Previous research has shown positive relationships between fitness level and different cognitive abilities and academic performance. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between logical–mathematical intelligence and mathematical competence with physical fitness in a group of pre-adolescents. Sixty-three children from Castro del Río, aged between 11 and 12 years, participated in this research. The Superior Logical Intelligence Test and the EVAMAT 1.0–5 battery were used. Physical fitness was evaluated by the horizontal jump test, the 4×10 meter speed–agility (...) test, and the Course Navette test. The analyses showed positive relationships between physical fitness with logical–mathematical intelligence and mathematical competence. Specifically, linear regression analyzes indicated that the 4×10 speed–agility test significantly predicted mathematical competence and the horizontal jump test significantly predicted logical–mathematical intelligence. These results are in agreement with previous research, highlighting the importance of improving physical fitness from an early age due to its benefits for intellectual and academic development. (shrink)

In Différence et répétition, the transcendental field is presented through the concepts of Idea and intensity. A lot has been said about these concepts, but the relation between them is still a subject of dispute. In this article we aim to shed light upon this knot. First, we will show that intensity is actual, and not virtual nor intermediate like some interpretations suggest. In this point, our reading of the book from 1968 is complemented with Le pli. Leibniz et le (...) Baroque, to show that the actual status of intensity remains the same in the late works of Deleuze. Then, we will explore the relation between intensity and the three characters of the Idea and with the dramatization commanding actualization. After that, the bond between Idea and intensity will be thought through the problem of expression. This results, at last, in a complex articulation between these two planes from the point of view of their order of constitution. In this point, it will be key to put together concepts from both Différence et répétition and Logique du sens. (shrink)

The Aymara of the Andes use absolute (cardinal) frames of reference for describing the relative position of ordinary objects. However, rather than encoding them in available absolute lexemes, they do it in lexemes that are intrinsic to the body: nayra (“front”) and qhipa (“back”), denoting east and west, respectively. Why? We use different but complementary ethnographic methods to investigate the nature of this encoding: (a) linguistic expressions and speech–gesture co-production, (b) linguistic patterns in the distinct regional Spanish-based variety Castellano Andino (...) (CA), (c) metaphorical extensions of CA’s spatial patterns to temporal ones, and (d) layouts of traditional houses. Findings indicate that, following fundamental principles of Aymara cosmology, people, objects, and land—as a whole—are conceived as having an implicit canonical orientation facing east, a primary landmark determined by the sunrise. The above bodily based lexicalizations are thus linguistic manifestations of a broader macro-cultural worldview and its psycho-cognitive reality. (shrink)

El propósito de este texto es ofrecer una visión general de la relación entre nación e historia en los debates que se generaron por parte de los historiadores y otros intelectuales de las ciencias sociales a finales del siglo XIX y durante gran parte del siglo XX. La reflexión central que se plantea consiste entonces en estudiar y mostrar cómo al mismo tiempo que las naciones modernas eran objeto de un proceso de redefinición política, en el escenario intelectual de las (...) ciencias sociales, y en particular de los historiadores, fueron apareciendo también un conjunto de debates y obras que intentaban problematizar y someter a consideración las relaciones que pretendían establecerse entre la nación y la historia como un elemento que las justificaba. (shrink)

