Background: Patients at the end-of-life and their families experience a strong emotional impact. The wellbeing of the patient at the end-of-life and their family caregiver are related. Aim: to explore the elements related with the emotional wellbeing of patients with and without cognitive impairment at the end-of-life and that of their primary family caregivers. Design: Cross- sectional study. Participants: data was collected from 202 patients at the end of life with different diagnosis (COPD, cancer and frail elderly) as well as (...) from their respective 202 primary family caregivers. Results: Structural equation models indicated that the emotional state of the patients was best predicted by their functional independence and the burden of their family caregivers. At the same time, the emotional state of the primary family caregiver was predicted by their burden and not by the cognitive state or the functional independence of the patient. Nevertheless, the burden of the family caregiver, which is the only variable predicting both the emotional state of the patient and that of the caregiver, was directly related with the functional independence of the patient and indirectly with the patient’s cognitive state. Conclusions: The burden of the family caregiver stands out as a key factor in the reduction of the emotional distress of patients at the end-of-life –whether or not they present significant cognitive impairment- and that of their family caregivers. (shrink)

RESUMEN: En la era de las tecnologías digitales, el Derecho se enfrenta al objetivo de afrontar la protección de los datos personales en un universo global donde las fronteras se diluyen y el principio de territorialidad ha dejado de tener aplicación. Este trabajo pretende plantear el reto que supone, para el ordenamiento jurídico español, la adaptación a la nueva regulación europea en esta materia.ABSTRACT: At the digital´s technologies age, Law faces with the aim to address the personal data protection in (...) a global universe where blurring the borders, and the territoriality principle has ceased to be applied. This paper aims to poset he challenge that supposes, to the Spanish legal system, the adaptation to the new European Union regulation on this matter.PALABRAS CLAVE: universo digital, protección de datos personales, reglamento europeo, constitución española, conflictos de competenciaKEYWORDS: digital universe, personal data protection, european regulation, spanish constitution, competence´s conflicts. (shrink)

This study aimed to synthesize literature data on male judo combat time in international competitions between 2010 and 2019. The search was carried out from May 8th to June 11th, 2021, in electronic databases using the following keywords: AND. After the selection process, 8 articles were included in the systematic review and 7 in the meta-analysis. These studies analyzed 2,562 international male judo combats over the years 2010 to 2019. We observed that the average male judo combat time changed after (...) each rule change. There was a significant difference between combats that ended up to the regular time and those that needed overtime. There were differences between 60kg and +100kg categories and the others in 2011-2012. However, no significant difference was found between the combat time by weight division after the 2017 rule changes, although there are still differences in relation to the end of the combats. There were significant changes in the male judo combat time with each rule change, and the data from the included studies point to a trend of homogeneity in the combat time spent between the weight divisions over the years, and an increase in the occurrence of Golden Score. More studies need to be carried out to identify the new temporal behaviors of athletes. (shrink)

Background: In Hospital Emergency Department and Emergency Medical Services professionals experience situations in which they face difficulties or barriers to know patient’s advance directives and implement them. Objectives: To analyse the barriers, facilitators, and ethical conflicts perceived by health professionals derived from the management of advance directives in emergency services. Research design, participants, and context: This is a qualitative phenomenological study conducted with purposive sampling including a population of nursing and medical professionals linked to Hospital Emergency Department and Emergency Medical (...) Services. Three focus groups were formed, totalling 24 participants. We performed an inductive-type thematic discourse analysis. Ethical considerations: This study was approved by ethical committees of Ethical Commitee of Clínic Hospital (Barcelona) and Comittee of Emergency Medical Services (Barcelona). The participants received information about the purpose of the study. Patients’ anonymity and willingness to participate in the study were guaranteed. Findings: There were four types of barriers that hindered the proper management of patients’ advance directives in Hospital Emergency Department and Emergency Medical Services: personal and professional, family members, organisational and structural, and those derived from the health system. These barriers caused ethical conflicts and hindered professionals’ decision-making. Discussion: These results are in line with those of previous studies and indicate that factors such as gender, professional category, and years of experience, in addition to professionals’ beliefs and the opinions of colleagues and family members, can also influence the professionals’ final decisions. Conclusion: The different strategies described in this study can contribute to the development of health policies and action protocols to help reduce both the barriers that hinder the correct management and implementation of advance directives and the ethical conflicts generated. (shrink)

