41 found
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  1.  44
    Epistemic Rights and Responsibilities of Digital Simulacra for Biomedicine.Mildred K. Cho & Nicole Martinez-Martin - 2022 - American Journal of Bioethics 23 (9):43-54.
    Big data and artificial intelligence (“AI”) promise to transform virtually all aspects of biomedical research and health care (Matheny et al. 2019), through facilitation of drug development, diagno...
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  2. Beyond Consent: Building Trusting Relationships With Diverse Populations in Precision Medicine Research.Stephanie A. Kraft, Mildred K. Cho, Katherine Gillespie, Meghan Halley, Nina Varsava, Kelly E. Ormond, Harold S. Luft, Benjamin S. Wilfond & Sandra Soo-Jin Lee - 2018 - American Journal of Bioethics 18 (4):3-20.
    With the growth of precision medicine research on health data and biospecimens, research institutions will need to build and maintain long-term, trusting relationships with patient-participants. While trust is important for all research relationships, the longitudinal nature of precision medicine research raises particular challenges for facilitating trust when the specifics of future studies are unknown. Based on focus groups with racially and ethnically diverse patients, we describe several factors that influence patient trust and potential institutional approaches to building trustworthiness. Drawing on (...)
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  3. Managing Incidental Findings in Human Subjects Research: Analysis and Recommendations.Susan M. Wolf, Frances P. Lawrenz, Charles A. Nelson, Jeffrey P. Kahn, Mildred K. Cho, Ellen Wright Clayton, Joel G. Fletcher, Michael K. Georgieff, Dale Hammerschmidt, Kathy Hudson, Judy Illes, Vivek Kapur, Moira A. Keane, Barbara A. Koenig, Bonnie S. LeRoy, Elizabeth G. McFarland, Jordan Paradise, Lisa S. Parker, Sharon F. Terry, Brian Van Ness & Benjamin S. Wilfond - 2008 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 36 (2):219-248.
    No consensus yet exists on how to handle incidental fnd-ings in human subjects research. Yet empirical studies document IFs in a wide range of research studies, where IFs are fndings beyond the aims of the study that are of potential health or reproductive importance to the individual research participant. This paper reports recommendations of a two-year project group funded by NIH to study how to manage IFs in genetic and genomic research, as well as imaging research. We conclude that researchers (...)
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  4.  68
    The Emergence of Clinical Research Ethics Consultation: Insights From a National Collaborative.Kathryn M. Porter, Marion Danis, Holly A. Taylor, Mildred K. Cho & Benjamin S. Wilfond - 2018 - American Journal of Bioethics 18 (1):39-45.
    The increasing complexity of human subjects research and its oversight has prompted researchers, as well as institutional review boards, to have a forum in which to discuss challenging or novel ethical issues not fully addressed by regulations. Research ethics consultation services provide such a forum. In this article, we rely on the experiences of a national Research Ethics Consultation Collaborative that collected more than 350 research ethics consultations in a repository and published 18 challenging cases with accompanying ethical commentaries to (...)
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  5.  96
    Thinking about the human neuron mouse.Henry T. Greely, Mildred K. Cho, Linda F. Hogle & Debra M. Satz - 2007 - American Journal of Bioethics 7 (5):27 – 40.
  6.  81
    Strangers at the benchside: Research ethics consultation.Mildred K. Cho, Sara L. Tobin, Henry T. Greely, Jennifer McCormick, Angie Boyce & David Magnus - 2008 - American Journal of Bioethics 8 (3):4 – 13.
    Institutional ethics consultation services for biomedical scientists have begun to proliferate, especially for clinical researchers. We discuss several models of ethics consultation and describe a team-based approach used at Stanford University in the context of these models. As research ethics consultation services expand, there are many unresolved questions that need to be addressed, including what the scope, composition, and purpose of such services should be, whether core competencies for consultants can and should be defined, and how conflicts of interest should (...)
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  7.  51
    Patient Perspectives on the Learning Health System: The Importance of Trust and Shared Decision Making.Maureen Kelley, Cyan James, Stephanie Alessi Kraft, Diane Korngiebel, Isabelle Wijangco, Emily Rosenthal, Steven Joffe, Mildred K. Cho, Benjamin Wilfond & Sandra Soo-Jin Lee - 2015 - American Journal of Bioethics 15 (9):4-17.
