The general properties of measurements in microphysics are studied and the three types of probabilities that, according to the authors, appear in wave mechanics are set up. Such a distinction, together with the principle of the localization of the corpuscle as was laid down at the very introduction of the theory of the double solution, provides a good grasp of certain phenomena whose explanation according to the usual theory (which makes no use of permanent localization and where the three types (...) of probabilities are intermingled) leads to paradoxical or self-contradictory situations. (shrink)

CRÍTICA À JURISDIÇÃO CONSTITUCIONAL E O SEU PAPEL NA DEMOCRACIA PROCEDIMENTAL NA VISÃO DE JURGEN HABERMAS.

An important center in which genetic research started and was carried out in Brazil during the 20thcentury was situated at the Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Linguistics of the University of São Paulo, led by André Dreyfus (1897–1952). Beginning in 1943, the Ukrainian geneticist Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900–1975) visited Dreyfus’s group four times. This paper evaluates the impact of Dobzhansky’s visits on the studies of genetics and evolution developed by the members of Dreyfus’s group during the 1940s and the 1950s. The (...) study leads to the conclusion that Dobzhansky’s visits had an impact, not only in quantitative terms (the number of individual and joint publications), but also in qualitative terms. However, we also detect a decrease in the number of individual and joint publications related to the subject of the project during certain periods. The adoption of new experimental organisms by some members of the group; the involvement with subjects not related to the initial project, such as botany; Dobzhansky’s and his wife’s health problems during the third visit; and scientific disagreements between Dobzhansky and Brazilian researchers may have contributed to the decrease in publications. (shrink)

O artigo apresenta e discute a descrição e a análise que Tucídides realiza da peste ocorrida em Atenas no início da guerra do Peloponeso. O objetivo é buscar lições para os tempos de pandemia de Covid-19 no exame feito pelo historiador dos impactos morais e sociais das crises.

In Plato's Protagoras, Socrates discusses the fundamental problem in education: Can virtue be taught? This question may be reformulated as follows: Can virtue be taught in terms of sophistic pedagogy, that is, a learning of values, rules and standards by means of which a city is organized, and the teaching of how to handle these values and rules to one's own individual benefit. By contrast, arguing unity of virtues and the associate thesis that virtue is knowledge, Socrates suggests that the (...) true education implies self-conscious adherence to objective moral standards. (shrink)

The platonic ontology as known through the Phaedo and Republic is centered on the hypothesis of the intelligible Forms, that is, the platonic Socrates' belief that there are ontologically independent entities such as "the beautiful itself", "the good itself", "the equal itself" etc., of which all empirical things participate thereby receiving the properties they exhibit. Clearly, the main philosophical influences on this doctrine are pre-Socratic philosophy, the sophistic and Socrates' thought. The aim of this paper is to present which ideas (...) or philosophical questions led Plato to postulate the Forms. (shrink)

Neste artigo procuro mostrar que, embora Sócrates tenha sido um crítico da democracia ateniense, seu pensamento, como conhecido a partir dos primeiros diálogos de Platão, coaduna-se com os valores fundamentais da cultura democrática de Atenas. Para defender essa interpretação, focalizo um dos princípios mais importante da democracia grega: a liberdade de expressão. Primeiro, examino o conceito de liberdade de expressão. Esclareço que, no contexto político democrático, dois termos gregos comunicam dois sentidos conexos mas distintos da liberdade de expressão: isēgoría, que (...) significa a igual oportunidade de todos os cidadãos falarem nas assembleias políticas; e parrhēsía, franqueza, a liberdade para criticar e para uma pessoa dizer a verdade como a ver. Em seguida, trato de três aspectos interligados do pensamento socrático: o método da refutação, a noção de “cuidado de si” e o ideal da vida examinada para evidenciar como eles pressupõem ou se assentam no valor da liberdade de expressão. Destaco que é preciso que a pessoa esteja seriamente comprometida a perseguir e exprimir a verdade para que seja capaz de avaliar suas crenças e livrar-se daquelas que são falsas. Consequentemente, esta pessoa pode prestar conta da própria vida expondo se seu pensamento, discurso e atos estão em acordo, assim como ela é capaz de levar a vida examinada, pondo sob escrutínio a si mesmo e os outros, praticando o pensamento crítico que é essencial para o aperfeiçoamento moral e a formação de um bom cidadão para uma sociedade democrática. Concluo que, na medida em que promove o dizer a verdade, a atitude crítica socrática não é somente coerente com os preceitos básicos do regime democrático, mas também útil à democracia. Palavras-chave : Sócrates. Democracia. Parrhesía. Elenchos. Vida examinada. (shrink)

