On several occasions, the French philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty says that there is a "flesh of language" that can be understood as a paradoxical understanding of self and the other at the very heart of the language. This "flesh"is related to the development of human life and bears witness to the change in individuals who observing themselves want to be a new individual every time. Following Merleau-Ponty, this essay aims at recognizing the condition of being continually reinvented by the expression of (...) the language. (shrink)
En varias oportunidades, el filósofo francés Maurice Merleau-Ponty plantea que hay una "carne del lenguaje" que se puede entender como la comprensión paradójica de sí y del otro en el seno mismo del lenguaje; esta "carne" está en relación con el desarrollo de la vida humana y da testimonio del cambio en los individuos que, observándose a sí mismos, quieren ser individuos nuevos a cada momento. Siguiendo a Merleau-Ponty, el presente ensayo se propone reconocer la condición del ser reinventado continuamente (...) por la expresión del lenguaje. On several occasions, the French philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty says there is a "flesh of language" that can be understood as a paradoxical understanding of self and the other within the same language. This "flesh" is related to the development of human life and bears witness to the change in individuals, observing themselves, who want to be new individuals each time. Following Merleau-Ponty, this essay proposes to recognize the condi-tion of being continually reinvented by the expression of language. (shrink)
CONTENIDO: Lo mental natural - Buscando un lugar a lo mental - Cuerpo y comprensión mental en una emoción llamada temor - Que sea, sí, el dolor es un estado mental - Alucinaciones: lo mental y lo aparente - Ponderaciones del Yo - Un papel para el yo en la filosofía de la mente - ¡Urgente el yo a la deriva¡ - Del yo a los memes, claves para la comprensión de la replicación - versiones en el proyecto de la (...) inteligencia artificial - "matriz", inteligencia artificial con o sin barrera - Modelar el cerebro, un sobrevuelo al conexionismo. (shrink)
The use of black box algorithms in medicine has raised scholarly concerns due to their opaqueness and lack of trustworthiness. Concerns about potential bias, accountability and responsibility, patient autonomy and compromised trust transpire with black box algorithms. These worries connect epistemic concerns with normative issues. In this paper, we outline that black box algorithms are less problematic for epistemic reasons than many scholars seem to believe. By outlining that more transparency in algorithms is not always necessary, and by explaining that (...) computational processes are indeed methodologically opaque to humans, we argue that the reliability of algorithms provides reasons for trusting the outcomes of medical artificial intelligence. To this end, we explain how computational reliabilism, which does not require transparency and supports the reliability of algorithms, justifies the belief that results of medical AI are to be trusted. We also argue that several ethical concerns remain with black box algorithms, even when the results are trustworthy. Having justified knowledge from reliable indicators is, therefore, necessary but not sufficient for normatively justifying physicians to act. This means that deliberation about the results of reliable algorithms is required to find out what is a desirable action. Thus understood, we argue that such challenges should not dismiss the use of black box algorithms altogether but should inform the way in which these algorithms are designed and implemented. When physicians are trained to acquire the necessary skills and expertise, and collaborate with medical informatics and data scientists, black box algorithms can contribute to improving medical care. (shrink)
This book addresses key conceptual issues relating to the modern scientific and engineering use of computer simulations. It analyses a broad set of questions, from the nature of computer simulations to their epistemological power, including the many scientific, social and ethics implications of using computer simulations. The book is written in an easily accessible narrative, one that weaves together philosophical questions and scientific technicalities. It will thus appeal equally to all academic scientists, engineers, and researchers in industry interested in questions (...) related to the general practice of computer simulations. (shrink)
" In this study, Garrido establishes the basic elements of the question concerning life through readings of Aristotle, Nietzsche, Heidegger, and Derrida; through the discussion of scientific breakthroughs in thermodynamics and evolutionary ...
