53 found
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  1. Language as shaped by the brain.Morten H. Christiansen & Nick Chater - 2008 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31 (5):489-509.
    It is widely assumed that human learning and the structure of human languages are intimately related. This relationship is frequently suggested to derive from a language-specific biological endowment, which encodes universal, but communicatively arbitrary, principles of language structure (a Universal Grammar or UG). How might such a UG have evolved? We argue that UG could not have arisen either by biological adaptation or non-adaptationist genetic processes, resulting in a logical problem of language evolution. Specifically, as the processes of language change (...)
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  2.  85
    The Now-or-Never bottleneck: A fundamental constraint on language.Morten H. Christiansen & Nick Chater - 2016 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 39:e62.
    Memory is fleeting. New material rapidly obliterates previous material. How, then, can the brain deal successfully with the continual deluge of linguistic input? We argue that, to deal with this “Now-or-Never” bottleneck, the brain must compress and recode linguistic input as rapidly as possible. This observation has strong implications for the nature of language processing: (1) the language system must “eagerly” recode and compress linguistic input; (2) as the bottleneck recurs at each new representational level, the language system must build (...)
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  3.  47
    Implicit Statistical Learning: A Tale of Two Literatures.Morten H. Christiansen - 2019 - Topics in Cognitive Science 11 (3):468-481.
    In this review article, Christiansen provides a historical perspective on the two research traditions, implicit learning and statistical learning, thus nicely setting the scene for this special issue of Topics in Cognitive Science. In this “tale of two literatures”, he first traces the history of both literatures before sketching a framework that provides a basis for understanding implicit learning and statistical learning as a unified phenomenon.
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  4. Networks in Cognitive Science.Andrea Baronchelli, Ramon Ferrer-I.-Cancho, Romualdo Pastor-Satorras, Nick Chater & Morten H. Christiansen - 2013 - Trends in Cognitive Sciences 17 (7):348-360.
  5.  79
    Large Language Models Demonstrate the Potential of Statistical Learning in Language.Pablo Contreras Kallens, Ross Deans Kristensen-McLachlan & Morten H. Christiansen - 2023 - Cognitive Science 47 (3):e13256.
    To what degree can language be acquired from linguistic input alone? This question has vexed scholars for millennia and is still a major focus of debate in the cognitive science of language. The complexity of human language has hampered progress because studies of language–especially those involving computational modeling–have only been able to deal with small fragments of our linguistic skills. We suggest that the most recent generation of Large Language Models (LLMs) might finally provide the computational tools to determine empirically (...)
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  6.  35
    Language learning as language use: A cross-linguistic model of child language development.Stewart M. McCauley & Morten H. Christiansen - 2019 - Psychological Review 126 (1):1-51.
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  7.  55
    Toward a Connectionist Model of Recursion in Human Linguistic Performance.Morten H. Christiansen & Nick Chater - 1999 - Cognitive Science 23 (2):157-205.
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  8.  41
    The Role of Multiword Building Blocks in Explaining L1–L2 Differences.Inbal Arnon & Morten H. Christiansen - 2017 - Topics in Cognitive Science 9 (3):621-636.
    Why are children better language learners than adults despite being worse at a range of other cognitive tasks? Here, we explore the role of multiword sequences in explaining L1–L2 differences in learning. In particular, we propose that children and adults differ in their reliance on such multiword units in learning, and that this difference affects learning strategies and outcomes, and leads to difficulty in learning certain grammatical relations. In the first part, we review recent findings that suggest that MWUs play (...)
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  9. Sequential Expectations: The Role of Prediction‐Based Learning in Language.Jennifer B. Misyak, Morten H. Christiansen & J. Bruce Tomblin - 2010 - Topics in Cognitive Science 2 (1):138-153.
    Prediction‐based processes appear to play an important role in language. Few studies, however, have sought to test the relationship within individuals between prediction learning and natural language processing. This paper builds upon existing statistical learning work using a novel paradigm for studying the on‐line learning of predictive dependencies. Within this paradigm, a new “prediction task” is introduced that provides a sensitive index of individual differences for developing probabilistic sequential expectations. Across three interrelated experiments, the prediction task and results thereof are (...)