Partindo do conto «O alienista » de Machado de Assis, procuro tecer algumas consideraçāes sobre o 'normal' e o 'patológico' com refêrncia a Georges Canguilhem e à sua obra O normal e o patológico: ao procurar compreender o modo como a medicina estabelece o conceito de 'normal' e, em oposiçãāo, o de 'patológico', o seu pensamento foi influenciando um leque alargado de saberes que vāo desde a compreensāo da individualidade e a valonzaçāo da normatividade até ao conjunto das questōes relativas (...) ao trìnómio ética-política-psicologia. Neste artigo, reflicto, a partir da minha prática de patologista, sobre o sentido do diagnóstico morfológico e interrogo-me acerca de como um maior conhecimento das alterações morfológicas se relaciona com uma melhor compreensão das situaçōes patológicas. Sublinho a tensāo entre as dimensōes subjectiva e objectiva ao decidir, na incerteza, como é próprío do processo que leva ao diagnóstico. Defendo ainda a necessidade do raciocínio clínico para a razoabilidade de todo o diagnóstico. Starting from the novel "O alienista" by Machado de Assis, I aim at discussing on the "normal" and the "pathological", referring to Georges Canguilhem and his work The normal and the pathological. Trying to understand how medicine states the concept of "normal" and, as opposed to it, the concept of pathological, Canguilhems thought was influencing a wide range of knowledges, going from the understanding of the individuals and the valorisation of the normativity to the whole of questions concerning the trinomial ethics-politics-psychology. In this paper, I reflect, from my practice as pathologist, on the sense of the morphological diagnosis and I question myself how a dipper knowledge of morphological mutations relates to a better understanding of pathological situations. I highlight the tension between the subjective and objective dimension deciding with uncertainty, as it is peculiar of the process that leads to diagnosis. Also, I support the necessity of the clinical reasoning to the reasonability of every diagnosis. (shrink)

This book presents the refereed proceedings of the Sixth European Workshop on Logics in Artificial Intelligence, JELIA '96, held in Evora, Portugal in September/October 1996. The 25 revised full papers included together with three invited papers were selected from 57 submissions. Many relevant aspects of AI logics are addressed. The papers are organized in sections on automated reasoning, modal logics, applications, nonmonotonic reasoning, default logics, logic programming, temporal and spatial logics, and belief revision and paraconsistency.

Uma entrevista inédita de Giannotti sobre Artigas.

In sensorimotor integration, representation involves an anticipatory model of the action to be performed. This model integrates efferent signals (motor commands), its reafferent consequences (sensory consequences of an organism’s own motor action), and other afferences (sensory signals) originated by stimuli independent of the action performed. Representation, a form of internal modeling, is invoked to explain the fact that behavior oriented to the achievement of future goals is relatively independent from the immediate environment. Internal modeling explains how a cognitive system achieves (...) its goals despite variations in the environment with insufficient and noisy sensory–perceptual data. In a self that acts intentionally on the environment, knowledge is dependent upon the necessity to guide actions directed toward an aim. The self-inner model, a representation of internal and external environments (including reafferent and afferent messages) and also of the behavior plans and desirable future states (aims) and efferent intentions (motor planning and motor command messages), is intrinsically linked to a thinking capacity, which is supposed to emerge from the binding of multiple influences. Thinking emerges when higher behavior strategies are considered possible and capable of leading to aims or the fulfillment of intentions. In this model, symbolization processes are projective and anticipatory and, in this way, beyond present referents. Symbolization occurs linked to action planning, command, and regulation in mental simulation. Meaning is related to an inner sense of a self that acts over the environment. (shrink)

This article has as its main theme the disorder of self-love, according to the thought of Louis Lavelle. For this philosopher, self-love is something that not only tarnishes man's conscience but also his relationships with others. In the egoist there is a process of losing consciousness, since the idea or image that he has of himself is unfair to reality, it is always exaggerated. This false self-image, for being unfounded, prevents your conscience from being perfect, thus making it impossible for (...) one of the philosopher's basic principles: to know oneself. The article discusses self-love, supported by the notion of sincerity towards oneself. This sincerity is only possible when there is detachment from fantasies, that is, detachment from vanity. The reflection carried out in this article was guided by the reading, analysis and interpretation of texts by Lavelle, such as The error of Narcissus, Conduite à l’égard d’autrui, Traité des valeurs, De l’Acte. (shrink)

Gómez Pereira's Antoniana Margarita (1554) represents one of the most original works of his time. Its author develops some issues of great impact in later philosophy, such as animal automatism, soul-body radical separation and self-awareness.

