Après avoir questionné l'application de la notion d'audience à Internet, l'article se livre à une analyse critique des dispositifs de mesures et d'études d'audience qui reposent sur un agencement d'outils informatiques, statistiques et marketing. Les mesures de trafic et les enquêtes en ligne ne sont pas tant conçues pour la connaissance des publics que comme outils stratégiques pour la conception de site, la publicité et le commerce électronique. Outre les enjeux déontologiques soulevés par l'exploitation des traces laissées par les internautes, (...) ces dispositifs produisent des modèles de quantification des utilisations qui ne permettent pas de saisir l'usage social du média.After questioning whether the concept of "audience" is applicable to the Internet, this article provides a critical analysis of Internet audience studies based on a combination of computing tools, statistics, and marketing. It analyzes the different methodologies used to measure audiences , as well as online surveys. These devices are mainly used as strategic tools for advertising and electronic commerce. While Internet audience studies raise ethical issues about the protection of users’ privacy, they merely build empirical models that do not allow us to grasp the social uses of Internet. (shrink)

O Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) é caracterizado pela presença de déficits persistentes na comunicação e interação social, além de padrões restritos e repetitivos de comportamentos, interesses e atividades. Como forma de viabilizar a inclusão das crianças autistas no ambiente escolar, a orientação dos professores que atuam com este público é de suma importância. O objetivo do estudo é apresentar a experiência de orientação feita para os professores que lecionam para alunos autistas, acompanhados pelo Núcleo de Atenção ao TEA, da (...) cidade de Monte Alto-SP, no período de junho de 2022 a junho de 2023. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, do tipo relato de experiência, embasado na ciência ABA (Análise do Comportamento Aplicada) e relacionado às vivências com os professores em orientações, realizadas mensalmente. Como resultado, observou-se a dificuldade dos docentes em acolher estes alunos, direcionar atividades, lidar com comportamentos disruptivos e no manejo das atividades de vida diária. Discute-se a importância de uma ferramenta de apoio para proporcionar aos docentes maior respaldo teórico à prática com alunos autistas, para contribuir na inclusão, aprendizagem e socialização no ambiente escolar. Esta experiência ampliou as vivências sobre a perspectiva do professor na inclusão escolar de crianças com TEA, lançando luz sobre a necessidade de formação teórica e instrumentalização dos docentes, considerando as particularidades de neurodesenvolvimento e comportamento desta população e contribuindo para a maior eficácia da assistência educacional inclusiva. (shrink)

Any explanation of numbers and numeric occurrences in Celtic tradition (myths, imagery, schemes, realia, lore) requires an analysis of the whole context, for in no manner are they relevant of a kind of numerology. Most of these figures are deeply rooted in cosmological, seasonal, cyclic patterns, with analogical and metaphorical values in different fields (theories of wisdom, war, body politics), so that we can explain them by the inherited experiences of Indo-European culture, requiring then a periodization. The Divine Twins, the (...) twofold sovereignty, the Three Skies and the Three functions, the four provinces and the fifth, the festivals, the voyage to the Otherworld with its special time and calendar implications, are relevant of this conception. Here we are dealing with some numeral occurrences in relation with the year as a rythmical image of power. (shrink)

Health systems in Africa have been widely studied in the social sciences. Several aspects have been addressed in particular: the provision of and access to care, working conditions, the human resources crisis, and patient–provider relations, for example. In this respect, the idea of an “attitude problem,” with health-care providers offering different services for different patients, has been suggested. Recently, researchers have studied the impact of global health initiatives on local health systems, mainly in the fight against HIV/aids. Others have explored (...) why some health issues have attracted more attention than others. Despite this wealth of studies, one point remains insufficiently addressed: the materiality of care and its impact on interactions within hospital settings. In this article, I consider the heuristic value of the uses of a maternity ward in a resource-limited country to understand health workers’ so-called attitude problem, specifically, the tension characteristic of patient–provider interactions. I suggest that this tension is related to a continuous process of translation and anticipation to adapt the maternity ward’s space to everyday activities. Drawing on Akrich’s description of technical objects, and Lussault’s pragmatics of space, I attempt to show that in this context, care is also an art of tinkering with unpredictable bodies in unstable hospitals’ spaces. (shrink)

