Complete collection of Schwarzschild’s essays on the neo-Kantian Jewish philosopher Hermann Cohen. Steven S. Schwarzschild (1924–1989) was arguably the leading expositor of German-Jewish philosopher Hermann Cohen (1842–1918), undertaking a lifelong effort to reintroduce Cohen’s thought into contemporary philosophical discourse. In The Tragedy of Optimism, George Y. Kohler brings together all of Schwarzschild’s work on Cohen for the first time. Schwarzschild’s readings of Cohen are unique and profound; he was conversant with both worlds that shaped Cohen’s thought, (...) neo-Kantian German idealism and Jewish theology. The collection covers a wide range of subjects, from ethics, socialism, the concept of human selfhood, and the mathematics of the infinite to more explicitly Jewish themes. This volume includes two of Schwarzschild’s previously unpublished manuscripts and a scholarly introduction by Kohler. Schwarzschild shows that despite its seeming defeat by events of the twentieth century, Cohen’s optimism about human progress is a rational, indeed necessary, path to peace. George Y. Kohler is Director of the Joseph Carlebach Institute and Senior Lecturer of Jewish Philosophy at Bar Ilan University, Israel. He is the author of Reading Maimonides’ Philosophy in 19th Century Germany: The Guide to Religious Reform. (shrink)

I argue that Judaism and Jewish culture have paradigmatically and throughout history operated with a fundamental dichotomy between nature and ethics. Pagan ontologism, on the other hand, and the Christian synthesis of biblical transcendentalism and Greek incamationism result in human and historical submission to what are acclaimed as “natural forces.” Although in the history of Jewish culture such a heretical, quasi-pantheistic tendency asserted itself, first in mediaeval kabbalism and then in modem Zionism, from a traditional Jewish standpoint nature remains subject (...) to humanly enacted ends. Evidence for this general thesis can be found in biblical, Talmudic, medieval philosophic, and mystical literature, in modem religious, poetic, and Zionist literature, and in the history of general philosophy. (shrink)

In this paper I describe the place of naive realism in Russell’s changing accounts of perception. I argue ‎for the following conclusions: (1) The early period, 1898-1910: I am inclined to think that the naïve ‎realism that Russell embraced so enthusiastically early on may not have been intended as a naïve ‎realism about perception, but as a metaphysical or semantical thesis. (2) The Problems of Philosophy ‎‎(1912): Russell abandons naïve realism (if, in fact, he ever held it) and presents a (...) sense-datum version ‎of representative realism. (3) “On Matter” (1912): here we see Russell’s best attempt to defend ‎something very close to the standard doctrine of naïve realism. The objects of perception—the ‎‎“everyday material objects such as caterpillars and Cadillacs”—have, of course, undergone severe ‎reconstruction. But the resulting picture does capture the spirit of the doctrine. (4) The period from ‎‎1914 to 1927: though Russell’s thinking about perception underwent some significant changes during ‎this period—the sense datum theory is replaced by neutral monism—I try to show that the ‎distinction between the matter of physics and the thing of common sense is a constant feature of ‎Russell’s changing views. And I suggest that our perceptual relation the thing of common ‎sense (as logically reconstructed by Russell) can usefully be viewed as a limited sort of naïve realism. ‎‎(5) The period after 1927: the thing of common sense no longer features in Russell’s account of our ‎perceptual access to the world. The things we perceive are percepts, located in our private spaces. The ‎only material objects of which these percepts are parts are our brains. All other material objects are ‎beyond our perceptual reach and are accessible only via inference. This is the end of anything ‎resembling the traditional view of naïve realism in Russell’s account of perception. ‎. (shrink)

Leopold Flam (1912-1995) woont voor een groot deel van zijn jeugd in een kelder in Antwerpen. Zijn ouders, Joodse mensen die uit Lublin naar België emigreerden, kunnen lezen noch schrijven, en proberen aan de kost te komen met leuren en bedelen. Op zijn dertiende begint Flam met het bijhouden van een even openhartig als meedogenloos dagboek. Socrates indachtig heeft hij het vaste voornemen zichzelf te leren kennen. Het mag een klein mirakel heten dat Leopold Flam in zijn opzet (...) is geslaagd. Hij overleefde de Holocaust en hij, de bedelaarszoon, werd hoogleraar filosofie. Hij publiceerde artikelen en boeken, maar zijn dagboeken - voor zover bewaard - behoren tot zijn sterkste werk. Ze vormen een aangrijpend epos dat ons de mens Flam laat zien, eerder dan de filosoof. Tegelijkertijd bieden ze een verhelderend tijdsdocument, met onder meer concrete informatie over zijn hulp aan Joden tijdens de Duitse bezetting en notities gemaakt terwijl hij gevangenzat in Buchenwald. Ondanks de vooroordelen en vervolging waarmee hij had af te rekenen, bleef hij geloven in zijn weg uit de duisternis naar het licht."--Publisher information. (shrink)

