Why does trust collapse in times of crisis? And when, instead, does it become a driver of growth, generating value? This book offers an analysis of the dynamics of trust through a sociological interpretation of the thought of John Maynard Keynes, the first economist to understand the full extent of the confidence-lever. In the context of the 2007 crisis and following recession, the innovative concept of Economy of Trust explains how trust spontaneously replaces the weakened institutional system of quality assurance (...) and control and generates value. Indeed, the deficiency of such a system has become the ideal breeding ground for the growth of the Nominal Economy: the economy that distorts the perception of reality as it widens economic and social disparities, unbalances relationships between risk and wealth in the global society and dissolves the bonds of responsibility. In this way, trust is channeled towards strong "new powers", such as hedge funds companies, rating agencies and investment banks. Within this context, only targeted policies of Economy of Trust can funnel the 'store of value' effect generated by trust towards positive intents of building social capital. (shrink)

Few aspects of American military history have been as vigorously debated as Harry Truman's decision to use atomic bombs against Japan. In this carefully crafted volume, Michael Kort describes the wartime circumstances and thinking that form the context for the decision to use these weapons, surveys the major debates related to that decision, and provides a comprehensive collection of key primary source documents that illuminate the behavior of the United States and Japan during the closing days of World War II. (...) Kort opens with a summary of the debate over Hiroshima as it has evolved since 1945. He then provides a historical overview of thye events in question, beginning with the decision and program to build the atomic bomb. Detailing the sequence of events leading to Japan's surrender, he revisits the decisive battles of the Pacific War and the motivations of American and Japanese leaders. Finally, Kort examines ten key issues in the discussion of Hiroshima and guides readers to relevant primary source documents, scholarly books, and articles. (shrink)

Henri Lefebvre, em O Direito à Cidade, afirmou que a cidade desde a Idade Clássica foi um objeto especial para o pensamento filosófico: a própria filosofia nasceu na cidade. Outra questão, destacou, seria pensar em um direito à cidade, como direito à vida urbana, transformada, renovada, um direito em formação que ainda não teria entrado nos códigos formalizados. Esse conceito, criado pouco antes de Maio de 1968 e empregado por diversos movimentos sociais desde o fim da década de 1960 até (...) os dias atuais, inclusive no Brasil, foi depois discutido, entre outros autores, por David Harvey. No entanto, esses autores não realizaram exatamente uma articulação com a filosofia do Direito. O artigo tem como objetivo apontar algumas possibilidades dessa articulação, à luz dos movimentos relativos à reforma urbana e ao direito moradia no Brasil, e do processo internacional de criação desse direito. (shrink)

O artigo analisa poemas de Ricardo Domeneck, Eduardo Sterzi, Paulo Ferraz e Priscila Figueiredo, que tratam de questões sobre graves violações de direitos humanos cometidas pelo Estado brasileiro, como a memória dos desaparecidos ou das vítimas da ditadura militar. A análise enquadra-se no campo da literatura e justiça de transição, com o objetivo de estudar o cruzamento entre invenção literária e memória social, no tocante ao legado dos crimes contra a humanidade praticados pelo Estado brasileiro. Todos esses autores nasceram nos (...) anos 1970, durante a ditadura militar no Brasil, que durou de 1964 a 1985. Os poemas analisados foram escritos no século XXI, em um novo ciclo de memória cultural no Brasil, segundo a hipótese de Rebecca Atencio, no qual os temas ligados à ditadura voltaram a ser objeto da literatura brasileira com mais frequência. No caso de Paulo Ferraz, o poema diz respeito à Era Vargas (1930-1945). Domeneck, cujo poema é mencionado no relatório da Comissão Nacional da Verdade, e Sterzi referem-se à ditadura militar. Priscila Figueiredo trata das continuidades do passado autoritário nos crimes do Estado brasileiro após a democratização. Nesses quatro casos, a poética desses autores difere da que argentinos reunidos sob a categoria dos “hijos” têm estabelecido. (shrink)