This article examines the primacy of real-world bodily experience for understanding the human mind. I defend the idea that the peculiarities of the living human brain and body, and the bodily experiences they sustain, are essential ingredients of human sense-making and conceptual systems. Conceptual systems are created, brought forth, understood and sustained, through very specific cognitive mechanisms ultimately grounded in bodily experience. They don't have a transcendental abstract logic independent of the species-specific bodily features. To defend this position, I focus (...) on a case study: the fundamental concept of time flow. Using tools of cognitive linguistics, I analyse the foundations of this concept, as it is manifested naturally in everyday language. I show that there is a precise conceptual metaphor whose inferential structure gives an account of a huge variety of linguistic expressions, semantic contents, and unconscious spontaneous gestures: Time Events Are Things In Space. I discuss various special cases of this conceptual metaphor. This mapping grounds its source domain in specific spatial bodily experiences and projects its inferential structure onto a target domain making inferences in that domain possible. This mechanism allows us to unconsciously, effortlessly, and precisely understand expressions such as ‘the year 2000 is approaching’ or ‘the days ahead of us’. The general form of the mapping seems to be universal. The analysis raises important issues which demand a deeper and richer understanding of cognition and the mind: a view that sees the mind as fully embodied. In order to avoid misunderstandings with a general notion of ‘embodiment’ which has become fashionable in contemporary cognitive science, I describe what I mean by ‘full embodiment’: an embodied-oriented approach that has an explicit commitment to all of cognition, not just to low-level aspects of cognition such as sensory-motor activity or locomotion . I take embodiment to be a living phenomenon in which the primacy of bodily grounded experience is inherently part of the very subject matter of the study of the mind. (shrink)

The recently celebrated division into ‘easy’ and ‘hard’ problems of consciousness is unfortunate and misleading. Built on functionalist grounds, it carves up the subject matter by declaring that the most elusive parts need a fundamentally and intrinsically different solution. What we have, rather, are ‘difficult’ problems of conscious experience, but problems that are not difficult per se. Their difficulty is relative, among other things, to the kind of solution one is looking for and the tools used to accomplish the task. (...) I argue that the study of conscious experience in our scientific and philosophical tradition is a very difficult problem because it has been addressed with inappropriate tools: with harmful long-lasting and inadequate dogmas that have dogged science for centuries. I describe five of these dogmas, which are: the existence of an objective reality independent of human understanding; the subordination of epistemology to ontology; the restricted view of the objectivist-subjectivist dichotomy; the exclusion of the body from the study of the mind; and the idea of explaining the mind in terms of the neurophysiological processes of individual brains. I claim that conscious experience is not a transcendental, paranatural, mystic or magic phenomenon. It is tractable and approachable with scientific methods. However, one must look not only for non-reductionist views to approach it, but also for views that avoid the dogmas here described. Conscious experience is a living phenomenon and it has to be understood as such. Accordingly, our understanding of it has to make sense at several levels, from evolution to morphophysiology, from neuroanatomy to language. I put forward an approach to conscious experience which is free of the dogmas that make the study of conscious experience so difficult. This view, called ecological naturalism, is a non-functionalist and non-reductive view that provides an naturalistic account of the mind. It also puts special emphasis on irreducible supra-individual biological processes that are essential in the realization of mental phenomena and therefore conscious experience. (shrink)

Early quantitative skills cannot be directly extended to provide the richness, precision, and sophistication of the concept of natural number. These skills must interact with top-down mathematical schemas, which can be explained by bodily grounded everyday mechanisms for abstraction and imagination (e.g., conceptual metaphor, blending) that are both biologically plausible and culturally shaped (established beyond the child's mind).

The neural realization of number in abstract form is implausible, but from this it doesn't follow that numbers are not abstract. Clear definitions of abstraction are needed so they can be applied homogenously to numerical and non-numerical cognition. To achieve a better understanding of the neural substrate of abstraction, productive cognition must be investigated.

Clarke and Beck's defense of the theoretical construct “approximate number system” is flawed in serious ways – from biological misconceptions to mathematical naïveté. The authors misunderstand behavioral/psychological technical concepts, such as numerosity and quantical cognition, which they disdain as “exotic.” Additionally, their characterization of rational numbers is blind to the essential role of symbolic reference in the emergence of number.