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  10.  39
    Reassessing working memory: Comment on Just and Carpenter (1992) and Waters and Caplan (1996).Maryellen C. MacDonald & Morten H. Christiansen - 2002 - Psychological Review 109 (1):35-54.
  11.  51
    Quantifying Interdisciplinarity in Cognitive Science and Beyond.Pablo Contreras Kallens, Rick Dale & Morten H. Christiansen - 2022 - Topics in Cognitive Science 14 (3):634-645.
    Topics in Cognitive Science, Volume 14, Issue 3, Page 634-645, July 2022.
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  12.  13
    Statistically Induced Chunking Recall: A Memory‐Based Approach to Statistical Learning.Erin S. Isbilen, Stewart M. McCauley, Evan Kidd & Morten H. Christiansen - 2020 - Cognitive Science 44 (7):e12848.
    The computations involved in statistical learning have long been debated. Here, we build on work suggesting that a basic memory process, chunking, may account for the processing of statistical regularities into larger units. Drawing on methods from the memory literature, we developed a novel paradigm to test statistical learning by leveraging a robust phenomenon observed in serial recall tasks: that short‐term memory is fundamentally shaped by long‐term distributional learning. In the statistically induced chunking recall (SICR) task, participants are exposed to (...)
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  13.  53
    Uncovering the Richness of the Stimulus: Structure Dependence and Indirect Statistical Evidence.Florencia Reali & Morten H. Christiansen - 2005 - Cognitive Science 29 (6):1007-1028.
    The poverty of stimulus argument is one of the most controversial arguments in the study of language acquisition. Here we follow previous approaches challenging the assumption of impoverished primary linguistic data, focusing on the specific problem of auxiliary (AUX) fronting in complex polar interrogatives. We develop a series of corpus analyses of child-directed speech showing that there is indirect statistical information useful for correct auxiliary fronting in polar interrogatives and that such information is sufficient for distinguishing between grammatical and ungrammatical (...)
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  14. Language Acquisition Meets Language Evolution.Nick Chater & Morten H. Christiansen - 2010 - Cognitive Science 34 (7):1131-1157.
    Recent research suggests that language evolution is a process of cultural change, in which linguistic structures are shaped through repeated cycles of learning and use by domain-general mechanisms. This paper draws out the implications of this viewpoint for understanding the problem of language acquisition, which is cast in a new, and much more tractable, form. In essence, the child faces a problem of induction, where the objective is to coordinate with others (C-induction), rather than to model the structure of the (...)
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  15.  53
    The differential role of phonological and distributional cues in grammatical categorisation.Padraic Monaghan, Nick Chater & Morten H. Christiansen - 2005 - Cognition 96 (2):143-182.
  16.  23
    Statistical Learning of Language: A Meta‐Analysis Into 25 Years of Research.Erin S. Isbilen & Morten H. Christiansen - 2022 - Cognitive Science 46 (9):e13198.
    Cognitive Science, Volume 46, Issue 9, September 2022.
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  17.  13
    Individual differences in artificial and natural language statistical learning.Erin S. Isbilen, Stewart M. McCauley & Morten H. Christiansen - 2022 - Cognition 225 (C):105123.
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  18.  37
    The language faculty that wasn't: a usage-based account of natural language recursion.Morten H. Christiansen & Nick Chater - 2015 - Frontiers in Psychology 6:150920.
    In the generative tradition, the language faculty has been shrinking—perhaps to include only the mechanism of recursion. This paper argues that even this view of the language faculty is too expansive. We first argue that a language faculty is difficult to reconcile with evolutionary considerations. We then focus on recursion as a detailed case study, arguing that our ability to process recursive structure does not rely on recursion as a property of the grammar, but instead emerges gradually by piggybacking on (...)
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  19.  39
    Chunk‐Based Memory Constraints on the Cultural Evolution of Language.Erin S. Isbilen & Morten H. Christiansen - 2018 - Topics in Cognitive Science 12 (2):713-726.