The thought of Edith Stein on woman brings out the fuller sense of the metaphysical notion of the being of woman. Stein’s position is that woman’s nature as biological mother affects her whole being. Woman has two essential characteristics: attraction to the personal and attraction to wholeness. It is woman’s emotions that account for these distinctly feminine traits. Woman is distinguished by her empathetic perception of persons, an intuitive grasp of a person’s being and value as “person”. Stein describes empathy (...) as a clear awareness of another person, not simply of the content of his experience, but of his experience of that content. In empathy, one takes the place of the other without becoming strictly identical to him. One does not just understand the experiences of the other, but takes them on as one’s own. Stein reinterprets traditional readings of woman, challenging claims to the woman as the “weaker sex” and to the emotions as inferior to reason. (shrink)

This paper aims at understanding the condition of the skeptic as skeptical. Using the mechanism of cognition argued by Aquinas, which explains how cognitions are connected with dispositions and affections, it tries to unlock the skeptic’s disposition to doubt as something willed. Culling insights from Wittgenstein, this essay points to certainty as a necessity for the person who wishes to live without the constant apprehension of doubt and pervasive suspicion of others. It concludes with an analysis of the skeptic’s need (...) for trust as a willingness to open oneself dynamically in self-giving and submission to others, requiring that one give up self-sufficiency. (shrink)

This article updates a fundamental theme of the Conference of Puebla, the preferential option for the poor, through dialogue with the theme of aversion by the poor, of the philosopher Adela Cortina. Presents the meanings of the preferential option for the poor inaugurated in Medellín and solemnly proclaimed in Puebla and shows how this option was assumed by the posterior documents, both in Latin America and in the universal magisterium; then systematizes some aspects of the Aporophobia and, at the end, (...) proposes five theological-pastoral challenges: rediscover the option for the poor as Grace, realize the need for emotional involvement with the poor, discover the wealth of the poor and refuse the hate speech, reflect on ways to eliminate poverty and contribute to a new economy. In all this, the Magisterium of Francis is deeply illuminator. We can say that, with Pope Francis, a prophetic path of inclusion, coexistence and global responsibility is deepened, which turns visible and includes the poor and thus faces aporophobia. (shrink)

O artigo atualiza um tema fundamental da Conferência de Puebla, a opção preferencial pelos pobres, através do diálogo com o tema da aversão pelos pobres, ou aporofobia, estudado pela filósofa Adela Cortina. Apresenta os significados da opção preferencial pelos pobres, inaugurada em Medellín e solenemente proclamada em Puebla e mostra como esta opção foi assumida pelo magistério posterior, tanto na América Latina quanto no magistério universal; em seguida, sistematiza os aspectos da aporofobia ressaltados por Adela Cortina e, ao final, propõe (...) cinco desafios teológico-pastorais: redescobrir a opção pelos pobres como graça, perceber a necessidade do envolvimento emocional com os pobres, descobrir a riqueza dos pobres e recusar o discurso do ódio, refletir sobre caminhos para eliminar a pobreza e contribuir para uma nova economia. Em tudo isto, o magistério de Francisco mostra-se profundamente iluminador. Podemos dizer que, com o Papa Francisco, é aprofundado um caminho profético de inclusão, convivência e responsabilidade globais, que visibiliza e inclui os pobres e, assim, enfrenta a aporofobia. (shrink)

Henri Lefebvre, em O Direito à Cidade, afirmou que a cidade desde a Idade Clássica foi um objeto especial para o pensamento filosófico: a própria filosofia nasceu na cidade. Outra questão, destacou, seria pensar em um direito à cidade, como direito à vida urbana, transformada, renovada, um direito em formação que ainda não teria entrado nos códigos formalizados. Esse conceito, criado pouco antes de Maio de 1968 e empregado por diversos movimentos sociais desde o fim da década de 1960 até (...) os dias atuais, inclusive no Brasil, foi depois discutido, entre outros autores, por David Harvey. No entanto, esses autores não realizaram exatamente uma articulação com a filosofia do Direito. O artigo tem como objetivo apontar algumas possibilidades dessa articulação, à luz dos movimentos relativos à reforma urbana e ao direito moradia no Brasil, e do processo internacional de criação desse direito. (shrink)