We undertake the comparison between Ludwig von Bertalanffy's General Systems Theory and Alexandr Bodganov's Tektology as two theories proposing a holistic interpretation of reality and claiming to solve problems which are unsolvable via conventional philosophic and scientific theories and methodologies. Basic misunderstandings by some Soviet authors regarding the nature of these theories — especially in the case of Tektology — are pointed out. The comparison is made in what concerns the general origins and purposes of the theories, their approaches to (...) the problem of organization, their treatment of mathematics and their understanding of the cybernetic concept of regulation.We contend that Tektologycontains — some 15 years earlier — all the basic concepts which will be later developed by the General Theory of Systems. As we shall see, Tektology is the ultimate expansion of any theory of systems. This fact is widely ignored in contemporary specialized literature. (shrink)

We undertake the comparison between Ludwig von Bertalanffy's General Systems Theory and Alexandr Bogdanov's Tektology as two theories proposing a holistic interpretation of reality and claiming to solve problems which are unsolvable via conventional philosophic and scientific theories and methodologies. Basic misunderstandings by some Soviet authors regarding the nature of these theories -- especially in the case of Tektology -- are pointed out. The comparison is made in what concerns the general origins and purposes of the theories, their approaches to (...) the problem of organization, their treatment of mathematics and their understanding of the cybernetic concept of regulation. We contend that Tektology contains -- some 15 years earlier -- all the basic concepts which will be later developed by the General Theory of Systems. As we shall see, Tektology is the ultimate expansion of any theory of systems. This fact is widely ignored in contemporary specialized literature. We finally contend that both Tektology and the General Systems Theory are a sign of the times. A holistic secular monism is a respectable alternative to the failure of contemporary science and philosophy in guiding the life of men, in providing a raison d'être for human existence. However, we do not explore the soundness of this alternative. (shrink)

Nos proponemos pensar una teoría de la acción implícita en la filosofía deleuziana del espacio. El concepto de profundidad, en el que se despliega el carácter de la intensidad como afirmación de la diferencia, funciona como presupuesto de esta teoría. A partir de dos textos de Ruyer y Simondon mencionados por Deleuze, los afectos aparecen como expresión de aquella dimensión espacial en el sujeto. La profundidad se articula a su vez con las síntesis temporales en un recorrido que encuentra en (...) la noción de pliegue el concepto adecuado para pensar un sujeto de la acción alternativo al yo sustancial. (shrink)

Resumen Este artículo propone una lectura del concepto de lo Natal desde la perspectiva de la ontología de Diferencia y repetición. El estudio de los rasgos ontológicos que esa noción ofrece, en especial en Mil mesetas, arroja una nueva luz sobre el aspecto intensivo de la teoría deleuziana del fundamento. En este sentido, el concepto de lo Natal se vincula especialmente con los conceptos de profundidad y campo de individuación. La consideración conjunta de estas nociones permite postular la novedad de (...) la teoría deleuziana del fundamento en relación con la tradición de la metafísica occidental, que se expresa en el hecho de que el fundamento se presenta como ámbito de la individuación, el devenir y la multiplicidad. En última instancia, el fundamento se ve superado hacia un sin-fondo.This article proposes a reading of the concept of The Natal in the light of the ontology of Difference and repetition. The study of the ontological aspects of this notion in A thousand plateaus brings a new light to the intensive aspect of Deleuze's theory of ground. In this sense, the concept of The Natal is linked with the concepts of depth and field of individuation. The bond between these concepts puts forth the novelty of Deleuze's theory of ground in relation to the tradition of Western metaphysics, expressed in the fact that the ground is presented as a realm of individuation, becoming and multiplicity. The ground is ultimately overcome by an ungrounding. (shrink)

Jose Marti contributed greatly to Cuba's struggle for independence from Spain with words as well as revolutionary action. Although he died before the formation of an independent republic, he has since been hailed as a heroic martyr inspiring Cuban republican traditions.

