23 found
Order:
  1.  60
    The Handbook of Rationality.Markus Knauff & Wolfgang Spohn (eds.) - 2021 - London: MIT Press.
    The first reference on rationality that integrates accounts from psychology and philosophy, covering descriptive and normative theories from both disciplines. Both analytic philosophy and cognitive psychology have made dramatic advances in understanding rationality, but there has been little interaction between the disciplines. This volume offers the first integrated overview of the state of the art in the psychology and philosophy of rationality. Written by leading experts from both disciplines, The Handbook of Rationality covers the main normative and descriptive theories of (...)
    No categories
    Direct download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   4 citations  
  2.  33
    A theory and a computational model of spatial reasoning with preferred mental models.Marco Ragni & Markus Knauff - 2013 - Psychological Review 120 (3):561-588.
  3.  74
    Editors’ Review and Introduction: Levels of Explanation in Cognitive Science: From Molecules to Culture.Matteo Colombo & Markus Knauff - 2020 - Topics in Cognitive Science 12 (4):1224-1240.
    Cognitive science began as a multidisciplinary endeavor to understand how the mind works. Since the beginning, cognitive scientists have been asking questions about the right methodologies and levels of explanation to pursue this goal, and make cognitive science a coherent science of the mind. Key questions include: Is there a privileged level of explanation in cognitive science? How do different levels of explanation fit together, or relate to one another? How should explanations at one level inform or constrain explanations at (...)
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   4 citations  
  4.  19
    Space to Reason: A Spatial Theory of Human Thought.Markus Knauff - 2013 - MIT Press.
    Behind the images, the actual logical work iscarried out by reasoning-specific operations on these spatial layout models.
    No categories
    Direct download (3 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   7 citations  
  5. How emotions affect logical reasoning: evidence from experiments with mood-manipulated participants, spider phobics, and people with exam anxiety.Nadine Jung, Christina Wranke, Kai Hamburger & Markus Knauff - 2014 - Frontiers in Psychology 5.
  6.  54
    Working Memory in Wayfinding—A Dual Task Experiment in a Virtual City.Tobias Meilinger, Markus Knauff & Heinrich H. Bülthoff - 2008 - Cognitive Science 32 (4):755-770.
  7. How our brains reason logically.Markus Knauff - 2007 - Topoi 26 (1):19-36.
    The aim of this article is to strengthen links between cognitive brain research and formal logic. The work covers three fundamental sorts of logical inferences: reasoning in the propositional calculus, i.e. inferences with the conditional “if...then”, reasoning in the predicate calculus, i.e. inferences based on quantifiers such as “all”, “some”, “none”, and reasoning with n-place relations. Studies with brain-damaged patients and neuroimaging experiments indicate that such logical inferences are implemented in overlapping but different bilateral cortical networks, including parts of the (...)
    Direct download (4 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   10 citations  
  8.  53
    The effects of source trustworthiness and inference type on human belief revision.Ann G. Wolf, Susann Rieger & Markus Knauff - 2012 - Thinking and Reasoning 18 (4):417-440.
  9.  13
    When nomenclature matters: Is the “new paradigm” really a new paradigm for the psychology of reasoning?Markus Knauff & Lupita Estefania Gazzo Castañeda - 2023 - Thinking and Reasoning 29 (3):341-370.
    For most of its history, the psychology of reasoning was dominated by binary extensional logic. The so-called “new paradigm” instead puts subjective degrees of belief center stage, often represented as probabilities. We argue that the “new paradigm” is too vaguely defined and therefore does not allow a clear decision about what falls within its scope and what does not. We also show that there was not one settled theoretical “old” paradigm, before the new developments emerged, and that the alleged new (...)
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   1 citation  
  10.  46
    Quantifying disablers in reasoning with universal and existential rules.Lupita Estefania Gazzo Castañeda & Markus Knauff - 2018 - Thinking and Reasoning 24 (3):344-365.
    People accept conclusions of valid conditional inferences (e.g., if p then q, p therefore q) less, the more disablers (circumstances that prevent q to happen although p is true) exist. We investigated whether rules that through their phrasing exclude disablers evoke higher acceptance ratings than rules that do not exclude disablers. In three experiments we re-phrased content-rich conditionals from the literature as either universal or existential rules and embedded these rules in Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens inferences. In Experiments 2 (...)
    Direct download (7 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   3 citations  
  11.  31
    The specificity of terms affects conditional reasoning.Lupita Estefania Gazzo Castañeda & Markus Knauff - 2018 - Thinking and Reasoning 25 (1):72-93.
    Conditional inferences can be phrased with unspecific terms (“If a person is on a diet, then the person loses weight. A person is on a diet. The person loses weight”) or specific terms (“If Anna is on a diet, then Anna loses weight. Anna is on a diet. Anna loses weight”). We investigate whether the specificity of terms affects people's acceptance of inferences. In Experiment 1, inferences with specific terms received higher acceptance ratings than inferences with unspecific terms. In Experiments (...)
    Direct download (3 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   3 citations  
  12.  13
    Odors Can Serve as Landmarks in Human Wayfinding.Kai Hamburger & Markus Knauff - 2019 - Cognitive Science 43 (11):e12798.
    Scientists have shown that many non‐human animals such as ants, dogs, or rats are very good at using smells to find their way through their environments. But are humans also capable of navigating through their environment based on olfactory cues? There is not much research on this topic, a gap that the present research seeks to bridge. We here provide one of the first empirical studies investigating the possibility of using olfactory cues as landmarks in human wayfinding. Forty subjects participated (...)
    No categories
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   2 citations  
  13.  27
    Everyday reasoning with unfamiliar conditionals.Lupita Estefania Gazzo Castañeda & Markus Knauff - 2020 - Tandf: Thinking and Reasoning 27 (3):1-28.