    We conducted focus groups to assess patient attitudes toward research on medical practices in the context of usual care. We found that patients focus on the implications of this research for their relationship with and trust in their physicians. Patients view research on medical practices as separate from usual care, demanding dissemination of information and in most cases, individual consent. Patients expect information about this research to come through their physician, whom they rely on to identify and filter associated risks. (...)
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  8.  56
    Digital Contact Tracing, Privacy, and Public Health.Nicole Martinez-Martin, Sarah Wieten, David Magnus & Mildred K. Cho - 2020 - Hastings Center Report 50 (3):43-46.
    Digital contact tracing, in combination with widespread testing, has been a focal point for many plans to “reopen” economies while containing the spread of Covid‐19. Most digital contact tracing projects in the United States and Europe have prioritized privacy protections in the form of local storage of data on smartphones and the deidentification of information. However, in the prioritization of privacy in this narrow form, there is not sufficient attention given to weighing ethical trade‐offs within the context of a public (...)
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  9.  67
    Response to Open Peer Commentaries on “Strangers at the Beachside: Research Ethics Consultation”.Mildred K. Cho, Sara L. Tobin, Henry T. Greely, Jennifer McCormick, Angie Boyce & David Magnus - 2008 - American Journal of Bioethics 8 (3):4-6.
    Institutional ethics consultation services for biomedical scientists have begun to proliferate, especially for clinical researchers. We discuss several models of ethics consultation and describe a team-based approach used at Stanford University in the context of these models. As research ethics consultation services expand, there are many unresolved questions that need to be addressed, including what the scope, composition, and purpose of such services should be, whether core competencies for consultants can and should be defined, and how conflicts of interest should (...)
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  10.  13
    Understanding the Gap: A Cross-Sectional Survey of ELSI Scholars’ Dissemination Practices and Translation Goals.Deanne Dunbar Dolan, Rachel H. Lee, Mildred K. Cho & Sandra Soo-Jin Lee - 2024 - AJOB Empirical Bioethics 15 (2):147-153.
    Background Researchers engaged in the study of the ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) of genetics and genomics are often publicly funded and intend their work to be in the public interest. These features of U.S. ELSI research create an imperative for these scholars to demonstrate the public utility of their work and the expectation that they engage in research that has potential to inform policy or practice outcomes. In support of the fulfillment of this “translational mandate,” the Center for (...)
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  11.  25
    Innovating for a Just and Equitable Future in Genomic and Precision Medicine Research.Deanne Dunbar Dolan, Mildred K. Cho & Sandra Soo-Jin Lee - 2023 - American Journal of Bioethics 23 (7):1-4.
    From its inception, genomics has been a speculative endeavor, fixated on a far-off horizon that would deliver on the promise of targeted diagnostics and individualized therapeutics (Fortun 2008). M...
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  12.  25
    Bridging the AI Chasm: Can EBM Address Representation and Fairness in Clinical Machine Learning?Nicole Martinez-Martin & Mildred K. Cho - 2022 - American Journal of Bioethics 22 (5):30-32.
    McCradden et al. propose to close the “AI chasm” between algorithms and clinically meaningful application using the norms of evidence-based medicine and clinical research, with the rat...
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  13.  21
    Partial Entrustment in Pragmatic Clinical Trials.Henry S. Richardson & Mildred K. Cho - 2020 - American Journal of Bioethics 20 (1):24-26.
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  14.  35
    Understanding Incidental Findings in the Context of Genetics and Genomics.Mildred K. Cho - 2008 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 36 (2):280-285.
    Human genetic and genomic research can yield information that may be of clinical relevance to the individuals who participate as subjects of the research. However, no consensus exists as yet on the responsibilities of researchers to disclose individual research results to participants in human subjects research. “Genetic and genomic research” on humans varies widely, including association studies, examination of allele frequencies, and studies of natural selection, human migration, and genetic variation. For the purposes of this article, it is defined broadly (...)
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  15.  57
    Trustworthiness in Untrustworthy Times: Response to Open Peer Commentaries on Beyond Consent.Stephanie A. Kraft, Mildred K. Cho, Katherine Gillespie, Nina Varsava, Kelly E. Ormond, Benjamin S. Wilfond & Sandra Soo-Jin Lee - 2018 - American Journal of Bioethics 18 (5):W6-W8.