It has been shown that counterintuitive ideas from mythological and religious texts are more acceptable than other world knowledge violations. In the present experiment we explored whether this relates to the way they are interpreted. Participants were presented with verification questions that referred to either the literal or a metaphorical meaning of the sentence previously read, in a block-wise design. Both behavioral and electrophysiological results converged. At variance to the literal interpretation of the sentences, the induced metaphorical interpretation specifically facilitated (...) the integration of religious counterintuitions, whereas the semantic processing of non-religious counterintuitions was not affected by the interpretation mode. We suggest that religious ideas tend to operate like other instances of figurative language, such as metaphors, facilitating their acceptability despite their counterintuitive nature. (shrink)

O presente artigo objetiva apresentar uma compreensão crítica do tempo presente, que se pode chamar de contemporaneidade. Nessa direção, as reflexões sobre esse momento histórico priorizaram os questionamentos filosóficos de Heidegger. Para interpretação mais ampla do pensamento heideggeriano, foi abordada, rapidamente, as concepções existenciais de homem e de mundo trazidas em sua obra “Ser e tempo”. Após essas considerações, a “Era da Técnica”, marcada pelo esquecimento do ser, foi tomada enquanto foco de discussão. Por fim, ressalta-se a inquietação não com (...) relação ao crescimento da técnica planetária, mas sim acerca do fato de o homem não compreender a dimensão e o sentido das transformações empreendidas por esta destinação; rejeitando, com isso, aquilo que tem de mais próprio, a condição de ser o único ser que reflete. (shrink)

La tesis defendida en este trabajo es que la “diferencia ontológica” de Martin Heidegger encubre un anti-humanismo nihilista, que disuelve la antropología filosófica como ciencia. Se justifica así la necesidad de ir más atrás de Heidegger, para recuperar la noción de subjetividad propuesta por el fundador de la fenomenología, Edmund Husserl, y por el fundador de la antropología filosófica, Max Scheler. Ellos mostraron que el sujeto ocupa un lugar privilegiado en la totalidad de lo real, como aquél en el (...) que se produce el “aparecer” del ser, la “manifestación” del ser. Esto permite construir una antropología filosófica y no abandonar el humanismo, que ha caracterizado a la filosofía propia de la cultura occidental. (shrink)

The papers in this dossier were written within the framework of two research projects on the refutation strategies of radical adversaries in Plato’s and Aristotle’s writings. Both projects, directed by Graciela Marcos and based in the Institute of Philosophy “Dr. Alejandro Korn” (Instituto de Filosofía “Dr. Alejandro Korn”) of the Facultad de Filosofía y Letras of the Universidad de Buenos Aires, were subsidised by the Secretaría de Ciencia y Técnica of this university and by the Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica (...) y Técnológica (ANCyPT), to whom we would like to express our gratitude. Special thanks also to Fabián G. Mié, who, for several years, has been working on the question of dialectic in Plato and Aristotle and with whom, even if he has not formally joined our team, we have had the good fortune to exchange ideas and discuss many of the issues related to both projects. Fabián Mié’s work is therefore added to the works presented by Lucas M. Álvarez, María E. Díaz, Martín S. Forciniti, Julián Macías and Graciela E. Marcos in this dossier. (shrink)

O manuscrito Madri, Bibl. del Escorial, h.II.1, ff. 1ra-73rb, contém um conjunto de Questões sobre a Metafísica I[A]-VI[E] de Aristóteles, atribuídas na margem inferior do f.1r a Henrique de Gand, por uma adição classificada como tardia por Martin Grabmann. Deixando de lado metodologicamente a problemática da autoria dessas Questões, busca-se aqui compreender a noção de ‘verdade’ desenvolvida na obra, principalmente no que diz respeito ao discurso metafísico que tange à descrição do ‘ser’ atribuível à verdade. Para tanto, consideramos o (...) modo como o autor de tais questões relaciona as noções de ‘verdade’ e ‘ser’ em Questões sobre a Metafísica II[α] e VI[E], com especial atenção à atribuição de um ‘ente diminuído’ ao conhecimento verdadeiro. (shrink)