    Probabilistic theories of reasoning assume that people use their prior knowledge to estimate the conditional probability of q given p and that this probability predicts the acceptance of modus ponens inferences. But how do people reason with unfamiliar conditionals for which they do not have prior knowledge? Reasoning without prior knowledge has been extensively investigated in experiments in which participants were instructed to reason deductively. But it is still not clear how people reason with unfamiliar conditionals when they are instructed (...)
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   1 citation  
  14. Mental models and the mind: current developments in cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and philosophy of mind.Carsten Held, Markus Knauff & Gottfried Vosgerau (eds.) - 2006 - Boston: Elsevier.
    "Cognitive psychology," "cognitive neuroscience," and "philosophy of mind" are names for three very different scientific fields, but they label aspects of the same scientific goal: to understand the nature of mental phenomena. Today, the three disciplines strongly overlap under the roof of the cognitive sciences. The book's purpose is to present views from the different disciplines on one of the central theories in cognitive science: the theory of mental models. Cognitive psychologists report their research on the representation and processing of (...)
    Direct download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   3 citations  
  15. The strategy behind belief revision: A matter of judging probability or the use of mental models.Ann G. Wolf & Markus Knauff - 2008 - In B. C. Love, K. McRae & V. M. Sloutsky (eds.), Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Cognitive Science Society. pp. 831--836.
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   2 citations  
  16.  21
    How are beliefs represented in the mind?Markus Knauff & Lupita Estefania Gazzo Castañeda - 2023 - Thinking and Reasoning 29 (3):416-426.
    The commentators of our target article present several detailed arguments to refute the opposing theory. The real issue, however, seems to be the fundamental question of how the mind represents the content of beliefs. We distinguish between qualitative, quantitative and comparative approaches to modeling uncertain beliefs. We describe which theory falls into which of these classes. We also argue that the comparative level is the most fundamental, and challenge commentators to justify why they think that beliefs have more or less (...)
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  17. Construction and Revision of Spatial Mental Models under High Task Demand.Jelica Nejasmic, Leandra Bucher, Paul D. Thorn & Markus Knauff - 2014 - In Paul Bello, Marcello Guarini, Marjorie McShane & Brian Scassellati (eds.), Proceedings of the 36th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Cognitive Science Society. pp. 1066-72.
    Individuals often revise their beliefs when confronted with contradicting evidence. Belief revision in the spatial domain can be regarded as variation of initially constructed spatial mental models. Construction and revision usually follow distinct cognitive principles. The present study examines whether principles of revisions which follow constructions under high task demands differ from principles applied after less demanding constructions. We manipulated the task demands for model constructions by means of the continuity with which a spatial model was constructed. We administered tasks (...)
    Direct download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  18.  40
    Negativity bias in defeasible reasoning.Lupita Estefania Gazzo Castañeda, Bruno Richter & Markus Knauff - 2016 - Thinking and Reasoning 22 (2):209-220.
    In defeasible reasoning, initially drawn conclusions can be withdrawn in light of new information. In this paper, we examine how the conclusions drawn from conditionals describing positive or negative situations can be defeated by subsequent negative or positive information, respectively. Participants were confronted with conditionals of the form “If [situation], then I am happy/sad” which were either followed by no additional information or by additional information describing situations of the same or the opposite valence. The participant's task was to decide (...)
    Direct download (3 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  19.  36
    Reasoning with Imperfect Information and Knowledge.Gabriele Kern-Isberner, Igor Douven, Markus Knauff & Henri Prade - 2017 - Minds and Machines 27 (1):7-9.
  20.  56
    Spatial inference: No difference between mental images and mental models.Markus Knauff & Christoph Schlieder - 2004 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27 (4):589-590.
    In contrast to Pylyshyn's view, there is no such thing as “reasoning in general.” Different types of reasoning tasks are solved with different reasoning strategies. A more specific null hypothesis is that spatial inference with mental images involves the same representational formalism as that of spatial inference with mental models. There is no evidence that this hypothesis must be rejected.
    Direct download (7 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  21. Spatial reasoning as verbal reasoning.Antje Krumnack, Leandra Bucher, Jelica Nejasmic & Markus Knauff - 2010 - In S. Ohlsson & R. Catrambone (eds.), Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Cognitive Science Society.
  22.  20
    Reasoning in Non-probabilistic Uncertainty: Logic Programming and Neural-Symbolic Computing as Examples.Henri Prade, Markus Knauff, Igor Douven & Gabriele Kern-Isberner - 2017 - Minds and Machines 27 (1):37-77.
    This article aims to achieve two goals: to show that probability is not the only way of dealing with uncertainty ; and to provide evidence that logic-based methods can well support reasoning with uncertainty. For the latter claim, two paradigmatic examples are presented: logic programming with Kleene semantics for modelling reasoning from information in a discourse, to an interpretation of the state of affairs of the intended model, and a neural-symbolic implementation of input/output logic for dealing with uncertainty in dynamic (...)
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  23.  28
    Cross-Cultural Preferences in Spatial Reasoning.Markus Knauff & Marco Ragni - 2011 - Journal of Cognition and Culture 11 (1-2):1-21.
    How do people reason about spatial relations? Do people with different cultural backgrounds differ in how they reason about space? The aim of our cross-cultural study on spatial reasoning is to strengthen this link between spatial cognition and culture. We conducted two reasoning experiments, one in Germany and one in Mongolia. Topological relations, such as “A overlaps B” or “B lies within C”, were presented to the participants as premises and they had to find a conclusion that was consistent with (...)
    No categories
    Direct download (4 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   2 citations