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  16.  63
    Racial and Ethnic Categories in Biomedical Research: There is no Baby in the Bathwater.Mildred K. Cho - 2006 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 34 (3):497-499.
    The use of racial categories in biomedicine has had a long history in the United States. However, social hierarchy and discrimination, justified by purported scientific differences, has also plagued the history of racial categories. Because “race” has some correlation with biological and genetic characteristics, there has been a call not to “throw the baby out with the bathwater” by eliminating race as a research or clinical category. I argue that race is too undefined and fluid to be useful as a (...)
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  17.  80
    Engineering Values Into Genetic Engineering: A Proposed Analytic Framework for Scientific Social Responsibility.Pamela L. Sankar & Mildred K. Cho - 2015 - American Journal of Bioethics 15 (12):18-24.
    Recent experiments have been used to “edit” genomes of various plant, animal and other species, including humans, with unprecedented precision. Furthermore, editing the Cas9 endonuclease gene with a gene encoding the desired guide RNA into an organism, adjacent to an altered gene, could create a “gene drive” that could spread a trait through an entire population of organisms. These experiments represent advances along a spectrum of technological abilities that genetic engineers have been working on since the advent of recombinant DNA (...)
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  18. ELSI Priorities for Brain Imaging.Judy Illes, Raymond De Vries, Mildred K. Cho & Pam Schraedley-Desmond - 2006 - American Journal of Bioethics 6 (2):W24-W31.
    As one of the most compelling technologies for imaging the brain, functional MRI (fMRI) produces measurements and persuasive pictures of research subjects making cognitive judgments and even reasoning through difficult moral decisions. Even after centuries of studying the link between brain and behavior, this capability presents a number of novel significant questions. For example, what are the implications of biologizing human experience? How might neuroimaging disrupt the mysteries of human nature, spirituality, and personal identity? Rather than waiting for an ethical (...)
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  19.  53
    Adrift in the gray zone: IRB perspectives on research in the learning health system.Sandra Soo-Jin Lee, Maureen Kelley, Mildred K. Cho, Stephanie Alessi Kraft, Cyan James, Melissa Constantine, Adrienne N. Meyer, Douglas Diekema, Alexander M. Capron, Benjamin S. Wilfond & David Magnus - 2016 - AJOB Empirical Bioethics 7 (2):125-134.
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  20.  36
    The Invisibility of Asian Americans in COVID-19 Data, Reporting, and Relief.Jennifer L. Young & Mildred K. Cho - 2021 - American Journal of Bioethics 21 (3):100-102.
    Without proper recognition of the dual pandemics of COVID-19 and racism that Asian Americans and other racial minorities in the United States are facing, we cannot successfully address structural b...
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  21.  18
    Spotlighting Structural Constraints on Decisions About Participation in Genomic and Precision Medicine.Deanne Dunbar Dolan, Mildred K. Cho & Sandra Soo-Jin Lee - 2024 - AJOB Empirical Bioethics 15 (2):87-92.
    Public investments in genomic and precision medicine have begun to yield clinically useful interventions, most recently, for example, two new, FDA-approved gene therapies for sickle cell disease (F...
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  22.  33
    Reporting Race and Ethnicity in Genetics Research: Do Journal Recommendations or Resources Matter?Pamela Sankar, Mildred K. Cho, Keri Monahan & Kamila Nowak - 2015 - Science and Engineering Ethics 21 (5):1353-1366.
    Appeals to scrutinize the use of race and ethnicity as variables in genetics research notwithstanding, these variables continue to be inadequately explained and inconsistently used in research publications. In previous research, we found that published genetic research fails to follow suggestions offered for addressing this problem, such as explaining the basis on which these labels are assigned to populations. This study, an analysis of genetic research articles using race or ethnicity terms, explores possible features of journals that are associated with (...)
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  23.  19
    Moral Engagement and Disengagement in Health Care AI Development.Ariadne A. Nichol, Meghan Halley, Carole Federico, Mildred K. Cho & Pamela L. Sankar - forthcoming - AJOB Empirical Bioethics.