Die bedeutung der jüdischen feste nach Philo.--Der nomos. insonderheit Sabbat und feste, in philonischer beleuchtung, an der hand von Philos schrift De septenario.--Die religions- und kulturgeschichtliche stellung Philos.--Agada bei Philo.--Ursprung, begriff und umfang der allegorischen schrifterklärung.--Die alexandrinische lehre von den mittelwesen oder göttlichen kräften, insbesondere bei Philo, geprüft auf die frage, ob und welchen einfluss sie auf das mutterland Palästina gehabt.

Excerpt from Rechtsphilosophie als Naturlehre des Rechts 9b nun Diefe csigentbun1li(R)ieit Deß %uebeß a18 ein %drgug ober alé ein gebler Deflelben 511 betraeb ten bleibt Der @ntfebeibung Deé seeferö üb111affen (c)aß Die fi81'fi'enfeb11ft Deß s)raturreebtß feit einem 3abr sebent i1n 3ui'tande einer Strii'iß fieb befindet, werden alle, Die Sieb mit D11felben befebäftigen, {eben Iangi't wifi'en. (c)ie auf Der %afiß Der fantifeben %bilofobbie aufgebauten (c)bi'ten1e Deffelbem;;baben Daß am 2111 {eben verloren; Der Dureb jene'ßbilofopbie Dem sratur reebte vorgegeiebnete. Rreiß iii Durcbfaufen. Febnt (...) Sieb von alien (R)eiten naeb 9?euen1. 91b11 notb ift 15 Feiner iibeorie gelungen, g11allgemeiner 91nerfen: nung 511 gelangen. Sie begeifebe 9?eebtépbiißfopbie wird nur von Den %inbängern ibrer (c)ebule geprie fen; in (c)tablö nii)bilbfbbbi1 deé.sreobtä naeb ge febiebtlieber' 21nfiebh ift Der Fritifebe $bei[ n1eifierbaft, Der Dogrnatifebe weniger befriebigend. (c)eir Dem @1 febein1n' Diefeé fiberfeä ii't ein gewifi'er (R)tilli'iand in Der %ea1beitung Diefer fibifienfebaft eingetreten; in. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

This dissertation is based on the compositional model theoretic approach to natural language semantics that was initiated by Montague (1970) and developed by subsequent work. In this general approach, coordination and negation are treated following Keenan & Faltz (1978, 1985) using boolean algebras. As in Barwise & Cooper (1981) noun phrases uniformly denote objects in the boolean domain of generalized quanti®ers. These foundational assumptions, although elegant and minimalistic, are challenged by various phenomena of coordination, plurality and scope. The dissertation solves (...) these problems by developing a ¯exible process of meaning composition, as ®rst proposed by Partee & Rooth (1983). Flexible interpretation involves semantic operations without any phonological counterpart, which participate in the interpretation process and change meanings of overt expressions. The dissertation introduces a novel ¯exible system where a small number of operations describe the behaviour of complex phenomena such as `non-boolean' and, the scope of inde®nites and the semantics of collectivity with quanti®cational NPs. The proposed theory is based on a distinction between two features of meanings in natural language. (shrink)

In order to contribute to the consolidation in the field ofPositive Psychology, we reinvestigated the factor structure of top 10 positive emotions of Barbara Fredrickson. Former research in experimental settings resulted in a three-cluster solution, which we tested withexploratoryandconfirmatorymethodology against different factor models. Within our non-experimental data (N= 312), statistical evidence is presented, advocating for a single factor model of the 10 positive emotions. Different possible reasons for the deviating results are discussed, as well as the theoretical significance to various (...) subfields inPositive Psychology(e.g., therapeutical interventions). Furthermore, the special role ofawewithin the study and its implications for further research in the field are discussed. (shrink)

Consciousness and Qualia is a philosophical study of qualitative consciousness, characteristic examples of which are pains, experienced colors, sounds, etc.

Zur klarstellung unserer pflichten.--Ästhetisches.--Selbstbesinnung.--Pfeiler der settlichkeit.--Bausteine der gluckseligkeit.--Moralisches.--Auf dem wege zum glauben.

