People tend to judge more recent events, relative to earlier ones, as the cause of some particular outcome. For instance, people are more inclined to judge that the last basket, rather than the first, caused the team to win the basketball game. This recency effect, however, reverses in cases of overdetermination: people judge that earlier events, rather than more recent ones, caused the outcome when the event is individually sufficient but not individually necessary for the outcome. In five experiments (N (...) = 5507), we find evidence for the recency effect and the primacy effect for causal judgment. Traditionally, these effects have been a problem for counterfactual views of causal judgment. However, we argue that an extension of a recent counterfactual model of causal judgment explains both the recency and the primacy effect. In line with the predictions of our extended counterfactual model, we also find that, regardless of causal structure, people tend to imagine the counterfactual alternative to the more recent event rather than to the earlier one. Moreover, manipulating this tendency affects causal judgments in the ways predicted by this extended model: asking participants to imagine the counterfactual alternative to the earlier event weakens the interaction between recency and causal structure, and asking participants to imagine the counterfactual alternative to the more recent event strengthens the interaction between recency and causal structure. We discuss these results in relation to work on counterfactual thinking, causal modeling, and late-preemption. (shrink)

Requiring family authorization for apnea testing subtracts health professionals control over death determination, a procedure that has traditionally been considered a matter of clinical expertise alone. In this commentary, we first provide evidence showing that health professionals’ (HPs) disposition to act on death determination without family’s prior consent could be much lower than that referred to by Berkowitz and Garrett (2020). We hypothesize that HPs may have reservations about their own expertise as regards death, and may thus hesitate to impose (...) their views on patients’ families. We then address the theoretical question of clinical expertise in death determination by distinguishing judgments about facts (e.g., the presence or absence of spontaneous breathing) from interpretations given of these facts (i.e., their meaning for the vital status of an individual). We argue that, while clinicians may claim some expert authority on the former, they hold no particular authority on the latter. (shrink)

Todos los Acuerdos de Libre Comercio (ALCs) concluidos recientemente por la Unión Europea (UE) incluyen capítulos sobre Comercio y Desarrollo Sostenible (CDS) donde se recogen compromisos mutuos en materia laboral y medioambiental. Las disposiciones sobre medio ambiente mencionan expresamente los acuerdos multilaterales que cada Parte se compromete a cumplir, como el Acuerdo de París sobre cambio climático. Sin embargo, la falta de un mecanismo de ejecución efectiva en caso de incumplimiento de las disposiciones sobre CDS merma la credibilidad de los (...) compromisos de sostenibilidad. El ALC de la UE con Nueva Zelanda representa un punto de inflexión en esta tendencia, ya que introduce un nuevo modelo de aplicación. Con respecto a los compromisos climáticos, en particular, el ACL incluye objetivos ambiciosos que, unido al nuevo enfoque de aplicación, podrían incorporarse a futuros ALCs de la UE, contribuyendo así de forma importante a la lucha global contra el cambio climático. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar o idealismo transcendental (e o realismo empírico) como uma semântica transcendental, que permite resolver problemas cognitivos da ciência e decidir sobre problemas filosóficos, por meio de novos argumentos e documentos textuais da filosofia kantiana. Para tal fim, mostraremos que a pergunta fundamental que aparece em todo o percurso da obra kantiana é a da possibilidade das proposições sintéticas. Essa pergunta demanda o desenvolvimento de uma resposta que essencialmente diz respeito não apenas a sua necessidade (...) e possibilidade lógica, mas também a sua exequibilidade, e que mostrará suas peculiaridades em cada caso. Especificamente na primeira crítica, as condições ou ingredientes do juízo permitem distinguir entre fenômenos como objetos de conhecimento e coisas em si mesmas. Assim, o idealismo transcendental é definido, no sentido restrito, na crítica da razão pura, basicamente, pelo modo de interpretar o papel da sensibilidade em relação com as categorias e a constituição dos objetos de conhecimento. Esta posição filosófica permite a Kant propor um campo de sentido onde formular e resolver problemas cognitivos válidos e, portanto, resolver os problemas que a própria razão se impõe, bem como fazer uma refutação ao idealismo (material), tanto problemático quanto dogmático. Assim, provaremos que o problema da cognoscibilidade dos objetos se resolve em Kant em termos decididamente semânticos. (shrink)