    Background Machine learning (ML) is utilized increasingly in health care, and can pose harms to patients, clinicians, health systems, and the public. In response, regulators have proposed an approach that would shift more responsibility to ML developers for mitigating potential harms. To be effective, this approach requires ML developers to recognize, accept, and act on responsibility for mitigating harms. However, little is known regarding the perspectives of developers themselves regarding their obligations to mitigate harms.Methods We conducted 40 semi-structured interviews with (...)
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  24.  56
    Response to open Peer commentaries on "thinking about the human neuron mouse".Henry T. Greely, Mildred K. Cho, Linda F. Hogle & Debra M. Satz - 2007 - American Journal of Bioethics 7 (5):W4 – W6.
  25.  45
    A Commentary on Oocyte Donation for Stem Cell Research in South Korea.David Magnus & Mildred K. Cho - 2006 - American Journal of Bioethics 6 (1):W23-W24.
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  26.  37
    Defining the Scope and Improving the Quality of Clinical Research Ethics Consultation: Response to Open Peer Commentaries About the National Collaborative.Kathryn M. Porter, Marion Danis, Holly A. Taylor, Mildred K. Cho & Benjamin S. Wilfond - 2018 - American Journal of Bioethics 18 (2):13-15.
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  27.  26
    The ELSI Virtual Forum, 30 Years of the Genome: Integrating and Applying ELSI Research.Caroline B. Moore, Deanne Dunbar Dolan, Rachel Yarmolinsky, Mildred K. Cho & Sandra Soo-Jin-Lee - 2023 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 51 (3):661-671.
    This paper reports our analysis of the ELSI Virtual Forum: 30 Years of the Genome: Integrating and Applying ELSI Research, an online meeting of scholars focused on the ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) of genetics and genomics.
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  28.  6
    “Ethical Responsibility Very Often Gets Drowned Out”: A Qualitative Interview Study of Genome Scientists’ and ELSI Scholars’ Perspectives on the Role and Relevance of ELSI Expertise.Daphne O. Martschenko, Anna Grannuci & Mildred K. Cho - forthcoming - AJOB Empirical Bioethics.
    Background Genome scientists and Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications of genetics (ELSI) scholars commonly inhabit distinct research cultures – utilizing different research methods, asking different research questions, and valuing different types of knowledge. Collaborations between these two communities are frequently called for to enhance the ethical conduct of genomics research. Yet, little has been done to qualitatively compare genome scientists’ and ELSI scholars’ perspectives on collaborations with each other and the factors that may affect these collaborations.Methods 20 semi-structured interviews with (...)
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  29.  36
    The Role of Patient Perspectives in Clinical Research Ethics and Policy: Response to Open Peer Commentaries on “Patient Perspectives on the Learning Health System”.Maureen Kelley, Cyan James, Stephanie Alessi Kraft, Diane Korngiebel, Isabelle Wijangco, Steven Joffe, Mildred K. Cho, Benjamin Wilfond & Sandra Soo-Jin Lee - 2016 - American Journal of Bioethics 16 (2):7-9.
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  30.  41
    “What Is the FDA Going to Think?”: Negotiating Values through Reflective and Strategic Category Work in Microbiome Science.Pamela L. Sankar, Mildred K. Cho, Angie M. Boyce & Katherine W. Darling - 2015 - Science, Technology, and Human Values 40 (1):71-95.
    The US National Institute of Health’s Human Microbiome Project aims to use genomic techniques to understand the microbial communities that live on the human body. The emergent field of microbiome science brought together diverse disciplinary perspectives and technologies, thus facilitating the negotiation of differing values. Here, we describe how values are conceptualized and negotiated within microbiome research. Analyzing discussions from a series of interdisciplinary workshops conducted with microbiome researchers, we argue that negotiations of epistemic, social, and institutional values were inextricable (...)
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  31.  72
    “Don't Want No Risk and Don't Want No Problems”: Public Understandings of the Risks and Benefits of Noninvasive Prenatal Testing in the United States.Megan Allyse, Lauren Carter Sayres, Taylor Goodspeed, Marsha Michie & Mildred K. Cho - 2015 - AJOB Empirical Bioethics 6 (1):5-20.