Resenha do livro: DUQUE, Eduardo. _Valores e religiosidade em Portugal: _comportamentos e atitudes geracionais. Porto: Afrontamento, 2022, 126 p.

Este artigo tem como objectivo organizar as teorias da secularização de forma diferente, assentando-as em filiações filosóficas/sociológicas e em níveis de análise. Para tal, como método, usa-se a análise comparada de conteúdo das teorias e/ou dos trabalhos mais relevantes dos principais autores. As teorias podem dividir-se em dois grupos principais, adeptos e adversários da secularização. Enquanto os adeptos se afiguram como aprofundamentos e ajustamentos das teorias clássicas à realidade contemporânea, advogando sobretudo a religiosidade individual, os adversários apresentam concepções diferentes das (...) teorias clássicas da secularização, defendendo a permanência da religiosidade institucional. No primeiro grupo encontram-se as teorias pós-clássicas e as teorias da individualização, enquanto no segundo grupo apresentam-se o modelo económico, as teorias do regresso e as teorias histórico-culturais. Weber e Durkheim, e as correntes epistemológicas que representam, são a maior influência das várias teorias existentes, umas mais descendentes do primeiro, outras do segundo. O modelo económico distingue-se das restantes teorias por ser a única que não é influenciada por Weber e que é influenciada pelo empirismo anglo-saxónico. (shrink)

Resenha do livro _Handing down the faith: How parents pass their religion on to the next generation_, de Christian Smith e Amy Adamczyk da Orford University Press, publicado em 2021.

Este artigo sobre as minorias religiosas em Portugal tem como objetivo apresentar uma revisão bibliográfica dos estudos qualitativos de cariz sociológico e/ou antropológico sobre as mesmas, contribuindo, assim, para reunir e analisar os estudos referidos, para além de avaliar, no final, o estado da arte. Para o efeito, realiza-se uma análise exaustiva dos catálogos das bibliotecas das universidades, dos sites dos centros de investigação e das plataformas de dados curriculares, para se coligir as obras de cada autor doutorado, optando-se, sempre (...) que possível, pelas mais recentes, completas e/ou representativas do objecto estudado. Por um lado, há minorias religiosas relativamente bem analisadas, como alguns evangélicos, alguns outros cristãos, religiões afro-brasileiras e africanas, cristãos orientais, muçulmanos, hindus e judeus. Por outro lado, há minorias religiosas totalmente por estudar, sobretudo evangélicos, outros cristãos e minorias orientais, cuja presença é mais significativa, ou protestantes, cuja presença é menos significativa. (shrink)

1. Introdução problematizante / Daniel Melo Tal como aludido no artigo anterior, o painel «As editoras e o seu património: preservar, disponibilizar e divulgar como medidas urgentes» tornou-se um marco na área dos estudos sobre a edição e sobre património por causa do seu carácter inovador – nunca até então se tinha feito um encontro exclusivamente destinado a debater a questão da preservação, valorização e disponibilização dos arquivos definitivos das editoras portuguesas. Além deste pionei...

It is sometimes asserted that Philo of Alexandria is the creator of systematic theology – not because he created systematics , that is, a body of doctrine classified and integrated by a set of principles defined in philosophical terms, but because he created theology , that is, a mode of philosophizing which derives its main categories from a supernatural revelation. Such a mode was pursued by Philo's Christian disciples, among whom was Origen , one of the first of his faith (...) to attempt, unsuccessfully, to formulate a systematics. Not until John Damascene was the attempt realized, but only in part: for while Damascene does classify the doctrinal truths of the Christian faith in an orderly manner, and through the use of philosophically defined concepts, he does not seek to investigate their inner philosophical intelligibility and cohesiveness. Christian doctrine was too involved for being viewed comprehensively all at once, and while some theologians, like Dionysius and Maximus the Confessor , appear to have grasped its inner architectonics, they seem to have been unable to express it in a clear and structured literary form. (shrink)