Cet article présente un service de consultation conjugale situé en Suisse romande, non médicalisé, dont l’orientation psychodynamique et le travail auprès des couples n’est pas sans rappeler la pratique française des conseillers conjugaux-thérapeutes de couple « ancien modèle ». Si l’appellation de consultation conjugale a été retenue, malgré ses inconvénients, c’est qu’elle permet de toucher un très large public, en particulier de nombreuses personnes insuffisamment individuées pour qui l’appartenance au « Nous-couple » est constitutive. Par rapport aux objectifs de travail, (...) l’auteure explore deux voies, illustrées par deux vignettes cliniques : l’une vise à recouvrir une problématique sous-jacente en rétablissant un équilibre antérieur, l’autre à découvrir l’arrangement défensif du couple en introduisant une dynamique de changement. (shrink)

This study looks at the interactions between health workers, physical space, surgical tools, and the “patient-body” in an operating theater. My aim is to explore the approaches of Katz, Rawlings, and Collins and to show that when rituals, restrictive entrance procedures, and clothing requirements are not in place, when rules are not observed for reasons that this article addresses, the boundary between the operating theater and its surroundings blurs. It becomes a trivialized space. Data were collected in the regional hospital (...) of one major town of the Extrême Nord of Cameroon. I describe a context of crisis and a lack of equipment and personnel that narrow the boundaries of the operating room but do not erase them. Restrictive entrance procedures, clothing requirements, rituals, and rules that are supposed to separate the operating theater from its surroundings, as Katz has shown, are not observed. Instead, the theater is connected to its surroundings through an “intriguing combination of practices” consistent with the analyses of Rawling and Collins. Thus, the operating theater is not a closed and limited area inside the hospital that can be completely isolated from its surroundings. There is continuity between the interior and the exterior. (shrink)

ABSTRACT: In memory of Professor Louise Marcil, from the University of Montreal, who died prematurely in April 1995, this special issue of Dialogue is dedicated to Equality. In addition to presenting the various contributions, the Introduction traces the main strands of Louise Marcil’s work on equality. The impressive corpus of her writings on the subject is characterized throughout by sensitivity to the historical and conceptual complexity of egalitarian theories and policies and by a depth of scholarship, the richness of which (...) defies classification into traditional philosophical schools. Moreover, far from being merely abstract scholarship, this work was clearly intended to strengthen actual egalitarian social projects, to which Louise Marcil was passionately committed. The contributions to this special issue of Dialogue have been selected in large part to reflect the diversity and scholarly standards of Louise Marcil’s approach to equality as well as its engaged spirit. (shrink)

Objetivou-se discutir a comunicação silenciosa entre mãe e bebê, a partir do pensamento de Winnicott. Fez-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, baseada no método clínico e referencial psicanalítico, por meio do estudo de caso de uma criança, com 8 anos de idade e dificuldades no desenvolvimento da fala, sem ..

In Hippias Minor, Plato does not merely condemn Homer as a reference in ethical matters. He opposes two uses of poetry when it comes to referring to and giving meaning to it: poetry as a source of knowledge admitted and frozen by tradition, ethically normative, and poetry as a source of philosophical questions, conducive to ethical reflection. The debate shows that Socrates’ view of Homer, as well as his Homeric point of view, allow us to ask good and often paradoxical (...) questions about the link between truth, falsity, knowledge and calculation, which are essential for those who want to build solid ethics. The dialogue then shows how the philosopher enriches the meaning of the Homeric text. (shrink)

Le Dictionnaire d'économie politique et diplomatique paraît entre 1784 et 1788 sous la direction de J. N. Démeunier (1751-1814), homme politique français et publiciste. Sur la base d'une définition qui inscrit les questions économiques nouvelles dans le champ de la réflexion sociale et politique classique, le Dictionnaire présente une conception globalisante de l'économique relativement innovante. Dans le cadre du présent volume III (Économie politique) des Anthologies de l'encyclopédie méthodique, nous avons privilégié l'ensemble des articles consacrés aux États-Unis et à la (...) Virginie, ce nouveau Monde où « la réflexion politique moderne est mise à l'épreuve, et transformée par l'économie politique ». Le modèle américain est tendu par Démeunier à « la partie la plus saine de l'Europe » comme « le miroir de son avenir », en particulier quand il célèbre la dimension exemplaire du nouveau code civil et criminel préparé pour la Virginie, ou encore les dispositions sur la tolérance religieuse. Enfin, nous avons fait suivre le choix d'articles tirés du Dictionnaire de Démeunier d'extraits de la traduction française de l'abbé Morellet des Observations sur la Virginie, ouvrage rédigé par Jefferson et auquel Démeunier a abondamment emprunté. Le lecteur appréciera derechef la hauteur et la nouveauté de vues de ce grand homme, héritier exemplaire des Lumières, préoccupé tout entier de réformes et de changements pour cette nouvelle société en train de se constituer. Cette anthologie paraît de façon posthume. C'est en effet le dernier ouvrage que préparait Paule-Monique VERNES, professeure émérite de philosophie moderne et politique à l'Université de Provence, quand elle est décédée soudainement le 15 janvier 2013. J. Boulad-Ayoub s'est occupée de compléter, avec l'aide de Christian Jobin, la présente publication laissée inachevée par la disparition de son éditrice. (shrink)