El artículo expone las limitaciones que el liberalismo de Nozick presenta para sancionar ciertas conductas omisivas. Los postulados de su obra «Anarquía, Estado y utopía» fundamentan una concepción negativa de la libertad y, en consecuencia, asientan los pilares de un «Estado mínimo» que protege a sus ciudadanos, esencialmente, contra las agresiones de terceros. De esta forma, el texto expone que dichos postulados permiten la imposición de prohibiciones, pero no tanto de obligaciones (normas de mandato o «normas de hacer»). Se vislumbra (...) de este modo que el liberalismo nozickiano adolece de obstáculos teóricos para sancionar algunas conductas omisivas que ocasionan o permiten peligros y resultados especialmente graves. (shrink)

Este texto origina-se de uma pesquisa concluída. O estudo foi desenvolvido em um projeto de extensão universitária de formação permanente e em contexto de profissionais de Educação Infantil que atuam em creches e pré-escolas municipais de uma cidade do interior de São Paulo. A pesquisa teve como objetivo levantar e descrever aspectos referentes à participação dessas profissionais, nesse projeto. Com apoio teórico de autores como Candau e Lelis, Imbernón, Nóvoa, Gatti e Barreto, Libâneo e Pimenta, entre outros, buscamos maior (...) aprofundamento no âmbito da formação de professores. A pesquisa, de abordagem qualitativa, teve como instrumento para coleta de dados o grupo focal, com registro de filmagens e transcrição das imagens e áudio. Foram sujeitos da investigação 16 profissionais participantes do referido projeto de extensão. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio da análise de conteúdo. Para o presente texto, apresentamos um recorte dos resultados, ressaltando aqueles referentes ao “Estar em Coletivo no Projeto” e “Estar Pautado na Prática”. Os resultados revelaram a necessidade de repensar a formação de professores, pautando-se pela formação colaborativa e que considere suas práticas reais e os contextos de trabalho, por meio da relação entre teoria e prática. A pesquisa evidenciou que esses elementos são fundamentais para uma formação significativa e de qualidade, possibilitando incidências sobre a ação. A aproximação da universidade de creches e pré-escolas, por meio desse projeto, possibilitou a formação em contexto desse grupo de profissionais de Educação Infantil, uma vez que os resultados evidenciaram que essa atividade de extensão se constituiu em espaço de colaboração, diálogo, reflexão, aprendizagem, troca de conhecimentos e experiências e, também, em espaço para afirmação profissional e reconhecimento de saberes. Palavras-chave: Formação de professores. Extensão universitária. Teoria e prática. (shrink)

O aumento da participação feminina no mercado de trabalho formal e informal, decorrente dos movimentos feministas, começou a ameaçar em larga escala um dos pilares da desigualdade, o provimento econômico e autonomia sobre a vida das mulheres, dessa forma, as estruturas sociais se reorganizam para reproduzir a lógica de poder opressora. Por meio de ambientes organizacionais, diversos e inclusivos, especialmente no que se refere a gênero, as mulheres poderão experienciar a valorização social, a influência no poder de decisão, o pertencimento (...) e engajamento no grupo de trabalho, a autenticidade e reconhecimento de diversidade (sentimento de interação justa), e essa experiência impactará a vida profissional e concomitantemente a pessoal/privada. O objetivo principal é mapear como é abordado a violência contra a mulher no ambiente de trabalho na literatura nacional. O método utilizado será a revisão de literatura integrativa, definida como o compêndio de literatura existente objetivando a sumarização e discussão de um corpo de conhecimento relacionado ao tema. Em suma, os resultados desta revisão integrativa reforçam a necessidade de ação conjunta por parte da comunidade para combater a violência contra a mulher no ambiente de trabalho, pois ao reconhecer que se trata de um problema social que afeta a sociedade como um todo, é possível fortalecer os laços de solidariedade e incentivar ações coletivas para estabelecer um ambiente de trabalho seguro e inclusivo. (shrink)