The purpose of the present study is to examine the attitudes of Portuguese chartered accountants with respect to questions of ethical nature that can arise in their professional activity. Respondents were asked to respond to the Ethics Position Questionnaire developed by Forsyth (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39(1), 175–184, 1980), in order to determine their idealism and relativism levels. Subsequently, they answered questions about five scenarios related to accounting practices, with the objective of measuring their ethical judgments. Based on (...) the idealism and relativism levels of our respondents, they were classified into one of four groups, representing different ethical ideologies (absolutism, exceptionism, subjectivism, and situationism). The results indicated that age was the major determinant of relativism. Contrary to previous research, older respondents revealed themselves significantly more relativistic than younger ones. Gender seems to be the most important determinant of ethical judgments; against expectations, men evidenced significantly stricter judgments than women in two of the five scenarios. Findings also indicated that respondents’ ethical judgments did not differ significantly based on their ethical ideology, supporting the idea that ethical ideology is not an important determinant of ethical judgments. (shrink)

Monetary intelligence theory asserts that individuals apply their money attitude to frame critical concerns in the context and strategically select certain options to achieve financial goals and ultimate happiness. This study explores the dark side of monetary Intelligence and behavioral economics—dishonesty. Dishonesty, a risky prospect, involves cost–benefit analysis of self-interest. We frame good or bad barrels in the environmental context as a proxy of high or low probability of getting caught for dishonesty, respectively. We theorize: The magnitude and intensity of (...) the relationship between love of money and dishonest prospect may reveal how individuals frame dishonesty in the context of two levels of subjective norm—perceived corporate ethical values at the micro-level and Corruption Perceptions Index at the macro-level, collected from multiple sources. Based on 6382 managers in 31 geopolitical entities across six continents, our cross-level three-way interaction effect illustrates: As expected, managers in good barrels, mixed barrels, and bad barrels display low, medium, and high magnitude of dishonesty, respectively. With high CEV, the intensity is the same across cultures. With low CEV, the intensity of dishonesty is the highest in high CPI entities —the Enron Effect, but the lowest in low CPI entities. CPI has a strong impact on the magnitude of dishonesty, whereas CEV has a strong impact on the intensity of dishonesty. We demonstrate dishonesty in light of monetary values and two frames of social norm, revealing critical implications to the field of behavioral economics and business ethics. (shrink)

Explainable artificial intelligence has become a vitally important research field aiming, among other tasks, to justify predictions made by intelligent classifiers automatically learned from data. Importantly, efficiency of automated explanations may be undermined if the end user does not have sufficient domain knowledge or lacks information about the data used for training. To address the issue of effective explanation communication, we propose a novel information-seeking explanatory dialogue game following the most recent requirements to automatically generated explanations. Further, we generalise our (...) dialogue model in form of an explanatory dialogue grammar which makes it applicable to interpretable rule-based classifiers that are enhanced with the capability to provide textual explanations. Finally, we carry out an exploratory user study to validate the corresponding dialogue protocol and analyse the experimental results using insights from process mining and argument analytics. A high number of requests for alternative explanations testifies the need for ensuring diversity in the context of automated explanations. (shrink)

This paper is about the relationship between leadership, organisational morals, and temporality. We argue that engaging with questions of time and temporality may help us overcome the overly agentic view of organisational morals and leadership ethics that dominates extant literature. Our analysis of the role of time in organizational morals and leadership ethics starts from a virtue-based approach to leading large-scale moral endeavours. We ask: how can we account for organizational morality across generations and independently of the leader? To address (...) this question, we studied the leadership model of the Jesuits, a Catholic Religious Order. Our case reveals that a virtue-based model of leadership does not necessarily imply that those who are selected to lead the organization are themselves virtuous, but that the processes underpinning the exercise of leadership are cyclical and repeated as truthfully as possible. Virtuous leadership, for the Jesuits, is therefore about the construction of an ideal type of leadership against which the processes which sustain it were designed. Our theoretical contribution is twofold. First, we propose an habitual understanding of moral forms of leadership, in which the procedural is constitutive of moral forms of organising; second, we explain how “timelessness”, understood as the quality of not changing as years go by, allowed the Jesuits to centre the processes which sustain their ethical model on the repetition, across space and time, of said processes, rather than on their outcome. We conclude that the search for virtue might be more relevant for large-scale moral endeavours than virtue itself. (shrink)

