The shale gas reservoir is a complex subject with a multiscale nanopore and fracture system, and the gas flow mechanism indicates an evident difference from the conventional gas reservoir. We have introduced fractal theory to characterize the multiscale distribution of pores and fractures, and we have developed a single-phase radial flow model considering nonequilibrium adsorption to describe the flow characteristics in the shale gas reservoir. The numerical solution of the flow model in Euclidean space is obtained by inversing the analytical (...) solution derived in Laplace space through the Stehfest numerical inversion method, and the log-log curve of the dimensionless bottom-hole pressure and its derivative versus dimensionless time are analyzed. The log-log curve of the dimensionless BHP has two distinct straight-line segments: The unit slope line reflects early well-storage effect, and the straight line with slope [Formula: see text] reflects reservoir fractal characteristics. The slope of the straight line will become smaller with the increasing fractal dimension. The adsorption coefficient mainly affects the middle and late period of the log-log curves, and more shale gas will desorb from the matrix with the increasing adsorption coefficient. The wellbore storage coefficient has a significant negative correlation with dimensionless BHP especially at the early and transitional stages. The skin factor mainly affects the transition section; a smaller skin factor generally leads to the earlier appearance of the transition section. In addition, a smaller interporosity flow coefficient also results in an earlier transition stage appearance. The lower storativity ratio means a higher dimensionless BHP and an earlier appearance of the transition stage. (shrink)

ABSTRACTCognitive control enables us to adjust behaviours according to task demands, and emotion influences the cognitive control. We examined how task-irrelevant emotional stimuli impact the ability to inhibit a prepared response and then programme another appropriate response. In the study, either a single target or two sequential targets appeared after emotional face images. Subjects were required to freely viewed the emotional faces and make a saccade quickly upon target onset, but inhibit their initial saccades and redirect gaze to the second (...) target if it appeared. We found that subjects were less successful at inhibiting their initial saccades as the inter-target delay increased. Emotional faces further reduced their inhibition ability with a longer delay, but not with a shorter delay. When subjects failed to inhibit the initial saccade, the longer delay produced longer intersaccadic interval. Especially, positive faces lengthened the intersaccadic interval with a l... (shrink)

The shale gas reservoir is a complex subject with a multiscale nanopore and fracture system, and the gas flow mechanism indicates an evident difference from the conventional gas reservoir. We have introduced fractal theory to characterize the multiscale distribution of pores and fractures, and we have developed a single-phase radial flow model considering nonequilibrium adsorption to describe the flow characteristics in the shale gas reservoir. The numerical solution of the flow model in Euclidean space is obtained by inversing the analytical (...) solution derived in Laplace space through the Stehfest numerical inversion method, and the log-log curve of the dimensionless bottom-hole pressure and its derivative versus dimensionless time are analyzed. The log-log curve of the dimensionless BHP has two distinct straight-line segments: The unit slope line reflects early well-storage effect, and the straight line with slope [Formula: see text] reflects reservoir fractal characteristics. The slope of the straight line will become smaller with the increasing fractal dimension. The adsorption coefficient mainly affects the middle and late period of the log-log curves, and more shale gas will desorb from the matrix with the increasing adsorption coefficient. The wellbore storage coefficient has a significant negative correlation with dimensionless BHP especially at the early and transitional stages. The skin factor mainly affects the transition section; a smaller skin factor generally leads to the earlier appearance of the transition section. In addition, a smaller interporosity flow coefficient also results in an earlier transition stage appearance. The lower storativity ratio means a higher dimensionless BHP and an earlier appearance of the transition stage. (shrink)

The valence–arousal conflict theory assumes that both valence and arousal will trigger approaching or withdrawing tendencies. It also predicts that the speed of processing emotional stimuli will depend on whether valence and arousal trigger conflicting or congruent motivational tendencies. However, most previous studies have provided evidence of the interaction between valence and arousal only, and have not provided direct proof of the interactive links between valence, arousal and motivational tendencies. The present study provides direct evidence for the relationship between approach–withdrawal (...) tendencies and the valence–arousal conflict. In an empirical test, participants were instructed to judge the valence of emotional words after visual–spatial cues that appeared to be either approaching or withdrawing from participants. A three-way interaction was observed such that the response time was shorter if participants responded to a negative high-arousal stimulus after a withdrawing cue, or to a positive low-arousal stimulus after an approaching cue. These findings suggest that the approach–withdrawal tendency indeed plays a crucial role in valence–arousal conflict, and that the effect depends on the congruency of valence, arousal and tendency at an early stage of processing. (shrink)

Sen's classic social choice result supposedly demonstrates a conflict between Pareto and even minimal forms of liberalism. By providing the first direct mathematical proof of this seminal result, we underscore a significantly different interpretation: rather than conflicts among rights, Sen's result occurs because the liberalism assumption negates the assumption that voters have transitive preferences. This explanation enriches interpretations of Sen's conclusion by including radically new kinds of societal conflicts, it suggests ways to sidestep these difficulties, and it explains earlier approaches (...) to avoid the difficulties. (shrink)

In traditional Chinese philosophy, silence occupies a pivotal position by not being merely treated as the absence of speech, but also as the transcendence of it. Silence in early Confuciani...