The concept that alterated communications between the gut microbiome and the brain may play an important role in human brain disorders has recently received considerable attention. This is the result of provocative preclinical and some clinical evidence supporting early hypotheses about such communication in health and disease. Gastrointestinal symptoms are a common comorbidity in patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), even though the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. In addition, alteration in the composition and metabolic products of the gut microbiome (...) has long been implicated as a possible causative mechanism contributing to ASD pathophysiology, and this hypothesis has been supported by several recently published evidence from rodent models of autism induced by prenatal insults to the mother. Recent evidence in one such model involving maternal infection, that is characterized by alterations in behavior, gut physiology, microbial composition, and related metabolite profile, suggests a possible benefit of probiotic treatment on several of the observed abnormal behaviors. (shrink)

A Igreja Católica, ao propagar a fé cristã e a conversão das populações indígenas e ribeirinhas da região amazônica, produziu suas ideologias na forma de escritos, as quais também estão presentes nas narrativas orais. Neste artigo, cujo aporte teórico está vinculado aos estudos Pós-coloniais e ao pensamento Decolonial, a partir da articulação das diferenças entre o real e o imaginário, salvação e pecado, deseja-se responder a seguinte questão: a que formação ideológica e formas de educar estaria ligado o “Mito da (...) Capela de Ouro”, na região do médio amazonas paraense? Para tanto, nesta pesquisa baseada em fontes bibliográficas e documentais, foram investigados diários de viagens de missionários à região Amazônica, especialmente à região do rio Trombetas, impressos e manuscritos publicados por igrejas e pelo Conselho Nacional de Proteção ao índio, no século XX. Os dados apontam que o “Mito da Capela de Ouro” decorre de uma tentativa de colonização do imaginário das populações nativas da região, tendo em vista que o mundo sobrenatural cristão era inteiramente oposto ao mundo sobrenatural indígena e ribeirinho, relacionado naquele contexto à demonização. (shrink)

Este artigo parte da Exortação Pós-Sinodal Amoris Laetitia quanto trata da questão da importância do trabalho para a constituição e estabilidade da família. O trabalho é um tema bíblico que diz respeito tanto á realidade pessoal, familiar, quanto com a conservação da natureza. A preocupação da Igreja com as questões sociais sempre esteve presente. Os acontecimentos decorrentes da revolução industrial, suscitando questões de justiça, e colocando em destaque a causa operária, derivada do conflito entre capital e trabalho, provocou a promulgação (...) da primeira encíclica social, a Rerum Novarum. A globalização e a tecnologia trouxeram mudanças para o mundo do trabalho como para todo o conjunto da sociedade. Essas mudanças exigem das pessoas uma constante atualização para se adaptarem à nova realidade. O termo empregabilidade apareceu nos debates na Academia, no mundo do trabalho e nas discussões sobre políticas públicas no Brasil. O trabalho, quanto mais desenvolvida a sociedade mais se especializa, sua atualização vai acompanhando os avanços tecnológicos, que permite e auxilia nas demais áreas nas quais o esforço humano é aplicado. Além de paradigma da vida social, o trabalho tem a dignidade de um âmbito no qual deve encontrar realização a vocação pessoal e social da pessoa humana. A empregabilidade como forma de se manter ativo no mercado de trabalho requer que o sujeito procure corresponder ao que as corporações necessitam para o seu desenvolvimento e exigem dos seus colaboradores para se integrarem nas equipes que compõem a empresa. (shrink)