This article aims to develop a new account of scientific explanation for computer simulations. To this end, two questions are answered: what is the explanatory relation for computer simulations? And what kind of epistemic gain should be expected? For several reasons tailored to the benefits and needs of computer simulations, these questions are better answered within the unificationist model of scientific explanation. Unlike previous efforts in the literature, I submit that the explanatory relation is between the simulation model and the (...) results of the simulation. I also argue that our epistemic gain goes beyond the unificationist account, encompassing a practical dimension as well. (shrink)
In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, members of the Salamanca School engaged in a sustained and sophisticated discussion of the issue of just prices. This article uses their contribution as a point of departure for a consideration of justice in pricing which will be relevant to current-day circumstances. The key theses of members of this school were that fairness of exchanges should be assessed objectively, that the fair price of an article is one equal to its ‘value’, and that the (...) best indicator of that value is the price that article commonly fetches in an open market. This article tries to bring to light the attractiveness of those views in order to guide current practice by contrasting them with alternative views, showing their connection with intuitively attractive basic standards, and linking them to commonly shared intuitions. (shrink)
Este ensayo revisa, desde la perspectiva de Berger y Luckmann, un encuentro con la otredad que se vuelve factor determinante en la socialización secundaria de Germán, personaje principal de la novela Fruta verde, donde él es rara avis que no aceptó como naturales ni perpetuas las condiciones imperantes del medio que lo veía adentrarse en la adolescencia rumbo a la madurez.
Interrogation sur les conditions transcendentales d'une réceptivité sensible et sur la formation des formes pures. L'étude se base sur les présupposés de l'esthétique critique de Kant, en vue d'interroger l'origine de la sensibilité pure.
We would like to thank the authors of the commentaries for their critical appraisal of our feature article, Who is afraid of black box algorithms?1 Their comments, suggestions and concerns are various, and we are glad that our article contributes to the academic debate about the ethical and epistemic conditions for medical Explanatory AI. We would like to bring to attention a few issues that are common worries across reviewers. Most prominently are the merits of computational reliabilism —in particular, when (...) promoted as an alternative to transparency—and CR as necessary but not sufficient for delivering trust. We finalise our response by addressing concerns about the place and role of artificial intelligence in medical decision-making and the physician’s responsibilities. We understand the concerns and reservations that some of the reviewers express regarding the epistemic merits of CR. We believe that, in part, this is due to a practice too deeply rooted in transparency. But on …. (shrink)
The article develops the different meanings of the Simondonian idea of the transindividual, reconstructs the different interpretations that have been made about it, and considers its potentiality to think contemporary phenomena. For this, first, it points out the uses of the term transindividual before Simondon’s conceptualization of it. Second, it analyzes the definitions of the concept that appear in his doctoral theses of 1958 and distinguishes his different senses. Third, it reconstructs the contemporary debate about the transindividual and defines three (...) moments. Finally, it concludes by reflecting on the philosophical and epistemological potentiality of the idea of the transindividual to think about complex processes marked by the association of technological, psychosocial, and ethical-political dimensions. (shrink)
El artículo analiza el problema de los mundos humanos a partir del concepto de mundo circundante que J. von Uexküll plantea para pensar la existencia animal. En este sentido, introduce dicho concepto biológico y sus implicancias, reconstruye las interpretaciones y críticas que se le formulan en la antropología filosófica alemana de principios del siglo XX, y defiende la idea según la cual, desde un horizonte arqueológico, habría una oposición correlativa entre el Umwelt biológico y las ideas filosóficas de mundo humano (...) previamente tematizadas. (shrink)
Extending the relation between semi-Heyting algebras and semi-Nelson algebras to dually hemimorphic semi-Heyting algebras, we introduce and study the variety of dually hemimorphic semi-Nelson algebras and some of its subvarieties. In particular, we prove that the category of dually hemimorphic semi-Heyting algebras is equivalent to the category of dually hemimorphic centered semi-Nelson algebras. We also study the lattice of congruences of a dually hemimorphic semi-Nelson algebra through some of its deductive systems.
Enhancement-line human genetic engineering has recurrently been targeted for bioethical discussion and is usually illustrated by examples alluding to a genetic technology that is far beyond our current possibilities. By discussing an ambitious project related to solid tumor cancers – multidrug resistance – the present paper places the question on a more realistic plane and draws bioethical conclusions to serve as guidelines in the field. The paper also establishes the inadequacy of the prevalent concept of genetic medicine as one of (...) substitution. (shrink)
The purpose of this paper is to define a new logic $${\mathcal {SI}}$$ called semi-intuitionistic logic such that the semi-Heyting algebras introduced in [ 4 ] by Sankappanavar are the semantics for $${\mathcal {SI}}$$ . Besides, the intuitionistic logic will be an axiomatic extension of $${\mathcal {SI}}$$.