ABSTRACT This essay will explore the constitution of a transcendental theory of space through an examination of the notion of spatial synthesis in the works of Husserl, Paliard, and Deleuze. First, we shall explore the constitution of the sensorial fields in Husserl’s phenomenology. In Husserlian terms, space is not originally an empty form that can eventually be filled with a certain empirical content. Accordingly, the philosopher claims that spatiality is a consequence of the immanent synthesis of sensations. Then, we will (...) move on to Jacques Paliard’s psychology of perception, where we will find both aesthetic and noetic synthesis as transcendental conditions for the perception of space. Lastly, we will explore Deleuze’s theory of intensive space, specifically the concept of depth developed in a dialogue with Paliard. This comparative analysis shows that purely intensive fields of individuation are a transcendental a priori for the perception of an extensive space. (shrink)

Pretendo mostrar a relação entre o surgimento das primeiras apologias do luxo no século XVIII e a mudança de estatuto das paixões humanas. A hipótese que gostaria de defender é a de que a alteração da compreensão das paixões humanas possibilitou a formulação de uma nova antropologia segundo a qual a busca por prazer é entendida como legítima moral e politicamente.

Tradução e apresentação da tragédia, em prosa, ainda inédita em língua portuguesa, intitulada A Morte de Lucrécia, composta por Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Trata-se de uma história que foi anteriormente relatada por Tito Lívio e gravita em torno da morte de Lucrécia, acontecimento importante que antecedeu o estabelecimento da república de Roma. O texto, inacabado, foi escrito em 1754 e é composto por dois atos e dezoito fragmentos, ainda assim, é de interesse para o leitor de Rousseau e da Filosofia das Luzes.

In this paper two systems of AGM-like Paraconsistent Belief Revision are overviewed, both defined over Logics of Formal Inconsistency (LFIs) due to the possibility of defining a formal consistency operator within these logics. The AGM° system is strongly based on this operator and internalize the notion of formal consistency in the explicit constructions and postulates. Alternatively, the AGMp system uses the AGM-compliance of LFIs and thus assumes a wider notion of paraconsistency - not necessarily related to the notion of formal (...) consistency. (shrink)

Two systems of belief change based on paraconsistent logics are introduced in this article by means of AGM-like postulates. The first one, AGMp, is defined over any paraconsistent logic which extends classical logic such that the law of excluded middle holds w.r.t. the paraconsistent negation. The second one, AGMo , is specifically designed for paraconsistent logics known as Logics of Formal Inconsistency (LFIs), which have a formal consistency operator that allows to recover all the classical inferences. Besides the three usual (...) operations over belief sets, namely expansion, contraction and revision (which is obtained from contraction by the Levi identity), the underlying paraconsistent logic allows us to define additional operations involving (non-explosive) contradictions. Thus, it is defined external revision (which is obtained from contraction by the reverse Levi identity), consolidation and semi-revision, all of them over belief sets. It is worth noting that the latter operations, introduced by S. Hansson, involve the temporary acceptance of contradictory beliefs, and so they were originally defined only for belief bases. Unlike to previous proposals in the literature, only defined for specific paraconsistent logics, the present approach can be applied to a general class of paraconsistent logics which are supraclassical, thus preserving the spirit of AGM. Moreover, representation theorems w.r.t. constructions based on selection functions are obtained for all the operations. (shrink)

O presente texto tem como objetivo estabelecer algumas relações entre o poema de Parmênides e as Investigações Lógicas, de Frege. Mais especificamente, nosso objetivo é iluminar certos aspectos do poema de Parmênides por meio de uma comparação com certas noções utilizadas por Frege para caracterizar aspectos centrais de seu pensamento. The aim of this paper is to establish some relationships between Parmenides' Poem and Frege's Logical Investigations. More specifically, our objective is to illuminate some aspects of the Parmenides' Poem by (...) comparing it to certain notions used by Frege in his Logical Investigations. (shrink)