This theological argument job has three sections, each of them dealing with one of its aspects. In the first, on the creation, there are the data as presented in the Holy Scriptures, the development of creationist theology and confirmation that science and theology can illuminate each other since respecting each others' differences. In the second, on the incarnation, it is confirmed that God is not unfamiliar to his work because, after creating it, continued veiling about to send his Son to (...) bring it to fullness. The Word became flesh, became man in the womb of Mary, so that human being could take part in the divine life. In the third, on the mercy, it is the divine attention to the most vulnerable human beings, and as such attention becomes central to the plan of salvation for those who knew Jesus Christ and want to be part of his kingdom. (shrink)

This paper deals with the interrelation between mystique and prophecy in the Christian spirituality. It intends to face dualisms, observed in the past and also in the current Christianity, between these terms. It presents Saint Teresa of Avila’s testimony as a way for overcoming the dichotomy between mystique and prophecy by means of a procedural integration. The foundation for the needed relation between the terms concerned is the existence of Jesus of Nazareth itself, which may be regarded as prophetic-mystic. It (...) means that there’s an interrelation between prayer and action, contemplation and mission. However, the modern and postmodern subject has difficulties in this integration, such as letting himself be transformed by prayer, overcoming the tendency to control and effectiveness. Saint Teresa of Jesus, in this context, is a testimony to mystique and prophecy, mediated by a discretion which goes through daily perceptions. The book Foundations contributes to illustrate this discretion. Keywords : Mystique. Prophecy. Discretion. Saint Teresa of Jesus. Resumo Este artigo trata da inter-relação entre mística e profecia na espiritualidade cristã. Pretende enfrentar dualismos, observados no passado e também no presente do cristianismo, entre esses termos. Apresenta o testemunho de Santa Teresa de Ávila como caminho de superação da dicotomia entre mística e profecia através de uma integração processual. O fundamento da necessária relação entre os termos em questão é a própria existência de Jesus de Nazaré, que pode ser considerada profético-mística. Isso significa que há uma inter-relação entre oração e ação, contemplação e missão. No entanto, o sujeito moderno e pós-moderno apresenta dificuldades nessa integração, como o deixar-se transformar pela oração, superando a tendência ao controle e à eficácia. Santa Teresa de Jesus, nesse contexto, é testemunho de mística e profecia, mediadas por um discernimento que passa por percepções cotidianas. O livro Fundações contribui para ilustrar esse discernimento. Palavras-chave : Mística. Profecia. Discernimento. Santa Teresa de Jesus. (shrink)

Thesis summary: FREIRE, Ana Ester Pádua. The humanistic approach in religious studies: contributions to the study of the religious phenomenon.

Substituted judgment assumes adequate knowledge of patient’s mind-set. However, surrogates’ prediction of individual healthcare decisions is often inadequate and may be based on shared background rather than patient-specific knowledge. It is not known whether surrogate’s prediction of patient’s integrative life-story narrative is better. Respondents in 90 family pairs rank-ordered 47 end-of-life statements as life-story narrative measure and completed instruments on decision-control preference and healthcare-outcomes acceptability as control measures, from respondent’s view and predicted pair’s view. They also scored their confidence in (...) surrogate’s decision-making and familiarity with pair’s healthcare-preferences. Life-story narratives’ prediction was examined by calculating correlation of statements’ ranking scores between respondent-personal and respondent-surrogate Q-sorts and between respondent-surrogate and pair-personal Q-sorts before and after controlling for correlation with respondent-personal scores, and by comparing percentages of respondent-surrogate Q-sorts co-loading with pair-personal vs. respondent-personal Q-sorts. Accuracy in predicting decision-control preference and healthcare-outcomes acceptability was determined by percent concordance. Results were compared among subgroups defined by intra-pair relationship, surrogate’s decision-making confidence, and healthcare-preferences familiarity. Mean age was 35.4 years, 69% were females, and 73 and 80% reported ≥ very good health and life-quality, respectively. Mean surrogate’s decision-making confidence score was 3.35 and 75% were ≥ familiar with pair’s healthcare-preferences. Mean projection, simulation, and adjusted-simulation correlations were 0.68, 0.42, and 0.26, respectively. Out of 180 respondent-surrogate Q-sorts, 24, 9, and 32% co-loaded with respondent-personal, pair-personal, or both Q-sorts, respectively. Accuracy in predicting decision-control preference and healthcare-outcomes acceptability was 47 and 52%, respectively. Surrogate’s decision-making confidence score correlated with adjusted-simulation’s correlation score. There were significant differences among the husband-wife, parent-child, and sibling-sibling subgroups in percentage of respondent-surrogate Q-sorts co-loading with pair-personal Q-sorts and percent agreement on healthcare-outcomes acceptability. Despite high self-reported surrogate’s decision-making confidence and healthcare-preferences familiarity, family surrogates are variably inadequate in simulating life-story narratives. Simulation accuracy may not follow the next-of-kin concept and is 38% based on shared background. (shrink)