    How linguistic structures evolve so as to become easier to process is addressed by Isbilen and Christiansen for the Now‐or‐Never bottleneck. The authors suggest that this fundamental challenge in language processing is coped with by rapid compression of the transient linguistic input into chunks then to be passed on. As linguistic structures that can be chunked more easily tend to stabilize and proliferate, language evolves to fit learners’ cognitive capabilities.
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  20.  40
    Impaired statistical learning of non-adjacent dependencies in adolescents with specific language impairment.Hsinjen J. Hsu, J. Bruce Tomblin & Morten H. Christiansen - 2014 - Frontiers in Psychology 5.
  21.  10
    Language‐Specific Constraints on Conversation: Evidence from Danish and Norwegian.Christina Dideriksen, Morten H. Christiansen, Mark Dingemanse, Malte Højmark-Bertelsen, Christer Johansson, Kristian Tylén & Riccardo Fusaroli - 2023 - Cognitive Science 47 (11):e13387.
    Establishing and maintaining mutual understanding in everyday conversations is crucial. To do so, people employ a variety of conversational devices, such as backchannels, repair, and linguistic entrainment. Here, we explore whether the use of conversational devices might be influenced by cross‐linguistic differences in the speakers’ native language, comparing two matched languages—Danish and Norwegian—differing primarily in their sound structure, with Danish being more opaque, that is, less acoustically distinguished. Across systematically manipulated conversational contexts, we find that processes supporting mutual understanding in (...)
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  22.  35
    Computational Investigations of Multiword Chunks in Language Learning.Stewart M. McCauley & Morten H. Christiansen - 2017 - Topics in Cognitive Science 9 (3):637-652.
    Second-language learners rarely arrive at native proficiency in a number of linguistic domains, including morphological and syntactic processing. Previous approaches to understanding the different outcomes of first- versus second-language learning have focused on cognitive and neural factors. In contrast, we explore the possibility that children and adults may rely on different linguistic units throughout the course of language learning, with specific focus on the granularity of those units. Following recent psycholinguistic evidence for the role of multiword chunks in online language (...)
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  23. Looking in the Wrong Direction Correlates With More Accurate Word Learning.Stanka A. Fitneva & Morten H. Christiansen - 2011 - Cognitive Science 35 (2):367-380.
    Previous research on lexical development has aimed to identify the factors that enable accurate initial word-referent mappings based on the assumption that the accuracy of initial word-referent associations is critical for word learning. The present study challenges this assumption. Adult English speakers learned an artificial language within a cross-situational learning paradigm. Visual fixation data were used to assess the direction of visual attention. Participants whose longest fixations in the initial trials fell more often on distracter images performed significantly better at (...)
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  24.  68
    (1 other version)Connectionist Natural Language Processing: The State of the Art.Morten H. Christiansen & Nick Chater - 1999 - Cognitive Science 23 (4):417-437.
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  25.  38
    Exploring Variation Between Artificial Grammar Learning Experiments: Outlining a Meta‐Analysis Approach.Antony S. Trotter, Padraic Monaghan, Gabriël J. L. Beckers & Morten H. Christiansen - 2020 - Topics in Cognitive Science 12 (3):875-893.
    Studies of AGL have frequently used training and test stimuli that might provide multiple cues for learning, raising the question what subjects have actually learned. Using a selected subset of studies on humans and non‐human animals, Trotter et al. demonstrate how a meta‐analysis can be used to identify relevant experimental variables, providing a first step in asssessing the relative contribution of design features of grammars as well as of species‐specific effects on AGL.
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  26.  36
    Multimodal integration in statistical learning: evidence from the McGurk illusion.Aaron D. Mitchel, Morten H. Christiansen & Daniel J. Weiss - 2014 - Frontiers in Psychology 5:85721.
    Recent advances in the field of statistical learning have established that learners are able to track regularities of multimodal stimuli, yet it is unknown whether the statistical computations are performed on integrated representations or on separate, unimodal representations. In the present study, we investigated the ability of adults to integrate audio and visual input during statistical learning. We presented learners with a speech stream synchronized with a video of a speaker’s face. In the critical condition, the visual (e.g. /gi/) and (...)
