Carson McCullers escribe sobre la soledad y la miseria del sur de los Estados Unidos con una mirada atenta a los paisajes desolados de la Rusia de Fiodor Dostoievski, no sólo físicos sino esencialmente metafísicos. Esta autora que ya leyó al maestro ruso a los 13 años explora las entrañas humanas (...) desde un terreno rural, desolador, inhóspito y desafortunado, con diferencias raciales, sobreexposición de alcohol y con un concepto de bien moral interno que aparece como una pulsión constante e inagotable. En esta aproximación queremos destacar cómo el misterio del mal, pero también el acto de la voluntad y la incomunicación, son aspectos que unen a ambos autores, especialmente en dos de sus obras maestras, Crimen y Castigo y El corazón es un cazador solitario, respectivamente. (shrink)
Denken we in beelden of in woorden? En welke rol speelt taal daarbij? In 'Rebussen, van duivels tot Bosch' worden deze vragen aan de orde gesteld vanuit een kunsthistorische benadering. Beeldtaal speelt een grote rol in ons denken. Het belang van het?lezen? - dus begrijpen - van afbeeldingen kan niet worden overschat. Al in de oudheid was men zich bewust van de zeggingskracht van beelden en van de rol die visuele voorstellingen spelen voor kennis, geheugen en herinnering. In de (...) late middeleeuwen en renaissance wordt de rebus, het spelen met woord en beeld, sterk gecultiveerd. Het vervangen van een geschreven woord door een afbeelding als synoniem is een eenvoudige stap. Complexer wordt het spel als klankovereenkomsten en betekenisassociaties worden ingezet, en al helemaal als ook meertaligheid een rol gaat spelen.0In dit boek spreekt onder meer een dertiende-eeuwse duivel rebustaal en wijst de Brugse schilder Jan Provoost in een geleerde rebus op de vergankelijkheid van het leven. Ook wordt duidelijk dat we betekenisvolle afbeeldingen, zoals het werk van Jheronimus Bosch, pas verantwoord uitleggen als we goed naar de historische context kijken. (shrink)
En la obra de Hegel la filosofía de lo bello es eminentemente filosofía del espíritu. Uno de los temas insoslayables acerca de la belleza es su presencia en la naturaleza y en el arte. En las Lecciones de Estética la belleza del arte se pondera como la más excelente. En este punto la postura hegeliana diverge llamativamente de la de Schelling; quien trató explícitamente de la relación de las artes plásticas con la naturaleza, como consta en el texto que lleva (...) este tema por título (generalmente llamado “discurso de la academia”). Su propuesta es clara: la superioridad de la naturaleza frente a las artes plásticas. Lo más interesante de esta disputa no es el desacuerdo en sí mismo, sino las argumentaciones que uno y otro autor alegan a favor de sus tesis respectivas. (cuánto se parece y cuánto divergen) A través de ellas se pueden ver los diversos matices en torno a los conceptos de belleza y de espíritu. A esta cuestión es a lo que se dedicará esta comunicación: a analizar brevemente algunos argumentos de ambos autores acerca de la belleza en la naturaleza y en el arte. A lo largo de este artículo se lleva a cabo una comparación de textos, de algunas discrepancias concretas: en todas ellas lo llamativo es cómo son a la vez tan cercanos y tan contrarios. Tanto para Schelling como para Hegel, la belleza es del espíritu: lo más bello es lo que está penetrado de espíritu y es vivificado por él. Pero más allá de estos principios comunes hay mil matices que acaban desembocando en dos posturas contrapuestas. (shrink)
Die in diesem Band versammelten Aufsätze ist eine Auswahl von Kommentaren, Betrachtungen, Interviews und programmatischen Aufrufen von Horst von Gizycki, bezogen auf jeweils aktuelle Zeitfragen in mehr als vier Jahrzehnten.
In this paper we take a close look at the behaviour of German demonstrative pronouns in the complement clauses of propositional attitude verbs. Building on and partially revising Hinterwimmer and Bosch The impact of pronominal form on interpretation, Studies in generative grammar. De Gruyter, Berlin/New York, 2016), we show that DPros are anti-logophoric pronouns whose behaviour is similar to that of epithets Empirical issues in syntax and semantics 10, 2014). In particular, we argue that while Hinterwimmer and Bosch (...) The impact of pronominal form on interpretation, Studies in generative grammar. De Gruyter, Berlin/New York, 2016) were right in assuming that DPros are prohibited from being bound by or co-referring with the currently most prominent perspective holder, they were wrong in assuming that the subjects of propositional attitude verbs are necessarily the most prominent perspective holders with respect to the DPros contained in their complement clauses. Evidence for this comes from two sources: First, in cases where a sentence with a propositional attitude verb is the complement of another propositional attitude verb in the matrix clause, a DPro contained in the complement clause of the lower propositional attitude verb can be bound by the subject of that verb, but not by the subject of the higher one. Secondly, if the speaker makes her own perspective particularly prominent by using an evaluative expression in referring to the subject of a propositional attitude verb α, a DPro contained in the complement clause of α can at least for some speakers be interpreted as bound by the subject of α. We therefore now propose a pragmatic strategy that determines the most prominent perspective holder not only for the novel data discussed in this paper, but also for the data discussed in Hinterwimmer and Bosch The impact of pronominal form on interpretation, Studies in generative grammar. De Gruyter, Berlin/New York, 2016). Finally, we argue that the allergy of DPros against perspective holders is related to their status as demonstrative items which as such require an external reference point. (shrink)