This article captures and critiques a recurring and prominent political argument against animal welfare improvements in Switzerland which we term the “ranking argument”. This states that Swiss animal welfare law ranks among the strictest in the world, therefore no improvements are called for. This argument was advanced three times by Swiss government authorities in 2022 alone, but also in a case dating back to 1984, to advise the electorate on popular initiatives aiming at animal welfare improvements. We argue that, while (...) the argument commits a fallacy of relative privation and is ethically dubious, it can be deployed to great effect by agents opposed to norm change in animal welfare regulation. We conclude with some thoughts on how the ranking argument can and should be challenged in public discourse. (shrink)

El manual escolar sigue siendo un recurso didáctico clave en la enseñanza de la historia. En Educación Primaria y Secundaria pervive su uso, a pesar de las numerosas reformas educativas llevadas a cabo desde hace siglo y medio. Este trabajo pretende analizar su vigencia, estructura y cambios a lo largo del tiempo. Los cada vez más numerosos estudios se han escrito desde una perspectiva española o portuguesa, así que interesa conocer la evolución paralela y establecer comparaciones. Se analizan las escuelas (...) historiográficas y pedagógicas que han influido en la evolución de los currículos educativos. Además, se reflexiona sobre los contenidos históricos de los manuales, especialmente las narrativas nacionales. (shrink)

In this work I analyze the phenomenon of political polarization on the internet. I argue that the approach centered on the filter bubble and echo chambers has shortcomings. To solve them, I propose the concept of artificial polarization. This concept refers to the process by which the expressive uses of communication, such as flaming or moral grandstanding, provoke fictitious forms of polarization. Recognizing the artificial polarization will allow a better understanding of the polarization processes in the network and their effects (...) on the democratic debate. (shrink)

Belief merging aims at combining several pieces of information coming from different sources. In this paper we review the works on belief merging of propositional bases. We discuss the relationship between merging, revision, update and confluence, and some links between belief merging and social choice theory. Finally we mention the main generalizations of these works in other logical frameworks.

Despite the extensive research in both the determinants and the results of corporate social responsibility (CSR), relatively few studies have considered extra-legal institutions as potential determinants of CSR. Our work fills this gap by looking at how media attention affects CSR over a long-term period in a continental European setting. Our results show that media coverage positively affects CSR. Additional scrutiny triggered by media coverage encourages dominant owners to signal their commitment to limiting self-dealing transactions and their orientation toward stakeholders' (...) needs through CSR investments. Additionally, our results reveal that this signaling device offers greater benefits and lower costs in firms where controlling owners show a voting-cash flow wedge. Our results are relevant to different actors such as investors, auditors, and policy makers as they provide solid evidence that media coverage is an important driver of CSR orientation in a continental European setting. (shrink)

I deal here with one of Boghossian’s arguments against content externalism, related to ourinferential rationality(to use his term). According to his reasoning, the apriority of our logical abilities is inconsistent with certain externalist assumptions. Nevertheless, the problem constitutes an important challenge foranytheory of content, not just for externalism. Furthermore, when we examine what internalists may propose to solve the problem, we see that externalists have at their disposal a more promising repertoire of possible replies than internalists. In that sense, insofar (...) as Boghossian’s scenario is relevant to the debate externalism/internalism, it can be seen (against Boghossian’s original intention) as providing additional evidence for content externalism. (shrink)

In qualitative decision theory, a very natural way for defining preference relations over policies (acts) -functions from a set S of states to a set X of consequences- is by using the so called Dominance Plausible Rule. In this context we need a relation > over X and a relation ? over P(S) (the subsets of S). Then we define ≥ as follows: f ≥ g, ? [f > g] ? [g > f], where [f > g] denotes the set (...) {s ? S : f(s) > g(s)g}. In many cases > is a modular relation and ? is a total preorder. A quite rational and desirable property for the relation over policies is transitivity. In general, the relation ≥ defined by the Dominance Plausible Rule is not transitive in spite of the transitivity of ?. In this work we characterize the properties of the relation ? forcing the relation ≥ over policies to be transitive. All this under the hypothesis of modularity of the relation >. (shrink)