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  27.  31
    Learning grammatical categories from distributional cues: Flexible frames for language acquisition.Michelle C. St Clair, Padraic Monaghan & Morten H. Christiansen - 2010 - Cognition 116 (3):341-360.
  28.  57
    Generalization and connectionist language learning.Morten H. Christiansen & Nick Chater - 1994 - Mind and Language 9 (3):273-87.
  29.  41
    Impaired artificial grammar learning in agrammatism.Morten H. Christiansen, M. Louise Kelly, Richard C. Shillcock & Katie Greenfield - 2010 - Cognition 116 (3):382-393.
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  30.  26
    (1 other version)Sequential learning and the interaction between biological and linguistic adaptation in language evolution.Florencia Reali & Morten H. Christiansen - 2009 - Interaction Studies 10 (1):5-30.
    It is widely assumed that language in some form or other originated by piggybacking on pre-existing learning mechanism not dedicated to language. Using evolutionary connectionist simulations, we explore the implications of such assumptions by determining the effect of constraints derived from an earlier evolved mechanism for sequential learning on the interaction between biological and linguistic adaptation across generations of language learners. Artificial neural networks were initially allowed to evolve “biologically” to improve their sequential learning abilities, after which language was introduced (...)
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  31.  16
    The Dynamic Interplay of Kinetic and Linguistic Coordination in Danish and Norwegian Conversation.James P. Trujillo, Christina Dideriksen, Kristian Tylén, Morten H. Christiansen & Riccardo Fusaroli - 2023 - Cognitive Science 47 (6):e13298.
    In conversation, individuals work together to achieve communicative goals, complementing and aligning language and body with each other. An important emerging question is whether interlocutors entrain with one another equally across linguistic levels (e.g., lexical, syntactic, and semantic) and modalities (i.e., speech and gesture), or whether there are complementary patterns of behaviors, with some levels or modalities diverging and others converging in coordinated fashions. This study assesses how kinematic and linguistic entrainment interact with one another across levels of measurement, and (...)
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  32.  65
    Division of Labor in Vocabulary Structure: Insights From Corpus Analyses.Morten H. Christiansen & Padraic Monaghan - 2016 - Topics in Cognitive Science 8 (3):610-624.
    Psychologists have used experimental methods to study language for more than a century. However, only with the recent availability of large-scale linguistic databases has a more complete picture begun to emerge of how language is actually used, and what information is available as input to language acquisition. Analyses of such “big data” have resulted in reappraisals of key assumptions about the nature of language. As an example, we focus on corpus-based research that has shed new light on the arbitrariness of (...)
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  33.  51
    Language Evolution: Constraints and Opportunities From Modern Genetics.Dan Dediu & Morten H. Christiansen - 2016 - Topics in Cognitive Science 8 (2):361-370.
    Our understanding of language, its origins and subsequent evolution, is shaped not only by data and theories from the language sciences, but also fundamentally by the biological sciences. Recent developments in genetics and evolutionary theory offer both very strong constraints on what scenarios of language evolution are possible and probable, but also offer exciting opportunities for understanding otherwise puzzling phenomena. Due to the intrinsic breathtaking rate of advancement in these fields, and the complexity, subtlety, and sometimes apparent non-intuitiveness of the (...)
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  34.  22
    Meaningfulness Beats Frequency in Multiword Chunk Processing.Hajnal Jolsvai, Stewart M. McCauley & Morten H. Christiansen - 2020 - Cognitive Science 44 (10):e12885.
    Whereas a growing bulk of work has demonstrated that both adults and children are sensitive to frequently occurring word sequences, little is known about the potential role of meaning in the processing of such multiword chunks. Here, we take a first step toward assessing the contribution of meaningfulness in the processing of multiword sequences, using items that varied in chunk meaningfulness. In a phrasal-decision study, we compared reaction times for triads of three-word sequences, corresponding to idiomatic expressions, compositional phrases, and (...)
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  35.  14
    From the pragmatics of charades to the creation of language.Nick Chater & Morten H. Christiansen - 2023 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 46:e7.