Jean-Claude Forquin é professor da UFR de Psychologie, Sociologie et Sciences de l'Education da Universidade de Rouen, na França, e desde a década de 70, tem elaborado uma série de escritos sobre educação. Seu livro Escola e Cultura é uma versão abreviada de sua tese de doutorado de estado em Letras e Ciências Humanas, defendida em 1987, na Universidade de Ciências Humanas de Estrasburgo, cujo título é Le débat sur l 'école et la culture chez les théoriciens et sociologues de (...) l'education en Grande-Bretagne (1960-1985). A problemática central desta obra é discutir o que a escola deve ensinar, que cultura ela deve transmitir, quais conteúdos devem fazer parte do currículo escolar. O autor preocupa-se com estas questões porque considera que o fator essencial da crise da educação, desde os anos 60, é a crise na sua função específica de transmissão cultural - os professores não têm mais certeza do que devem ensinar para seus alunos. Por isso, ele defende que a teoria da educação, além de examinar as relações entre a escola e fatores externos a ela como o contexto econômico, político-administrativo, deve deter-se mais na análise interna desta instituição social, dos conteúdos e saberes escolares. (shrink)

Resenha: CÉSAR, Marília de Camargo. Entre a cruz e o arco-íris: a complexa relação dos cristãos com a homoafetividade. Belo Horizonte: Editora Gutenberg, 2013. 239 p.

Este artigo buscou problematizar dados de uma pesquisa de viés socioantropológico, realizada em uma comunidade indígena Pataxó localizada na cidade de Itapecerica- MG, acerca da educação intercultural. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, que utilizou a revisão de literatura, entrevistas narrativas, bem como análise documental como método de pesquisa. Apoiando em estudos sobre interculturalidade, e em uma coletânea das histórias indígenas contadas na comunidade em questão, foi possível entrecruzar as vozes da comunidade indígena, constatando que a educação intercultural é uma maneira (...) de legitimar direitos às minorias indígenas e um modo de fortalecer suas tradições culturais. Através das histórias indígenas e de outras ferramentas educativas utilizadas na escola da aldeia Muã Mimatxi, a comunidade indígena se mostra como agente ciente da própria educação, em diálogo constante com outros conhecimentos e tradições, a fim de construir seus projetos de futuro. (shrink)

Infertility constitutes an essential source of stress in the individual and couple’s life. The Infertility-Related Stress Scale is of clinical interest for exploring infertility-related stress affecting the intrapersonal and interpersonal domains of infertile individuals’ lives. In the present study, the IRSS was translated into Brazilian–Portuguese, and its factor structure, reliability, and relations to sociodemographic and infertility-related characteristics and depression were examined. A sample of 553 Brazilian infertile individuals completed the Brazilian–Portuguese IRSS, and a subsample of 222 participants also completed the (...) BDI-II. A sample of 526 Italian infertile individuals was used to test for the IRSS measurement invariance across Brazil and Italy. Results of exploratory structural equation modeling indicated that a bifactor solution best represented the structure underlying the IRSS-BP. Both the general and the two specific intrapersonal and interpersonal IRSS-BP factors showed satisfactory levels of composite reliability. The bifactor ESEM solution replicated well across countries. As evidence of relations to other variables, female gender, a longer duration of infertility, and higher depression were associated with higher scores in global and domain-specific infertility-related stress. The findings offer initial evidence of validity and reliability of the IRSS-BP, which could be used by fertility clinic staff to rapidly identify patients who need support to deal with the stressful impact of infertility in the intrapersonal and interpersonal life domains, as recommended by international guidelines for routine psychosocial care in infertility settings. (shrink)