We present a deductive theory of space-time which is realistic, objective, and relational. It is realistic because it assumes the existence of physical things endowed with concrete properties. It is objective because it can be formulated without any reference to cognoscent subjects or sensorial fields. Finally, it is relational because it assumes that space-time is not a thing but a complex of relations among things. In this way, the original program of Leibniz is consummated, in the sense that space is (...) ultimately an order of coexistents, and time is an order of succesives. In this context, we show that the metric and topological properties of Minkowskian space-time are reduced to relational properties of concrete things. We also sketch how our theory can be extended to encompass a Riemannian space-time. (shrink)

In many countries consumers have shown an increasing interest to the way in which food products are being produced. This study investigates Chinese consumers’ attitudes towards different pig production systems by means of a conjoint analysis. While there has been a range of studies on Western consumers’ attitudes to various forms of food production, little is known about the level of Chinese consumers’ attitudes. A cross-sectional survey was carried out with 472 participants in 6 Chinese cities. Results indicate that Chinese (...) consumers prefer industrial pig production systems, where traditional pig breeds are raised, over large-scale and small family farms. Farms with maximum attention to food safety, which furthermore can provide lean meat with consistent quality, are also preferred. Imported pig breeds and tasty but variable meat were rejected. A 3-cluster solution found that consumers from cluster 1 focus almost exclusively on the food safety aspect. Consumers from cluster 2 show weak overall attitudes to pig production systems in general. Cluster 3 stands out by being very positive about industrial, large-size farms and consistent quality. From a Chinese consumer’s perspective, the industrial approach seems to represent values such as achievement and evolution, as well as quality and safety, since pig production is moving away from low-cost, low-quality, and low-safety family-scale systems. A complex set of rural and environmental development, quality aspects, and food safety measures are challenges that must be met by the stakeholders of pig production systems in China. (shrink)

EI artículo comienza con un análisis de la estructura de la teoría semántica de Kripke y Putnam para términos de génera natural. A continuación, se someten a crítica algunos principios de esta teoría. Tomando pie en lo anterior, la segunda mitad del artículo esta dedicada a una reflexión sobre la relación entre intension y extensión. Tras constatar que los conceptos asociados con términos de genera natural están sujetos a evolución, se concluye que la intensión determina o no determina la extensión (...) dependiendo de la etapa en la que el térmono se encuentre. Esto vendría a significar que tanto ladoctrina tradicional del significado corno la de Kripke y Putnam se basan en intuiciones certeras pero sobre situaciones semánticas diferentes.The paper begins with an analysis of the structure of Kripke and Putnam’s semantic theory in relation to natural kind terms. It then goes on to criticise some of the principles on which their study is based. From the standpoint of this critique, the second part of the article is devoted to a reflection on the relationship between intension and extension. After stablishing that the meaning of natural kind terms is subject toevolution, the thesis, stipulating that the intension determines or does not determine the extension depending at the stage in whieh the term is, is then defended. This seems to indicate that both the traditional doctrine of meaning and that put forward by Kripke and Putnam are based on sound intuitions, but these last ones are targeted towards different semantic situations. (shrink)

Público el centro de la participación política de los ciudadanos. Sin embargo, las diferencias materiales que existen entre los individuos pueden influir de una forma decisiva en el desarrollo del proceso deliberativo.En este artículo examino la forma en que desde esta teoría de la democracia se ha hecho frente a este problema. Aunque encontramos notables diferencias entre los autores, todos ellos defienden la necesidad de garantizar una igual influencia de los ciudadanos en el proceso político.

The aim of this paper is to shed light on and critically evaluate the potential impact of evidential pluralism in the realm of pharmaceutical regulation. In the complex landscape of drug evaluation and approval, the role of evidence is pivotal. Firstly, we delve into the role of evidence of mechanisms within drug regulation, with a particular focus on the Accelerated Approval pathway administered by the US Food and Drug Administration. Our analysis reveals that this program, in practice, closely resembles a (...) pluralistic approach to evidence. Secondly, we undertake a thorough examination of the reliability of evidential pluralism within the context of drug regulation. We dissect and discuss the open-cases approach recently put forth by Sung and Holman. While acknowledging its potential merits, we also identify and articulate significant limitations inherent in this approach. Finally, we propose an alternative empirical approach that centres on the real-world outcomes of regulatory programs. (shrink)