    We agree with Heintz & Scott-Phillips that pragmatics does not supplement, but is prior to and underpins, language. Indeed, human non-linguistic communication is astonishingly rich, flexible, and subtle, as we illustrate through the game of charades, where people improvise communicative signals when linguistic channels are blocked. The route from non-linguistic charade-like communication to combinatorial language involves (1) local processes of conventionalization and grammaticalization and (2) spontaneous order arising from mutual constraints between different communicative signals.
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  36.  45
    Stress changes the representational landscape: evidence from word segmentation.Suzanne Curtin, Toben H. Mintz & Morten H. Christiansen - 2005 - Cognition 96 (3):233-262.
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  37.  36
    Under What Conditions Can Recursion Be Learned? Effects of Starting Small in Artificial Grammar Learning of Center‐Embedded Structure.Fenna H. Poletiek, Christopher M. Conway, Michelle R. Ellefson, Jun Lai, Bruno R. Bocanegra & Morten H. Christiansen - 2018 - Cognitive Science 42 (8):2855-2889.
    It has been suggested that external and/or internal limitations paradoxically may lead to superior learning, that is, the concepts of starting small and less is more (Elman, ; Newport, ). In this paper, we explore the type of incremental ordering during training that might help learning, and what mechanism explains this facilitation. We report four artificial grammar learning experiments with human participants. In Experiments 1a and 1b we found a beneficial effect of starting small using two types of simple recursive (...)
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  38.  25
    (1 other version)More Than Words: The Role of Multiword Sequences in Language Learning and Use.Morten H. Christiansen & Inbal Arnon - forthcoming - Cognitive Science.
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  39.  26
    Lexical Categories at the Edge of the Word.Luca Onnis & Morten H. Christiansen - 2008 - Cognitive Science 32 (1):184-221.
    Language acquisition may be one of the most difficult tasks that children face during development. They have to segment words from fluent speech, figure out the meanings of these words, and discover the syntactic constraints for joining them together into meaningful sentences. Over the past couple of decades, computational modeling has emerged as a new paradigm for gaining insights into the mechanisms by which children may accomplish these feats. Unfortunately, many of these models assume a computational complexity and linguistic knowledge (...)
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  40.  39
    Developmental Changes in Cross‐Situational Word Learning: The Inverse Effect of Initial Accuracy.Stanka A. Fitneva & Morten H. Christiansen - 2017 - Cognitive Science 41 (S1):141-161.
    Intuitively, the accuracy of initial word-referent mappings should be positively correlated with the outcome of learning. Yet recent evidence suggests an inverse effect of initial accuracy in adults, whereby greater accuracy of initial mappings is associated with poorer outcomes in a cross-situational learning task. Here, we examine the impact of initial accuracy on 4-year-olds, 10-year-olds, and adults. For half of the participants most word-referent mappings were initially correct and for the other half most mappings were initially incorrect. Initial accuracy was (...)
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  41.  27
    Squeezing through the Now-or-Never bottleneck: Reconnecting language processing, acquisition, change, and structure.Nick Chater & Morten H. Christiansen - 2016 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 39:e91.
    If human language must be squeezed through a narrow cognitive bottleneck, what are the implications for language processing, acquisition, change, and structure? In our target article, we suggested that the implications are far-reaching and form the basis of an integrated account of many apparently unconnected aspects of language and language processing, as well as suggesting revision of many existing theoretical accounts. With some exceptions, commentators were generally supportive both of the existence of the bottleneck and its potential implications. Many commentators (...)
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  42. Extending statistical learning farther and further: Long-distance dependencies, and individual differences in statistical learning and language.Jennifer B. Misyak & Morten H. Christiansen - 2007 - In McNamara D. S. & Trafton J. G. (eds.), Proceedings of the 29th Annual Cognitive Science Society. Cognitive Science Society. pp. 1307--1312.
  43.  17
    The Role of Feedback in the Statistical Learning of Language‐Like Regularities.Felicity F. Frinsel, Fabio Trecca & Morten H. Christiansen - 2024 - Cognitive Science 48 (3):e13419.