Background: Moral distress has been described as a major problem for the nursing profession, and in recent years, a considerable amount of research has been undertaken to examine its causes and effects. However, few research projects have been performed that examined the moral distress of an entire nation’s nurses, as this particular study does. Aim/objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency and intensity of moral distress experienced by registered nurses in New Zealand. Research design: The research (...) involved the use of a mainly quantitative approach supported by a slightly modified version of a survey based on the Moral Distress Scale–Revised. Participants and research context: In total, 1500 questionnaires were sent out at random to nurses working in general areas around New Zealand and 412 were returned, giving an adequate response rate of 27%. Ethical considerations: The project was evaluated and judged to be low risk and recorded as such on 22 February 2011 via the auspices of the Massey University Human Ethics Committee. Findings: Results indicate that the most frequent situations to cause nursing distress were (a) having to provide less than optimal care due to management decisions, (b) seeing patient care suffer due to lack of provider continuity and (c) working with others who are less than competent. The most distressing experiences resulted from (a) working with others who are unsafe or incompetent, (b) witnessing diminished care due to poor communication and (c) watching patients suffer due to a lack of provider continuity. Of the respondents, 48% reported having considered leaving their position due to the moral distress. Conclusion: The results imply that moral distress in nursing remains a highly significant and pertinent issue that requires greater consideration by health service managers, policymakers and nurse educators. (shrink)

Martin Bell; X*—The De Dicto/De Re Distinction in Relation to Actions, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Volume 83, Issue 1, 1 June 1983, Pages 159–174.

The purpose of this article is to re-examine an ethic of care as the main ethical approach to nursing practice in light of past and present developments in nursing ethics, and to briefly speculate whether or not it will survive within nursing in the future. Overall, it is maintained throughout that the terms ?caring?, ?nursing? and an ?ethic of care? are inextricably linked. This is because, it is argued, professionally focused nursing practices are based predominantly on a well-recognised moral commitment (...) to deliver expert care, and that a care-based ethic is the major factor in the construction and maintenance of these practices. Subsequently, the influences and developments of a caring ethic in nursing are firstly re-examined, and the discussion is supported by evidence from more recent nursing research and theoretical developments. Consideration is given to the philosophical underpinnings of both care theory and caring ethics, and the fundamental importance of caring in nursing, as an interpersonal relationship and as an appropriate ethical response, is made transparent. Finally, an outline of the future possibilities that may affect an ethic of care in nursing is offered. (shrink)

Abstract In the last few decades, a growing number of commentators have questioned the appropriateness of the 'justice view' of ethics as a suitable approach in health care ethics, and most certainly in nursing. Essentially, in their ethical deliberations, it is argued that nurses do not readily adopt the high degree of impartiality and objectivity that is associated with a justice view; instead their moral practices are more accurately reflected through the use of alternative approaches such as relational or care-based (...) ethics. Yet, it has also been argued that this viewpoint does not necessarily 'do justice' to the broader moral responsibilities of nurses towards humanity in general, i.e. to the wider socio-cultural and socio-political issues in society, and to the concept of social justice in particular. This criticism has triggered a much closer examination of relational and care-based ethics in nursing at levels beyond individual responsiveness within relationships and brought into the spotlight the need for a more ethically refined nursing response to an increasingly complex set of socio-cultural inequalities. This article explores a relational ethic within nursing practices with contemporary ideas regarding social justice. In particular, it is argued that the synergy between the two actually produces an ethic that is capable of not only challenging the continuing predominance of justice-based ethics within health care, but of replacing it. Subsequently, in the discussion that follows, it is suggested that a combined social justice and relational care-based approach, as a social ethic, should guide the moral deliberations and actions of nurses. It is maintained that such an approach is not only possible, but crucial if nurses are to realize their full potential as ethical agents for individual and social good. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. (shrink)

The sacred tales and aphorisms collected here by Martin Buber have their origins in the traditional Hasidic metaphor of life as a ladder, reaching towards the divine by ascending rungs of perfection. Through Biblical riddles and interpretations, Jewish proverbs and spiritual meditations, they seek to awaken in the reader a full awareness of the urgency of the human condition, and of the great need for self-recognition and spiritual renewal.

We extend the construction of a global square sequence in extender models from Zeman [8] to a construction of coherent non-threadable sequences and give a characterization of stationary reflection at inaccessibles similar to Jensen’s characterization in L.