O horizonte da pergunta pela vida, em Heidegger, se dá no limite da compreensão da existência humana. Vida, para o filósofo, não é sinônimo de existência. Nosso artigo busca apresentar uma interpretação positiva possível desde essa caracterização negativa. Nesse intuito, evidenciamos, num primeiro momento, como a compreensão de si como ser-no-mundo, norteia e delimita a compreensão que o ser-aí tem dos animais e da vida (por extensão). Desde o conceito de mundo, apresentamos de modo resumido, num segundo momento, alguns pontos (...) da interpretação heideggeriana das investigações biológicas sobre a vida, em Os conceitos fundamentais da metafísica. Em um terceiro momento destacamos o modo como, para Heidegger, a originariedade da questão da vida provém do seu manter se no horizonte de compreensão da nossa própria existência como questão, em oposição à uma interpretação da vida como algo simplesmente dado. Por fim, concluímos que a vida não se encerra, não tem fim, nos limites apresentados, mas que justamente se abre, é abertura; e como questão está sempre aberta e exige sempre, a cada vez, novas respostas. Palavras-chave: Heidegger, vida, existência, mundo, questão. (shrink)

Desde o início da teorização freudiana, inibição, defesa e censura são processos que devem incidir sobre as pulsões. O primitivo pulsional precisa ser reprimido ou transformado. Este artigo problematiza a relação entre as pulsões sexuais e a defesa psíquica, ao longo do período pré-psicanalítico e da primeira tópica freudiana. Situamos o conflito entre sexualidade e repressão, apontado por Freud como característico das psiconeuroses, enquanto que nas neuroses atuais a angústia está relacionada a um registro quantitativo e não exatamente a um (...) conflito psíquico. Nesse caso, revela-se desencontros entre um sexual corpóreo e sua representação psíquica. Pretende-se, neste trabalho, evidenciar o caráter negativo das pulsões e pôr em relevo a natureza do antagonismo que se opõe às pulsões sexuais. A formulação das pulsões de autoconservação como aquilo que deve se contrapor às pulsões sexuais não esclarece completamente porque é imperativo que algo aconteça face às vivências pulsionais fundantes do aparelho. A satisfação em estado bruto acarreta prejuízos, tanto do ponto de vista psíquico quanto social; logo, a repressão das pulsões sexuais é condição necessária para a existência individual e coletiva. Evidencia-se assim algo específico do humano, afinal, se toda a natureza funciona afirmando o instinto, a espécie humana somente se desenvolve a partir de sua negação. A partir de tais construções teóricas, questiona-se se a psicanálise ainda permanece demasiadamente tributária de uma concepção de natureza revestida de pressupostos morais, sustentando a noção de que tenha que ser continuamente negada, afastada, coagida e domesticada, em prol de construções sociais bastante questionáveis, porém acatadas como necessárias. (shrink)

Este artigo discute as implicações do segundo dualismo pulsional freudiano para a economia narcísica e o conceito de trauma, fenômenos que despontam no corpo teórico da segunda tópica psíquica. Discute-se o modelo econômico da dor física e sua retomada em Além do princípio do prazer, como um marco renovado para a teoria do trauma e sua relação com a fixação em formas de sofrimento psíquico e de adoecimento. Conclui-se que um desenvolvimento teórico sobre a dor e sua relação com o (...) masoquismo erógeno e moral são contribuições para elucidar o retorno de formações narcísicas sobre o Eu. (shrink)

Ce bel et gros volume, qui ouvre aux éditions Gallimard la collection « Le langage des contes », dirigée par Nicole Belmont, est un ouvrage à plusieurs voix. Au premier plan, la double voix de Nannette Lévesque qui conte et chante selon la tradition. Autour d'elle et la portant jusqu'à nous, celle de l'ethnographe, Victor Smith, qui l'a particulièrement écoutée parmi d'autres femmes entendues dans la région de Saint-Étienne entre 1867 et 1876. Les voix enfin de nos contemporains : Mari...