Hornsby defiende una interpretación muy particular de la distinción personal-subpersonal tal como fue propuesta por Dennett y de la doctrina filosófica en la que está enraizada esta distinción. Según Hornsby de la aceptación de la distinción y la doctrina se sigue una defensa de la autonomía explicativa del nivel personal. Esta defensa nos compromete con un nivel personal genuino de explicación y la idea de que los hechos subpersonales no explican hechos personales. Hornsby sostiene, además, que mientras que en Dennett (...) se defiende la autonomía del nivel explicativo personal, en Dennett post-1969 al modificarse la doctrina de base cambia la manera de entender la distinción y con ello se reniega de ambos compromisos, de lo cual se sigue un abandono de la tesis de la autonomía del nivel explicativo personal. La tesis que vamos a sostener en este trabajo es que si bien la distinción de Dennett nos compromete con , no nos compromete con . Dado que una defensa de la autonomía explicativa del nivel personal, tal como Hornsby la entiende, abarca ambos compromisos, se sigue que no hay tal defensa. En consecuencia, si bien hay algunas cuestiones que en Dennett no se plantean de manera tan explícita y clara como en Dennett post-1969, no hay un cambio sustancial en su concepción de la distinción.According to Hornsby , Dennett's personal-subpersonal distinction has as one of its consequences a defense of the autonomy of personal level explanation, and this defense is based on two commitments: the personal level is a genuine level of explanation, and subpersonal facts do not explain personal facts. Moreover, Hornsby argues that Dennett post-1969 rejects both commitments, and that he consequently abandons the autonomy thesis. In this paper we shall argue that, although Dennett's distinction is committed to , it is not committed to . Given that a defense of the autonomy, as Hornsby understands it, presupposes both commitments, it follows that there is no such defense. We hold that there is no substantial change in Dennett's conception of the distinction, although some of these issues are not as clear and explicit in Dennett 1969 as in Dennett post-1969. (shrink)

The analysis of the posthumous text of Benjamin, titled Capitalism as religion, show a certeral diagnosis about the progression of capitalism of XX and XXI century, in which its cult aspect have been attached to the images that dwell the city, and in some way, it constitute her, reconfigurating at the same time, his urban planning. The notion of phantasmagoria it is key to understand how this capitalistic religion has been introduced and totalized in men life, in the sense that (...) has transformed space in an image for-itself of capital, being, in conclussion, in an intrinsec union with a phantasmagorical politics that require the city for the perpetuation of his cult. (shrink)

The analysis of the posthumous text of Benjamin, titled Capitalism as religion, show a certeral diagnosis about the progression of capitalism of XX and XXI century, in which its cult aspect have been attached to the images that dwell the city, and in some way, it constitute her, reconfigurating at the same time, his urban planning. The notion of phantasmagoria it is key to understand how this capitalistic religion has been introduced and totalized in men life, in the sense that (...) has transformed space in an image for-itself of capital, being, in conclussion, in an intrinsec union with a phantasmagorical politics that require the city for the perpetuation of his cult. (shrink)

La verdad en cuanto ligada al lenguaje ha de ser concebida simultáneamente como coherencia y como correspondencia. Pero la palabra es siempre, a la vez, impotencia y fuerza creadora. Ahí es donde se sitúa realmente el tema de la verdad. La razón nos sitúa ante la responsabilidad de un proyecto y unos fines. La ciencia nos acerca a la verdad de lo que es la realidad en cuanto "acción racional de la razón practica". Se trata de un proceso de "empastamiento" (...) o progresiva coherencia, que no llega nunca a "tocar" la realidad. Hay una relación dialéctica entre nuestro juicio y la realidad. nuestra imputación de realidad se nos convierte en un "juicio de verdad" hermenéuticamente desvelada. (shrink)

Este artículo propone considerar a la alimentación en general y a los ultraprocesados y bebidas azucaradas en lo particular, como un tema que atañe a la bioética global. La primera sección explica la relación entre el consumo de los alimentos ultraprocesados y la salud, la segunda, relaciona a las llamadas enfermedades no transmisibles y la salud mental con la alimentación y la tercera sección, argumenta el papel que debe jugar la bioética, en especial la global, en materia de alimentación.