Monetary Intelligence theory asserts that individuals apply their money attitude to frame critical concerns in the context and strategically select certain options to achieve financial goals and ultimate happiness. This study explores the bright side of Monetary Intelligence and behavioral economics, frames money attitude in the context of pay and life satisfaction, and controls money at the macro-level and micro-level. We theorize: Managers with low love of money motive but high stewardship behavior will have high subjective well-being: pay satisfaction and (...) quality of life. Data collected from 6586 managers in 32 cultures across six continents support our theory. Interestingly, GDP per capita is related to life satisfaction, but not to pay satisfaction. Individual income is related to both life and pay satisfaction. Neither GDP nor income is related to Happiness. Our theoretical model across three GDP groups offers new discoveries: In high GDP entities, “high income” not only reduces aspirations—“Rich, Motivator, and Power,” but also promotes stewardship behavior—“Budget, Give/Donate, and Contribute” and appreciation of “Achievement.” After controlling income, we demonstrate the bright side of Monetary Intelligence: Low love of money motive but high stewardship behavior define Monetary Intelligence. “Good apples enjoy good quality of life in good barrels.” This notion adds another explanation to managers’ low magnitude of dishonesty in entities with high Corruption Perceptions Index. In low GDP entities, high income is related to poor Budgeting skills and escalated Happiness. These managers experience equal satisfaction with pay and life. We add a new vocabulary to the conversation of monetary intelligence, income, GDP, happiness, subjective well-being, good and bad apples and barrels, corruption, and behavioral ethics. (shrink)

This paper presents results of the author’s PhD research: Catholic beliefs and practices, attitudes toward marriage, life and sexuality. The empirical support is a survey made to a sample of 500 students from Lisbon public universities, using a non-random sampling in two phases, first a quota sampling and after a convenience one. There are some results that stand out. More than half of students of the sample call themselves Catholic and believe in the dogmatic representations about God, Jesus and Mary, (...) though other dogmatic beliefs as hell, purgatory and resurrection are much lower. There is some spirituality among students, although the importance of God is less important. The frequencies of the Mass, prayer, Holy Communion, confession are all very low. The attitudes toward marriage, life and sexuality lie between ‘some’ and ‘very’, with abortion having the smallest rating and contraception the highest. In general, undergraduate youth is away from the norms of the Church. At the same time, these youngsters believe and belong more than they practice. Keywords: Beliefs. Practices. Attitudes. Portugal. Undergraduate students. Resumo Este artigo apresenta resultados da tese de doutoramento do autor: crenças e práticas católicas, atitudes em relação ao casamento, à vida e à sexualidade. O suporte empírico é um inquérito aplicado a uma amostra de 500 estudantes das universidades públicas de Lisboa, usando uma amostragem não aleatória em duas fases, primeiro a amostragem por quotas e depois a amostragem por conveniência. Há alguns resultados que se destacam. Mais do que metade da amostra denomina-se católica e acredita nas representações dogmáticas de Deus, Jesus e Maria, embora outras crenças dogmáticas como inferno, purgatório e ressurreição sejam bastante mais baixas. Há alguma espiritualidade entre os estudantes, embora menos considerem que Deus seja importante. A frequência da Missa, oração, comunhão, confissão é muito baixa. As atitudes relativamente ao casamento, vida e sexualidade estão entre ‘alguma’ e ‘muita’, tendo o aborto o valor mais pequeno e a contracepção o valor maior. Na generalidade, a juventude universitária está afastada das normas da Igreja. Ao mesmo tempo, eles acreditam e pertencem mais do que praticam. Palavras-chave: Crenças. Práticas. Atitudes. Portugal. Estudantes niversitários. (shrink)