Emotional openness is characterised by a capacity to tolerate threatening self-relevant material and an interest towards new emotional situations. We investigated how specific networks of memories could be an important contributing factor to emotional openness. At Phase 1, participants completed measures of personality traits and emotional intelligence, described a self-defining memory, provided other memories associated with it, and rated the valence of each of their memories. A score assessing the complexity of this memory network, comprising the number of memories reported (...) and their valence diversity, was created. Two weeks later, in laboratory, participants watched an anxiety-inducing film and took part in an interview assessing their emotional openness to the film. They completed a cognitive task before and after the film to measure ego depletion. Controlling for traits and emotional intelligence, memory network complexity was positively associated with emotional openness and negatively with ego depletion. The mental organisation of self-defining memories thus appears to be a critical factor contributing to emotional openness. (shrink)

Après avoir précisé l'enjeu idéologico-politique que recèle la « perspective féministe » en tant que catégorie d'analyse appliquée à l'histoire de la philosophie et retracé les présupposés relatifs à la représentation de l'entreprise philosophique que ladite perspective enveloppe, communément parlant, on relancera la question ontologique du rapport entre le Logos philosophique, à ses débuts, et Éros, le démon originaire et dynamique du discours philosophique. Ce recours au Mythe aura fait émerger la figure originelle de la philosophie comme symboliquement androgyne . (...) On aboutira à la thèse d'une « perspective hermaphrodite » qui voudrait en finir — par la dialectisation opérée sur le mode plaisant — avec la catégorie « perspective féministe », pour ce qui en est de son application à l'histoire de la philosophie.To begin with, some of the ideological and political issues concerning the so called "feminist view" on the history of philosophy are brought forth. The ontological problem of the fundamental relationship between Logos and Eros is then analyzed, such as it occurs in the philosophical discourse of the beginnings. Finally, for a more dialectical approach than the traditional "feminist view", a metaphorical androgynous view is suggested — with one's tongue in one's cheek ! — as an alternative thesis. (shrink)

In memory of Professor Louise Marcil, from the University of Montreal, who died prematurely in April 1995, this special issue of Dialogue is dedicated to Equality. In addition to presenting the various contributions, the Introduction traces the main strands of Louise Marcil's work on equality. The impressive corpus of her writings on the subject is characterized throughout by sensitivity to the historical and conceptual complexity of egalitarian theories and policies and by a depth of scholarship, the richness of which defies (...) classification into traditional philosophical schools. Moreover, far from being merely abstract scholarship, this work was clearly intended to strengthen actual egalitarian social projects, to which Louise Marcil was passionately committed. The contributions to this special issue of Dialogue have been selected in large part to reflect the diversity and scholarly standards of Louise Marcil's approach to equality as well as its engaged spirit. (shrink)

« L'égalité, parce que la liberté ne peut subsister sans elle … » réclamait Rousseau. Lorsqu'il pense la Révolution, tout philosophe politique voudrait tenir tous les bouts de la chaîne qui relie l'éthique au politique. L'ouvrage récent de Kai Nielsen, qui propose la thèse de l'égalitarisme radical comme nerf du processus d'institution de la cité juste, ne manque précisément pas de se confronter aux problèmes concomitants des relations entre égalité et liberté. Le philosophe albertain s'y montre comme à l'accoutumée cet (...) humaniste sensible et généreux dont la « raison et la pratique » sont orientées par l'idéal égalitaire. Le credo fondamental auquel il nous dit souscrire: « the interests of every one matter and matter equally », serait pour Nielsen comme le postulat indispensable à la relance du contrat social démocratique. Etre un égalitariste radical signifierait, si j'ai bien compris les implications de son discours, que Ton s'engage dans la cause du bien, que l'on croit à l'homme socialiste, vertueux et perfectible de même qu'au renouvellement des rapports sociaux dans l'équité. C'est aussi et surtout soutenir la force émancipatoire de l'égalité civile, sociale et politique, ou, autrement dit, dans les termes de Nielsen, supputer que l'égalité des conditions, conçue tout ensemble «comme un but et comme un droit», une fois inscrite dans les structures, dans les institutions sociales, déterminera la véritable liberté, celle de tous et de chacun au sein des rapports intersubjectifs et sociaux. Enfin, c'est penser que ce concept d'égalité ainsi réévalué jouerale rôle de condition nécessaire et suffisante pour changer le moi, le monde et la vie. Equality and Liberty est un vivant plaidoyer en faveur de la dignite morale autant que de l'efficace socialiste d'un modèle politique, l'égalitarisme radical, tel que Nielsen se le représente. (shrink)