Abstractabstract:This article engages in the contemporary discussion on utopia by exploring Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez’s philosophy. The fall of the Berlin Wall has led to debates about the “end of history” and to doubts about the possibility of achieving the ideals and values embedded within the Marxist utopia. To deal with this challenge, contemporary scholars have revisited Marxist tradition to recover the hope stemming from utopia. However, these readings have not taken into consideration Sánchez Vázquez’s contribution to this topic. With a (...) view to addressing this omission, this article analyzes philosophical assumptions underlying Sánchez Vázquez’s approach. By exploring his Philosophy of Praxis and by highlighting its anthropological assumptions, this study demonstrates the extent to which his works provide theoretical underpinnings and resources for contesting contemporary discourses on the “end of history” and for recovering utopia after the fall of the Berlin Wall. (shrink)

A modo de hipótesis de partida, este texto cuenta como supuesto con que en el pensamiento político de Suárez, de Gracián y de Saavedra Fajardo encontramos pistas suficientes para sostener que pueden entenderse como exponentes de un ethos barroco con perfil de ethos de resistencia. Si ello es así, podemos decir que en el barroco hispano encontramos, salvando las distancias, algunos elementos, especialmente sobre la razón de Estado, que permiten ver en él lo que se presentó por el filósofo Bolívar (...) Echeverría, desde América, como ethos barroco. Y a la vez, cabrá proponer que dicho ethos barroco con esa doble apoyatura a uno y otro lado del Atlántico da pie para una relectura del mismo que permita esbozar en la actualidad aportaciones relevantes para una salida de la crisis de la modernidad que necesita otro paradigma. (shrink)

El presente artículo propone una aportación al debate suscitado en torno al problema que plantean la violencia y la sexualidad en la representación del otro, en este caso del árabe como Otro, partiendo en primer lugar de las consideración que hace Judith Butler sobre la noción de marco teórico y sus implicaciones políticas, éticas y estéticas. En un segundo momento confrontaremos este enfoque con las críticas planteadas por J. Massad al presunto orientalismo y etnocentrismo de ciertas corrientes reivindicativas de los (...) derechos LGTB desde el punto de la especificidad cultural del mundo árabe y analizaremos la polémica suscitada por dichas críticas entre distintos interlocutores. (shrink)

El presente trabajo se ocupa del efecto que la propuesta de Nietzsche de una forma de vida que aspira a la autorrealización del individuo tiene en María Zambrano y Hannah Arendt. La lectura que cada una de ellas hace del autor alemán permite establecer con respecto a este continuidades y divergencias e hilvanar también un paralelismo entre sus propios planteamientos. Al igual que Nietzsche, Zambrano y Arendt asumen la pluralidad como rasgo constitutivo de lo humano y parten por ello de (...) la crítica del paradigma platónico que uniformiza la existencia. Sin embargo, tanto la noción de persona que perfila Zambrano como la de acción que desarrolla Arendt se desvían del pathos individualista que anima la obra nietzscheana y de la persistente reprobación de la igualdad que contiene. Ambas autoras acaban señalando la insuficiencia de este enfoque para pensar la pluralidad en el horizonte de la democracia. (shrink)

A partir del legado filosófico de Mayo del 68, el artículo se centra en el debate sobre el individualismo contemporáneo tomando como hilo conductor el pensamiento de Nietzsche. Este hilo atraviesa tanto el planteamiento antinietzscheano elaborado por Ferry y Renaut como el nietzscheanismo de izquierda que defiende Onfray, rastreándose así mismo en los enfoques neonihilistas de Glucksmann y Lipovetsky. El pretexto del recorrido es una cita de Así habló Zaratustra que aparece entre las pintadas que ilustraron las paredes parisinas en (...) la emblemática fecha: “Es preciso tener todavía caos dentro de sí para poder dar a luz una estrella danzarina”. El análisis de las dos metáforas que vertebran la frase –caos dentro de sí y estrella danzarina– y la búsqueda de su reflejo sesentayochista permite situar las posiciones de estos autores y considerar la capacidad moral que le conceden al individuo. (shrink)