Excerpt from Histoire de la Philosophie Atomistique La recherche proprement historique des origines de l'atomisme ne peut porter que sur quelques points tres limites ou une formule particuliere de ce systeme semble s'etre spontanement degagee d'un concours de circonstances accidentelles, telles qu'une opposition d'ecoles, une evolution ou une communication de doctrines. Les epoques qui comportent une pareille investigation sont precisement les plus obscures de l'histoire philosophique. Quand on aura distingue a grands traits les antecedents probables de Kanada chez les Hindous, (...) de Leucippe chez les Grecs, des Motecallemin chez les Arabes, de Gassendi au XVIIe siecle, on aura a peu pres epuise la matiere. Qui oserait pourtant soutenir qu'on ait alors repondu a la veritable question d'origine, qui se pose necessairement aux abords d'un systeme de cette importance? L'atomisme n'est pas une simple theorie de la matiere: c'est la plus large explication de la nature, la plus complete peut-etre et la plus vraisemblable qui ait jamais ete tentee. Il semble donc qu'on ne puisse se dispenser, avant d'en entreprendre l'examen suivant l'histoire, d'en indiquer, au moins d'un trait rapide, les racines profondes dans la reflexion ou dans l'experience primitives. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.". (shrink)

Einführung.--Buddho der protestant.--Buddho der erlebende.--Buddho der wissende.--Buddho der öst-westliche.

An introductory text in linguistic semantics, uniquely balancing empirical coverage and formalism with development of intuition and methodology. -/- This introductory textbook in linguistic semantics for undergraduates features a unique balance between empirical coverage and formalism on the one hand and development of intuition and methodology on the other. It will equip students to form intuitions about a set of data, explain how well an analysis of the data accords with their intuitions, and extend the analysis or seek an alternative. (...) No prior knowledge of linguistics is required. After mastering the material, students will be able to tackle some of the most difficult questions in the field even if they have never taken a linguistics course before. -/- After introducing such concepts as truth conditions and compositionality, the book presents a basic symbolic logic with negation, conjunction, and generalized quantifiers, to serve as the basis for translation throughout the book. It then develops a detailed compositional semantics, covering quantification (scope and binding), adverbial modification, relative clauses, event semantics, tense and aspect, as well as pragmatic phenomena, notably deictic pronouns and narrative progression. -/- A Course in Semantics offers a large and diverse set of exercises, interspersed throughout the text; those labeled “Important practice and looking ahead” prepare students for material to come; those labeled “Thinking about ” invite students to think beyond the content of the book. (shrink)

Given the apparent nondisplaceability and noncancellability of the derogatory content of slurs, it may appear puzzling that non-derogatory uses of slurs exist. Moreover, these uses seem to be in general available only to in-group speakers, thereby exhibiting a peculiar kind of context-sensitivity. In this paper the author argues that to understand non-derogatory uses we should consider slurs in terms of the kind of social practice their uses instantiate. A suitable theory of social practices has been proposed by McMillan. In typical (...) uses the practice is one of bigotry and discrimination. Non-derogatory uses are only possible to the extent that they consitute acts of an alternative, non-derogatory practice. In the core cases it must be a subversive practice of satire or reappropriation. The social identity of speakers is not an ultimately decisive factor but it is an important constitutive condition: most non-derogatory practices of slur-use can only be performed by a member of the target group. (shrink)

Most accounts of the derogatory meaning of slurs are semantic. Recently, Nunberg proposed a purely pragmatic account offering a compelling picture of the relation between derogatory content and social context. Nunberg posits that the semantic content of slurs is identical to that of neutral counterparts, and that derogation is a result of the association of slur use with linguistic conventions of bigoted speakers. The mechanism responsible for it is a special kind of conversational implicature. However, this paper argues that Nunberg’s (...) proposal suffers from technical and conceptual problems regarding the application of the concepts of implicature and convention. It is proposed that the implicature mechanism should be replaced by expressive commitment attribution. The account advocated here preserves crucial insights of Nunberg’s analysis, 25–48, 2013a, Analytic Philosophy 54, 350–363, 2013b; Bolinger Nous, 51, 439–462, 2017), giving them a firmer conceptual basis. It supports a distinction between derogation and offensiveness of slurs that improves on the one proposed by Hom and May, 293–313 2013), and sheds light on puzzling borderline cases: the use of slurs by ignorant speakers and controversies surrounding the status of some words as potentially slurs. (shrink)