A violência contra a mulher é considerada mundialmente como um problema de saúde pública e a América Latina tem sido apontada como a região de maior incidência deste tipo de violação. Esta revisão sistemática objetivou investigar a produção científica latino-americana sobre serviços de atendimento à mulher vítima de violência que incluam psicólogos em suas equipes. Foram realizadas buscas nas bases de dados Scielo, Lilacs, e Portal Capes, com os descritores “violência contra a mulher”, “violência doméstica contra a mulher”, “psicologia”, “psicología”, (...) “violencia contra las mujeres”, “violencia doméstica contra la mujer”. Considerou-se apenas artigos publicados na América Latina, nos idiomas português e espanhol, durante os últimos 5 anos. No total, 10 estudos foram analisados na íntegra. Esta revisão permitiu constatar que ainda há lacunas na rede de atendimento, que dizem respeito não apenas à atuação do psicólogo, mas também às diferentes áreas que compõem as redes de acolhimento à mulher. (shrink)

Corruption involves greed, money, and risky decision-making. We explore the love of money, pay satisfaction, probability of risk, and dishonesty across cultures. Avaricious monetary aspiration breeds unethicality. Prospect theory frames decisions in the gains-losses domain and high-low probability. Pay dissatisfaction (in the losses domain) incites dishonesty in the name of justice at the individual level. The Corruption Perceptions Index, CPI, signals a high-low probability of getting caught for dishonesty at the country level. We theorize that decision-makers adopt avaricious love-of-money aspiration (...) as a lens and frame dishonesty in the gains-losses domain (pay satisfaction-dissatisfaction, Level 1) and high-low probability (CPI, Level 2) to maximize expected utility and ultimate serenity. We challenge the myth: Pay satisfaction mitigates dishonesty across nations consistently. Based on 6500 managers in 32 countries, our cross-level three-dimensional visualization offers the following discoveries. Under high aspiration conditions, pay dissatisfaction excites the highest- (third-highest) avaricious justice-seeking dishonesty in high (medium) CPI nations, supporting the certainty effect. However, pay satisfaction provokes the second-highest avaricious opportunity-seizing dishonesty in low CPI entities, sustaining the possibility effect—maximizing expected utility. Under low aspiration conditions, high pay satisfaction consistently leads to low dishonesty, demonstrating risk aversion—achieving ultimate serenity. We expand prospect theory from a micro and individual-level theory to a cross-level theory of monetary wisdom across 32 nations. We enhance the S-shaped Curve to three 3-D corruption surfaces across three levels of the global economic pyramid, providing novel insights into behavioral economics, business ethics, the environment, and responsibility. (shrink)

A obra de Hannah Arendt tem uma forte presença hegeliana, seja em virtude de convergências temáticas, seja em virtude de divergências fundamentais do ponto de vista metodológico, ontológico e político. Salvaguardadas as diferenças de detalhe no tratamento dessas questões, as convergências temáticas fazem-se notar na distinção entre social e político e no lugar que a singularidade ocupa nas suas teorias políticas. A sua divergência fundamental diz respeito à filosofia da história, à noção de temporalidade que lhe está associada e às (...) suas consequências para a relação entre necessidade, contingência e liberdade, bem como à noção de Progresso. O texto que aqui se apresenta procura contribuir para a clarificação desta divergência, argumentando que nela se constitui o eixo sobre o qual se articula a cisão entre os dois pensamentos.Arendt. Hegel. Tempo. Conceito. Hegelianismo Metafísico. (shrink)

The aim of this study is to present and investigate the spirituality of communion in one of the most important movements of the Church in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century, namely the Focolare Movement. It is a spirituality that seeks to reestablish communion and unity between the human being and God and between the various segments that make up the Church and society. Finally, it is stated that in the present a great number of conflicts that go from (...) the terrorism is seen, such as ethnic and religious conflicts, until arriving at wars and economic disputes. Within this worrying context, the spirituality of communion, of the Focolare Movement, is a concrete response that is possible to the construction of unity and that the human being has superficial differences only, since in the deepest being, a communion called humanity is formed. (shrink)

Fazer uma abordagem na qual seja apresentada a análise crítica de Reid acerca da teoria da identidade pessoal de Locke constitui-se como o objetivo principal desse artigo. Tal análise aponta para duas consequências significativas: a) se a mesma consciência pode ser transferida de um ser inteligente para outro, então, dois ou vinte seres inteligentes podem ser a mesma pessoa; b) a de que um homem pode ser e, ao mesmo tempo, não ser a pessoa que praticou uma determinada ação. Tendo (...) como ponto de partida essas consequências, Reid explicitará algumas considerações em torno do assunto. (shrink)