This paper is motivated by the observation that Southern governments start to take responsibility for a more sustainable production of agricultural commodities as a response to earlier private initiatives by businesses and non-governmental organizations. Indonesia is one of the leading countries in this respect, with new public sustainability regulations on coffee, cocoa and palm oil. Based on the concept of governance capacity, the paper develops an evaluation tool to answer the question whether the new public regulation on sustainable palm oil (...) may become a viable alternative to private regulation. ISPO embraces a tremendous governance challenge as thousands of companies and millions of smallholder farmers are expected to participate. It is concluded that, although ISPO has initiated a process of change, it has not yet developed its full potential. The main reason regards ISPO’s rather loose problem definition, weak authority of the implementing organization, and the fact that the reliability of ISPO is still too low to convince of the global market. ISPO may therefore face difficulties in meeting its own targets and solving palm-oil related problems, such as deforestation, biodiversity loss, greenhouse gas emissions, and social conflicts between big plantations and local communities. The main governance challenge regards combining a more authoritative implementation mechanism with a convincing balance between sustainability objectives and economic interests of the sector. (shrink)

Every person always experiences life changes. Positive or negative life changes cause stress. Retirement represents one of life changes which can cause stress. Stress is an organism’s phyciological and psychological responses that can cause unpleasant situation and make mental and emotional dysfunction. Resilient people are more to see changes as opportunity to grow rather than as stressors. Resiliency is the ability to bounce back quickly from misfortune and successfully adapt in a smart way to adverse with more power. This quantitative (...) research represents a non-experimental method using questionnaires with Likert scale as the instrument to find correlation between resiliency and stress in the preparatory phase of retirement. There were 32 participant (male & female) from various tribes and religions. Result indicates that there is no correlation between resiliency and stress.  . (shrink)

The article aims to demonstrate that Avicenna's centrality in Islamic intellectual history is not restricted to the branches of theoretical philosophy; rather, he also has had a deep and strong influence on the conception of practical philosophy until modern times. I will discuss the impact of Avicenna's view of practical philosophy by analyzing his different classifications of practical philosophy throughout his career and the factors behind his disregard for practical philosophy in his philosophicalsummason the basis of his view of the (...) relationship between philosophy andšarīʿa. To demonstrate my argument regarding Avicenna's influence on the conception of practical philosophy in Islamic tradition, I will refer to major works on the classification of sciences, and the commentaries and glosses on the two most important and widely circulated philosophicalsummasin the post-Avicennan philosophy, which are al-Abharī's Hidāyat al-ḥikmaand al-Kātibī's Ḥikmat al-ʿayn.RésuméCet article vise à établir que la place centrale d'Avicenne dans l'histoire intellectuelle de l'Islam ne se limite pas aux disciplines de la philosophie théorique, mais que cet auteur a eu aussi une influence profonde et forte sur la conception de la philosophie pratique jusqu'aux temps modernes. J'analyserai l'impact de la conception avicénienne de la philosophie pratique en étudiant les différentes classifications de la philosophie pratique proposées par Avicenne tout au long de sa carrière ainsi que les facteurs motivant sa négligence de la philosophie pratique dans ses sommes philosophiques, sur la base de sa conception des relations entre philosophie etšarīʿa. Pour établir ma thèse concernant l'influence de cet auteur sur la conception de la philosophie pratique dans la tradition islamique, j'étudierai des œuvres majeures concernant la classification des sciences ainsi que les commentaires et gloses relatifs aux deux sommes philosophiques les plus importantes et les plus largement diffusées dans la tradition philosophique post-avicénienne, que sont lesHidāyat al-ḥikmad'al-Abharī's et lesḤikmat al-ʿaynd'al-Kātibī's. (shrink)