Vulnerability is often conceived of as a valuable category countering the ratiocentric and ableist bias in traditional ethical and political theories. Frequently, social formations are ascribed primary responsibility to respond to vulnerability since relevant theories go against normative individualism. However, generalizing norms and hegemonic structures tend to determine the notion, and thus the administration, of vulnerability. The paper argues that the tacit hypostatization and conceptual fixation of vulnerability can generate dialectical shifts that increase vulnerability precisely by emphasizing it. This is (...) illustrated with examples such as exclusive recognition, stereotyping, social control, a disempowering ethics, and the problematic opposition of vulnerability and resilience. While an awareness for the inherent vulnerability of embodied beings is a crucial prerequisite for preventing us from establishing discriminating notions of “special“ vulnerability, the inner dialectic of the concept cannot be remedied by a simple recipe such as the assertion that we are all vulnerable. (shrink)

Renowned scholar of Ancient Greek Martin Ostwald explains, for a modern audience, the terms by which the ancient Greeks saw and lived their lives—and ...

Reinhold, em sua Filosofia elementar, e Schopenhauer, com sua obra principal O mundo como vontade e representação, se consideram herdeiros de Kant e ambos falam em fatos muito semelhantes sobre os méritos inegáveis e as deficiências da Crítica da razão. No entanto, esforçam-se para apresentar uma filosofia kantiana revisada por meio de uma construção de conceitos de nível superior, mas mantendo a convicção de que as coisas em si mesmas formam um dos pilares fundamentais do sistema. Assim, o intuito deste (...) trabalho é conferir, sobre o pano de fundo kantiano, a aproximação entre os dois pensadores alegada por Martin Bondeli em sua obra Reinhold e Schopenhauer: zwei Denkwelten im Banne von Vorstellung und Wille. (shrink)

In this book Martin McQuillan brings Derrida's writing into the immediate vicinity of geo-politics today, from the Kosovan conflict to the war in Iraq. The chapters in this book follow both Derrida's writing since Specters of Marx and the present political scene through the former Yogoslavia and Afghanistan to Palestine and Baghdad. His 'textual activism' is as impatient with the universal gestures of philosophy as it is with the complacency and reductionism of policy-makers and activists alike. This work records (...) a response to the war on thinking that has marked western discourse since 9/11. (shrink)

ABSTRACTThis article deals with the recent interest shown by critical realists in the study of generative mechanisms in sociology and proposes stronger integration of hermeneutics into this theoretical approach. There are important differences between realism and hermeneutics. While realism strives to overcome the extremes of empiricism and interpretivism with a new version of naturalism, hermeneutics bases its explanations of society on research into meanings. The question is whether underlining these differences is useful for social theory. On the one hand, underestimating (...) hermeneutics makes it difficult for realists to recognize fully the role that processes of understanding play in generating social change. On the other hand, hermeneutical arguments in sociology idealistically identify being with interpreted being. The concept of generative hermeneutics is designed to help to build an alliance between realism and hermeneutics, since one-sided overemphasis on mechanistic logic devaluates the study of social interaction pursued by interpretative sociology. (shrink)

Die Kritik am autonomen, über sich verfügenden und sich selbst transparenten Subjekt, wie sie Martin Heidegger am entschiedensten ausgearbeitet hat, führte in der Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts in der Philosophie zu einer Verabschiedung der Kategorie »Subjektivität«. Die Ironie dieser Situation liegt darin, dass gerade auf dem Boden einer solch umfassenden Kritik die Existenzweise von Subjekten und damit die Möglichkeit der Freiheit neu ausgelegt werden können. Martin Eldrachers Studie zeigt, wie sich erst im Anschluss an die Freilegung einer anarchischen (...) Abhängigkeit Handlungsfähigkeit, Verantwortung und Selbstverständnis als zentrale Komponenten von Subjektivität überzeugend denken lassen. (shrink)

Sooner or later, a discussion of wisdom and philosophy brings to mind Socrates as somehow both wise and ignorant. It is not implausible to say that for Socrates the greatness of philosophy is its capacity to free the individual from fate or circumstance and thereby to destroy the two great fears of mankind with which tragedy was unable to deal: the fear of death and the fear of the loss of love or honor.

A major trend in foster care in developed countries over the past quarter century has been a shift toward placing children with “kin” rather than with unrelated foster parents. This change in practice is widely backed by legislation and is routinely justified as being in the best interests of the child. It is tempting to interpret this change as indicating that the child welfare profession has belatedly discovered that human social sentiments are nepotistic in their design, such that kin tend (...) to be the most nurturant alloparents. Arguably, however, the change in practice has been driven by demographic, economic, and political forces rather than by discovery of its benefits. More and better research is needed before we can be sure that children have actually benefitted. (shrink)