Venice and Padua are neighboring cities with a topographical and geopolitical distinction. Venice as a port city opened up towards Byzantium whereas Padua as a university city was a place of Humanism and research. The contributions analyze works of art as aesthetic formulations of their places of origin, which also have an effect on their surroundings. International experts investigate these two concepts and how the exchange worked.

Gewirth, A. Marsilius of Padua and medieval political philosophy. Marsilius, of Padua. Defensor pacis.

We describe PADUA, a protocol designed to support two agents debating a classification by offering arguments based on association rules mined from individual datasets. We motivate the style of argumentation supported by PADUA, and describe the protocol. We discuss the strategies and tactics that can be employed by agents participating in a PADUA dialogue. PADUA is applied to a typical problem in the classification of routine claims for a hypothetical welfare benefit. We particularly address the problems (...) that arise from the extensive number of misclassified examples typically found in such domains, where the high error rate is a widely recognised problem. We give examples of the use of PADUA in this domain, and explore in particular the effect of intermediate predicates. We have also done a large scale evaluation designed to test the effectiveness of using PADUA to detect misclassified examples, and to provide a comparison with other classification systems. (shrink)

The proposed text reflects on the Muslim community and families in Padua including interviews in order to individuate the practices of the transmission of beliefs within the family and the continuity of the group. Mainly from the development of three main points: religious socialization, community representation as umma, according to the mandate of Give to Islam as well of the dichotomy we Muslims / they Christians discourses. Finally, the meanings of identities governed by ethnicity and / or religion and (...) new generations with current debates and struggles identified as new collective identities. That is, the reinterpretation allows the emergence of a new collective identity that makes use of practices that are in tension with the host society emerging like a political force. (shrink)

The Defender of the Peace of Marsilius of Padua is a massively influential text in the history of western political thought. Marsilius offers a detailed analysis and explanation of human political communities, before going on to attack what he sees as the obstacles to peaceful human coexistence - principally the contemporary papacy. Annabel Brett's authoritative rendition of the Defensor Pacis was the first new translation in English for fifty years, and a major contribution to the series of Cambridge Texts: (...) all of the usual series features are provided, included chronology, notes for further reading, and up-to-date annotation aimed at the student reader encountering this classic of medieval thought for the first time. This edition of The Defender of the Peace is a scholarly and a pedagogic event of great importance, of interest to historians, political theorists, theologians and philosophers at all levels from second-year undergraduate upwards. (shrink)

During his stay in Padua ca. 1592–1610, Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) was a lecturer of mathematics at the University of Padua and a tutor to private students of military architecture and fortifications. He carried out these activities at the Academia degli Artisti. At the same time, and in relation to his teaching activities, he began to study the equilibrium of bodies and strength of materials, later better structured and completed in his Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences of 1638. This (...) paper examines important details of four works dating to the Paduan period: Breve instruzione dell’architettura militare; Trattato di Fortificazione; Le Mecaniche; Le operazioni del compasso geometrico et militare. The two works on military architecture and fortifications were compiled from notes taken by students, and are not by Galileo’s hand, but are still illustrative of his work and thinking at the time. (shrink)

In the Arena Chapel in Padua, Giotto painted seven allegorical representations of virtues and seven allegorical representations of vices. This article probes the sources for the list of virtues and the list of vices. The ensemble of virtues can be located in St. Thomas Aquinas; the ensemble of the vices, however, is original. The result is a new account of vices that displaces the odler account of the “seven deadly sins.”.