Una imagen muy generalizada a la hora de entender el software de computador es la que lo representa como una “caja negra”: no importa realmente saber qué partes lo componen internamente, sino qué resultados se obtienen de él según ciertos valores de entrada. Al hacer esto, muchos problemas filosóficos son ocultados, negados o simplemente mal entendidos. Este artículo discute tres unidades de análisis del software de computador, esto es, las especificaciones, los algoritmos y los procesos computacionales. El objetivo central es (...) entender las prácticas cientficas e ingenieriles detrás de cada unidad de software, así como analizar su metodología, ontología y epistemología. (shrink)
Motivated by the definition of semi-Nelson algebras, a propositional calculus called semi-intuitionistic logic with strong negation is introduced and proved to be complete with respect to that class of algebras. An axiomatic extension is proved to have as algebraic semantics the class of Nelson algebras.
The traditional Square of Opposition consists of four sentence types. Two are universal and two particular; two are affirmative and two negative. Examples, where ‘S’ and ‘P’ designate the subject and the predicate, are: ‘every S is P’, ‘no S is P’, ‘some S is P’ and ‘some S is not P’. Taking the usual sentences of the square of opposition, quantifying over their predicates exhibits non-standard sentence forms. These sentences may be combined into non-standard Squares of Opposition , and (...) they reveal a new relationship not found in the usual Square. Medieval logicians termed ‘disparatae’ pairs of sentences like ‘every S is some P’ and ‘some S is every P’, which are neither subaltern nor contrary, neither contradictory nor subcontrary. Walter Redmond has designed a special language L to express the logical form of these sentences in a precise way. I will use this language to show how Squares of Opposition, standard and non-standard, form a complex network of relations which bring to .. (shrink)
The first part of this article shows that oureffective means to know and modify directly thehuman genetic make-up generates singular anddifficult situations for the application offundamental medical categories. Specifically,we demonstrate that in dealing with thesesituations, some predominant views on health,such as descriptivism or that which reduces thestate of health to not having presentdisabilities, cannot provide adequate answerseither from the point of view of medicalscience or in terms of our ordinary intuitions.The second part of the article examines thereasons for the failure (...) of these views totackle the mentioned situations, proposessolutions to urgent problems and, finally,offers some foundations for an alternativetheoretical development, id est, for atheory of health able to satisfactorilyintegrate our genetic dimension. (shrink)
La sotériologie constitue un chantier de la théologie très riche à approfondir et à explorer. La volonté dernière du Père exprimée par le Fils jusqu’au bout, est fondamentalement salutaire. Toute la prédication, le message et la praxis de Jésus-Christ ont été centrés sur la bonne nouvelle : le royaume de Dieu s’est fait proche. La libération du péché, les guérisons, l’expulsion de démons, l’accueil des pécheurs, la mort sur la Croix, la résurrection témoignent de celle-ci. Ce salut est-il simplement un (...) événement passé? Pourrions-nous parler d’un continuateur historique du salut déjà apporté par le Christ? Dans le contexte de la théologie latino-américaine de la libération, en tenant compte de la révélation de Dieu à travers l’économie du salut et grâce à une foi réalisée, à une option pour les pauvres, on affirme qu’il y a dans l’histoire humaine un continuateur de l’oeuvre salvifique commencée de manière définitive par le Fils. Dans ce contexte, Jon Sobrino1 affirmera que les peuples crucifiés, en étant les continuateurs du serviteur souffrant de Yahvé, portent un salut historique. Cet article, en partant des présupposés christologiques de la pensée sobrinienne, présente le sens et la validité théologique de ce salut historique que porte le peuple crucifié. Dans ce contexte, la catégorie christologique de pro-existence permettra de ne pas tomber dans la justification de la douleur et de la mort des victimes. Soteriology has always been a very rich domain of theology. The ultimate will of the Father, as expressed by the Son, is fundamentally one of salvation. The predication of Jesus, his message and praxis are centered on this good news : the Kingdom of God has come near. The liberation from sin, the healings, the casting out of demons, the welcoming of sinners, the death on the cross and the Resurrection are witnesses to this good news. But salvation is not simply an event of a distant past. The Latino-American theology of liberation finds its continuation in human history. The Basque theologian Jon Sobrino sees the “crucified peoples” as bearers of an historic salvation and successors of the Suffering Servant of God. This article, on the basis of Sobrino’s Christology and especially of the Christological category of “existence-for”, analyses the meaning and validity of the idea of an historical salvation taken on by the crucified peoples. (shrink)
After arguing that Hume’s judgment on metaphysics is more nuanced than it is usually believed, the relationship between the theory of meaning and the concept, or rather the problem, of “human nature” is analysed in order to underline the relevance of human nature to the explanation of the genesis of meaning and to the extent of the principle of copy, so as to finally examine the relation between meaning and theological discourse.