  32.  21
    To Understand Inequity, Bioethics Needs to Sort Things Out.Mildred K. Cho - 2023 - Hastings Center Report 53 (2):2-2.
    Bioethics is reexamining how to implement diversity, equity, inclusion, and justice concerns into scholarship. However, bioethicists should question the categories used to define diversity. The act of categorization is value laden, and classification systems confer power and benefits and generate harms. For example, what conditions count as disabilities? We should consider the equity implications of offering only “male” and “female” options for self‐identification in health records. However, we should also interrogate all ideas about categorization, including how categories are formed, why (...)
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  33.  54
    Focusing on Cause or Cure? Priorities and Stakeholder Presence in Childhood Psychiatry Research.Lauren C. Milner & Mildred K. Cho - 2014 - AJOB Empirical Bioethics 5 (1):44-55.
    Background: Biomedical research is influenced by many factors, including the involvement of stakeholder groups invested in research outcomes. Stakeholder involvement in research efforts raises questions of justice as stakeholders’ specific interests and motivations play a role in directing research resources that ultimately produce knowledge, shaping how different conditions (and affected individuals) are understood and treated by society. This issue is highly relevant to child psychiatry research where diagnostic criteria and treatment strategies are often controversial. Biological similarities and stakeholder differences between (...)
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  34.  29
    Fairness and Transparency in an Expanded Access Program: Allocation of the Only Treatment for SMA1.Alyssa M. Burgart, Julie Collier & Mildred K. Cho - 2017 - American Journal of Bioethics 17 (10):71-73.
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  35.  18
    Are clinical trials of cell transplantation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy ethical?Mildred K. Cho - 1993 - IRB: Ethics & Human Research 16 (1-2):12-15.
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  36.  24
    (2 other versions)Ethics and Empiricism in the Formation of Professional Guidelines.Mildred K. Cho - 2014 - American Journal of Bioethics 14 (3):1-2.
  37.  23
    Preventive Genomic Sequencing in the General Population: Do PGS Fly?Mildred K. Cho - 2015 - American Journal of Bioethics 15 (7):1-2.
  38.  24
    Innocent Fun or “Microslavery”?Hayden Harvey, Molly Havard, David Magnus, Mildred K. Cho & Ingmar H. Riedel-Kruse - 2014 - Hastings Center Report 44 (6):38-46.
    In 2011, Ingmar Riedel‐Kruse's bioengineering laboratory at Stanford University publicized an application that uses paramecia for what the researchers termed “biotic games.” These games make use of living organisms, computer programs, and lab equipment to implement games like Pong, Pac‐man, and soccer. Gamesand related activities are often considered nonserious or trivial, whereas life, biological systems, and science are treated very seriously in moral analysis and public perception. The manipulation of living matter frequently engenders at least some controversy in the marketplace (...)
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  39.  22
    A Pilot Survey on the Licensing of DNA Inventions.Michelle R. Henry, Mildred K. Cho, Meredith A. Weaver & Jon F. Merz - 2003 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 31 (3):442-449.
    Intellectual property in biotechnology invention provides important incentives for research and development leading to advances in genetic tests and treatments. However, there have been numerous concerns raised regarding the negative effect patents on gene sequences and their practical applications may have on clinical research and the availability of new medical tests and procedures. One concern is that licensing policies attempting to capture for the benefit of the licensor valuable rights to downstream research results and products may increase the financial risks (...)
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  40.  61
    Disease Genes Are Not Patentable: A Rebuttal of McGee.Jon F. Merz & Mildred K. Cho - 1998 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 7 (4):425-428.
    Dr. McGee presents a cogent argument for the patentability of the diagnosis of gene forms that are found to be associated with disease or other phenotypic manifestations. We're convinced he's wrong. An analogy will help explain why.
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  41.  26
    David Buehler, M. Div., MA, is founder of Bioethika Online Publishers and also serves as Chaplain to the University Lutheran Ministry of Providence, Rhode Island. Michael M. Burgess, Ph. D., is Chair in Biomedical Ethics, Centre for Applied Ethics at The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. [REVIEW]Arthur L. Caplan, Thomas A. Cavanaugh, Mildred K. Cho, Steve Heilig, John Hubert, Kenneth V. Iserson, Tom Koch & Mark G. Kuczewski - 1998 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 7:335-336.
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