The “problem of voluntary actions”, traditionally known asthe “problem of substantial union”, is one of the most controversialissues in the Cartesian doctrine. It is about seeking to understand howthe soul, being just an immaterial substance, whose nature consists onlyin thinking, could determine the animal spirits to carry out voluntary actions.The modus operandi, from which Descartes intended to explain howthe thinking substance would determine the movements of the pinealgland, is what greatly botheredElisabeth of Bohemia. In this article, we will present the (...) central aspectsof Descartes’ responses to the problem raised by the princess, especiallywhen trying to show that he is insoluble, because, according to the philosopher,it is a poorly formulated question. Thus, in his correspondencewith Elisabeth, the role of the philosopher is limited to identifying and clarifying mistakes, which certainly did not satisfy Elisabeth’s philosophicalgenius. (shrink)

The most popular work of Francisco Sánchez, Quo nihil scitur (1581), transmits an absolutely sceptic thought. However, other writings like Carmen de Cometa anni M.D.LXXVII (1578), offer us different ideas about how Sánchez considers possible the scientific knowledge like, for example, his idea about the casual relations between natural objects.

Neste trabalho, pretendemos empreender uma comparação entre as filosofias de Spinoza e Pascal a respeito da dimensão essencialmente conflituosa da vida intersubjetiva — e, particularmente, do fato de que esse conflito se origina em um desejo de dominação do outro, fundado, por sua vez, em um desejo de ser reconhecido pelo outro —, de sorte a ressaltar tanto as semelhanças quanto as diferenças que se estabelecem entre os dois filósofos. Como tentaremos mostrar, embora seja possível encontrar diversas semelhanças entre eles, (...) isso não elimina o contraste fundamental que separa seus pensamentos. No entanto, é precisamente a consideração dessa dupla relação que, a nosso ver, faz o interesse de se confrontar suas obras. (shrink)

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é o de ilustrar a oposição dos comunitaristas ao contratualismo, a partir da análise de um caso específico: a crítica de Michael Sandel ao voluntarismo contido na teoria de Rawls. Sandel chama de "voluntarismo" a tese pela qual princípios políticos e morais se legitimam a partir de um exercício da vontade individual, sob a forma da "escolha" ou do "consentimento". Esta tese, como procuraremos argumentar, está na base do contratualismo moderno, embora somente em Rawls ela (...) atinja sua formulação mais perfeita. Sandel propõe como alternativa ao voluntarismo o que ele chama de "cognitivismo", inspirado na visão de mundo dos antigos. Segundo o cognitivismo, os princípios políticos e morais são derivados de fins ou "bens" que são mais descobertos do que propriamente escolhidos. ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to illustrate the opposition between communitarianism and contratualism, from the analysis of a specific case: Michael Sandel's criticism of voluntarism in the theory of Rawls. For Sandel "voluntarism" is the thesis according to which political and moral principles are legitimate from an exercise of individual will, such as "choice" or "consent". We shall argue that this thesis is the grounding basis of modern contractualism, although only with Rawls it reaches its purest form. Sandel suggests as an alternative to voluntarism what he calls "cognitivism", inspired in the ancient understanding of the world. According to cognitivism, the legitimation of political and moral principles streams from ends or "goods" which are discovered rather than chosen. (shrink)

O artigo pretende explicitar a relação entre arte e reconciliação no pensamento de Herbert Marcuse, considerando-se vários de seus escritos que tocam no tema. Ao longo deles, percebe-se que o uso do termo reconciliação assume um duplo significado: por um lado, significa a possibilidade de que os temas sublimados da cultura possam ser efetivados no plano das relações materiais, o que implicaria o desaparecimento da arte; por outro, significa a imagem de um mundo harmonizado que a arte preserva em si (...) e que se distancia da ordem social. Sob esse aspecto, a arte permanece utopia. (shrink)