    In language learning, learners engage with their environment, incorporating cues from different sources. However, in lab‐based experiments, using artificial languages, many of the cues and features that are part of real‐world language learning are stripped away. In three experiments, we investigated the role of positive, negative, and mixed feedback on the gradual learning of language‐like statistical regularities within an active guessing game paradigm. In Experiment 1, participants received deterministic feedback (100%), whereas probabilistic feedback (i.e., 75% or 50%) was introduced in (...)
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  44.  22
    Measuring Cognitive Abilities in the Wild: Validating a Population‐Scale Game‐Based Cognitive Assessment.Mads Kock Pedersen, Carlos Mauricio Castaño Díaz, Qian Janice Wang, Mario Alejandro Alba-Marrugo, Ali Amidi, Rajiv V. Basaiawmoit, Carsten Bergenholtz, Morten H. Christiansen, Miroslav Gajdacz, Ralph Hertwig, Byurakn Ishkhanyan, Kim Klyver, Nicolai Ladegaard, Kim Mathiasen, Christine Parsons, Janet Rafner, Anders R. Villadsen, Mikkel Wallentin, Blanka Zana & Jacob F. Sherson - 2023 - Cognitive Science 47 (6):e13308.
    Rapid individual cognitive phenotyping holds the potential to revolutionize domains as wide‐ranging as personalized learning, employment practices, and precision psychiatry. Going beyond limitations imposed by traditional lab‐based experiments, new efforts have been underway toward greater ecological validity and participant diversity to capture the full range of individual differences in cognitive abilities and behaviors across the general population. Building on this, we developed Skill Lab, a novel game‐based tool that simultaneously assesses a broad suite of cognitive abilities while providing an engaging (...)
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  45.  36
    Fractionated working memory: Even in pebbles, it's still a soup stone.Morten H. Christiansen & Maryellen C. MacDonald - 1999 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22 (1):97-98.
    We agree with Caplan & Waters that there are problems with the single-resource theory of sentence comprehension. However, we challenge their dual-resource alternative on theoretical and empirical grounds and point to a more coherent solution that abandons the notion of working memory resources.
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  46.  12
    Preface.Morten H. Christiansen, Nick Chater & Mark S. Seidenberg - 1999 - Cognitive Science 23 (4):415-415.
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  47. Input Complexity Affects Long-Term Retention of Statistically Learned Regularities in an Artificial Language Learning Task.Ethan Jost, Katherine Brill-Schuetz, Kara Morgan-Short & Morten H. Christiansen - 2019 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 13:478698.
    Statistical learning (SL) involving sensitivity to distributional regularities in the environment has been suggested to be an important factor in many aspects of cognition, including language. However, the degree to which statistically-learned information is retained over time is not well understood. To establish whether or not learners are able to preserve such regularities over time, we examined performance on an artificial second language learning task both immediately after training and also at a follow-up session 2 weeks later. Participants were exposed (...)
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  48.  20
    Toward a unified account of comprehension and production in language development.Stewart M. McCauley & Morten H. Christiansen - 2013 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36 (4):366-367.
  49.  61
    Brains, genes, and language evolution: A new synthesis.Morten H. Christiansen & Nick Chater - 2008 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31 (5):537-558.
    Our target article argued that a genetically specified Universal Grammar (UG), capturing arbitrary properties of languages, is not tenable on evolutionary grounds, and that the close fit between language and language learners arises because language is shaped by the brain, rather than the reverse. Few commentaries defend a genetically specified UG. Some commentators argue that we underestimate the importance of processes of cultural transmission; some propose additional cognitive and brain mechanisms that may constrain language and perhaps differentiate humans from nonhuman (...)
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  50.  63
    Raising the bar for connectionist modeling of cognitive developmental disorders.Morten H. Christiansen, Christopher M. Conway & Michelle R. Ellefson - 2002 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25 (6):752-753.
    Cognitive developmental disorders cannot be properly understood without due attention to the developmental process, and we commend the authors’simulations in this regard. We note the contribution of these simulations to the nascent field of connectionist modeling of developmental disorders and outline a set of criteria for assessing individual models in the hope of furthering future modeling efforts.
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