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar algumas fotografias de Miguel Rio Branco que, diferente de muitos de seus predecessores que atuaram na documentação de determinados grupos sociais no Brasil, buscou romper com a representação do Outro segundo uma visão externa, estereotipada e unívoca. Ao documentar grupos marcadamente oprimidos como prostituas e moradores de ruas, ele produziu não apenas imagens libertas do olhar romântico predominante entre fotógrafos viajantes que percorreram o território brasileiro a partir da segunda metade do século XIX, mas, (...) sobretudo, narrativas visuais que transcendem a função exclusivamente informativa e, por vezes, denuncista das fotografias dos dramas sociais do país realizadas em meados do século XX por fotojornalistas nacionais ou estrangeiros. (shrink)

Mais próxima do corpo e da imaginação, a linguagem que pode ser deduzida da ontologia espinosana nos coloca frente ao problema das relações entre mente e corpo. Como pode uma palavra, modo da extensão, comunicar uma ideia, modo do pensamento, se nosso espírito não é uma replicação do corpo e não há expressão entre os atributos? Ao mesmo tempo Espinosa nos mostra como o desenvolvimento e permanência da língua de um povo ao longo dos tempos depende do uso da linguagem (...) em sociedade. Desenvolvendo estes elementos, o presente artigo visa então construir uma proposta de solução para o problema da linguagem em Espinosa pelo estudo de seus textos políticos. (shrink)

800x600 O objetivo deste trabalho é debater a questão da autonomia e sua relação com a formação humana a partir de dois momentos: primeiro, com o conceito de homem proposto pelas filosofias grega e iluminista e, segundo, os valores difundidos na sociedade contemporânea. Observa-se que mesmo em diferentes momentos históricos, há forte presença do ideal de autonomia e liberdade presente nos projetos educativos. Assim, ao discorrer sobre nosso momento atual e o modo de vida nele difundido, o trabalho analisa os (...) possíveis lugares da escola nesse novo contexto. Inicialmente, é pontuado que o projeto moderno de formação humana concebe o sujeito enquanto dotado de racionalidade a qual precisa ser desenvolvida, o que confere à escola papel social. Dessa forma, a instituição escolar desenvolveu uma série de dispositivos disciplinares voltados ao ordenamento que, ao ter como objetivo final a autonomia, paradoxalmente, acabava por cerceá-la. Tal elemento ganha novos contornos na sociedade atual que defende a presença da liberdade humana, dessa vez, direcionada às práticas de consumo. A cultura humana configura-se como eminentemente individualista, ou seja, voltada para a satisfação imediata a partir da obtenção de determinados tipos de objeto e/ou experiências. Em tal contexto, a educação escolar também vira objeto a ser consumido ganhando características como a descartabilidade. Ao analisar o impacto no contexto escolar, pontua-se a passagem da instituição enquanto instância de controle e disciplina para proposição de lugar da diferença, no qual não é possível pensar em um único modelo formativo, mas sim, o respeito a cada um em sua singularidade. Por fim, indica-se uma mudança de foco para a educação escolar que não pode ser entendida apenas como centralizada na dimensão epistêmica, mas também, na formação ética dos sujeitos que dela fazem parte. Palavras-chave: Formação Humana. Educação escolar. Autonomia. Modernidade. Contemporaneidade. Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE. (shrink)

O artigo pretende mostrar a discussão sobre a tecnologia no Instituto de Pesquisa Social baseado nos pensamentos de Horkheimer e Marcuse. Embora ambos discutam a tecnologia referenciada socialmente, as conclusões a que chegam não são as mesmas. O pensamento do jovem Horkheimer avalia positivamente a tecnologia enquanto força produtiva capaz de libertar o ser humano. Gradativamente essa posição vai cedendo lugar, a partir dos anos 1940, a uma posição mais cética sobre as possibilidades da tecnologia. Esta passa a ser vista (...) enquanto instância de dominação da natureza e dos homens. A tecnologia é responsável pelo declínio do indivíduo. Ao contrário, desde seu primeiro escrito, Marcuse avalia a tecnologia a partir de uma dupla perspectiva: ela é dominação e libertação. No quadro de referência de sua teoria da sociedade, a tecnologia é concebida como força de libertação. Em suas análises da sociedade industrial avançada, a tecnologia está voltada essencialmente para a dominação e manutenção do status quo. Essa dupla percepção torna o pensamento de Marcuse mais dialético e menos pessimista que o de Horkheimer.: The article intends to show the discussion on technology at the Institute of Social Research based on the thoughts of Horkheimer and Marcuse. Although both discuss the technology referenced socially, the conclusions they reached are not the same. The thought of the young Horkheimer evaluates technology as a productive force capable of liberating the human being. In the 1940s this position gradually gave way to a more skeptical one about the possibilities of technology. This is now seen as an instance of domination of nature and man. Instead, since his first writing, Marcuse evaluates technology from a dual perspective: it is domination and liberation. In the framework of his theory of society, technology is conceived as a force for liberation. In his analysis of advanced industrial society, technology is geared primarily for the domination and maintenance of the status quo. This dual perception makes Marcuse’s thought more dialectical and less pessimistic than those of Horkheimer. Keywords: Horkheimer, Marcuse, Technology, Progress, Social Theory. (shrink)

Resumo: Neste trabalho discute-se a crítica de István Mészáros à Lógica de Hegel. Aponta-se como o marxismo realiza a crítica aos pontos de partida e de chegada da Ciência da lógica, quais sejam, o pensamento sem pressupostos e o círculo auto-constituído da Lógica. Com isso, indica-se a diferença entre os modos hegeliano e marxista de conceber o enraizamento do conhecimento no processo de vida real. Discute-se ainda como István Mészáros realizou uma dura crítica à hipostasiação do método dialético em G. (...) Lukács, crítica esta que se apóia na rejeição de um método que deixa de prestar contas ao ser e que, por isso, acaba lidando com a identidade entre conhecimento e ser como uma mera postulação abstrata.: This paper discusses István Mészáros critique of Hegel’s Logic. We point out how Marxism criticizes the presuppositionless thinkingand self-constituted circle of reasoning of the Science of logic. We thereby show the difference between the Hegelian and Marxist ways of conceiving the rooting of knowledge in the process of real life. We also discuss how Mészáros made a scathing critique of the hypostatization of dialectical method in Lukács work. This critique is based on the rejection of a method that fails to be accountable to the real world and therefore ends up treating the identity of knowledge and being as a mere abstract postulation. (shrink)

O tema deste artigo é o antagonismo entre duas “escolas” filosóficas que se desenvolveram a partir de princípios opostos: as “escolas” jônica e a itálica. Aquela desenvolveu-se desde Tales em Mileto, passando por Anaximandro, Anaxímenes, Heráclito, Leucipo, Demócrito, Epicuro..., cuja filosofia se denomina materialista A segunda, de Parmênides, Zenão... até, principalmente, Sócrates, Platão e Aristóteles, cuja filosofia se chama idealista. O proposto é um esquema de releitura dessa história e uma problematização mínima das suas consequências. Verifica-se que desde a Antiguidade (...) os filósofos reconheciam a existência desse antagonismo e conscientemente opunham-se entre si, numa luta cuja vitória, a história o conta, foi dos idealistas. Não se trata de um estudo exaustivo de cada um desses filósofos, mas apenas alguns, aqueles por mim considerados mais exemplares da época dos primórdios da filosofia grega. Ressalta-se, ainda, que esse antagonismo vem sendo recorrentemente negligenciado nos manuais de história da filosofia. Como o único meio para mostrar isso é o de evidenciar a incoerência dos manuais a partir dos próprios textos e testemunhos desses filósofos, o leitor encontrará, com maior ênfase, uma análise do desenvolvimento do atomismo em Leucipo a partir da filosofia de Anaxímenes, ao contrário da afirmação costumeira de que o atomismo se originou da doutrina do Ser de Parmênides. (shrink)