This paper shows the brain correlates of Cloninger’s personality model during the presentation of social scenarios under positive or negative valence situations. Social scenarios were constructed when participants played the Dictator game with two confederates that had two opposites roles as the cooperator and non-cooperator. Later the same day during a fMRI scanning session, participants read negative and positive situations that happened to confederates in the past. Participants were asked to think “how do you think those people felt during that (...) situation?” A dissimilarity matrix between stimuli were obtained from fMRI results. Results shown that Harm Avoidance trait people make use of right middle frontal gyrus and left superior frontal gyrus to discriminate between Coop and NoCoop. Cooperation as a trait makes use of the right superior temporal gyrus and the right precuneus to discriminate between Coop and NoCoop in positive social scenarios. Finally, Self-directedness trait people make use of the right inferior parietal lobe to discriminate between Coop and NoCoop in negative social scenarios and the right precuneus to discriminate between Coop and Strangers. An intuitive link between discrimination findings and behavioral patterns of those personality traits is proposed. (shrink)

AI systems are bringing an augmentation of human capabilities to shape the world. They may also drag a replacement of human conscience in large chunks of life. AI systems can be designed to leave moral control in human hands, to obstruct or diminish that moral control, or even to prevent it, replacing human morality with pre-packaged or developed ‘solutions’ by the ‘intelligent’ machine itself. Artificial Intelligent systems (AIS) are increasingly being used in multiple applications and receiving more attention from the (...) public and private organisations. The purpose of this article is to offer a mapping of the technological architectures that support AIS, under the specific focus of the moral agency. Through a literature research and reflection process, the following areas are covered: a brief introduction and review of the literature on the topic of moral agency; an analysis using the BDI logic model (Bratman 1987); an elemental review of artificial ‘reasoning’ architectures in AIS; the influence of the data input and the data quality; AI systems’ positioning in decision support and decision making scenarios; and finally, some conclusions are offered about regarding the potential loss of moral control by humans due to AIS. This article contributes to the field of Ethics and Artificial Intelligence by providing a discussion for developers and researchers to understand how and under what circumstances the ‘human subject’ may, totally or partially, lose moral control and ownership over AI technologies. The topic is relevant because AIS often are not single machines but complex networks of machines that feed information and decisions into each other and to human operators. The detailed traceability of input-process-output at each node of the network is essential for it to remain within the field of moral agency. Moral agency is then at the basis of our system of legal responsibility, and social approval is unlikely to be obtained for entrusting important functions to complex systems under which no moral agency can be identified. (shrink)

A força actual da microeconomia enquanto chave para a compreensão da vida económica, e a predominância dos mercados sobre as instituições políticas na nova ordern mundial, coloca novos desafios à Ética Económica. Por outro lado, urna teoria da Justiça focalizada em instituições macrosociais dificilmente poderá responder de modo adequado a tais desafios. Neste sentido, o presente artigo tenta sobretudo explorar as enormes potencialidades associadas com a teoria Escolástica da Justiça, teoria essa que focaliza a sua atenção nas decisões dos agentes (...) económicos. Ora é precisamente em ordern a atingir tal objectivo que o autor do artigo recorre ao pensamento de Francisco de Vitoria como principal fonte de inspiração. Mostra-se, desta forma, até que ponto a tradição Escolástica de reflexão sobre o problema da Justiça se revela perfeitamente integrável nos temas e nas preocupações éticas associadas com a microeconomia do nosso tempo. De resto, é por isso mesmo que o autor do artigo sugere este tipo de abordagem como uma das linhas de resposta mais promissoras aos desafios lauçados ao pensamento, e à reflexão ética em particular, pelas novas realidades e pelas novas abordagens da Economia contemporânea. According to the author, the current strength of Microeconomics as a key for understanding economic life, and the predominance of markets over political institutions in the new world order, poses new challenges to Economic Ethics. On the other hand, it is also taken into account the fact that a theory of justice focused on macrosocial institutions is not particularly well suited to undertake those challenges. The article, therefore, aims at explodng some of the potentialities of the Scholastic theory of justice, a theory that is precisely focused on the decision of economic agents. By choosing the works of Francisco de Vitoria as his main reference, the author shows how one of the most distinctive marks of the Scholastic approach consists precisely in the way it facilitates, and promotes, a close integration with Microeconomics. The final purpose of the article, therefore, is to propose such programmatic idea as a promising line of answer to the challenges that the new realities and approaches of economics are now posing anew to the ethical reflection. (shrink)

En este artículo se fundamenta y promueve la necesidad de comprensión de lo local como escala de lo social, y como una producción social resultante de la acción e interacción de agentes que actúan desde diferentes escalas, intereses y objetivos. Se sostiene, además que ello ha sido un campo analítico de bajo desarrollo en Chile y América Latina, aunque se puede inventariar un conjunto de aproximaciones que directa o indirectamente se han referido a ello en el pasado. Por otro lado, (...) se incentiva y se problematiza una orientación política que, dentro de un plano de “estilos de desarrollo”, valorice las dinámicas endógenas locales, es decir con protagonismo de los agentes locales. Ello se fundamenta en la necesidad de hacer visible y proyectar poderes periféricos velados por un cierto “centralismo intelectual”, por la importancia que la calidad de los territorios locales tienen en nuestras vidas, por la necesidad de saldar cuentas con una construcción de “lo nacional” que oprimió diversidades y, finalmente, para evitar la imposición de racionalidades y agentes globales que, bajo un discurso de universalidad, impongan intereses particulares. (shrink)

En este trabajo analizamos las relaciones de complementación en la lengua toba hablada en el este de la provincia de Formosa en estrecha correlación con construcciones seriales simétricas. Se trata de dos tipos de cláusulas complejas cercanas –argumentos compartidos, los dos o más verbos son finitos, no existe marca evidente de subordinación en términos sintácticos– por lo cual los límites entre ambas no resultan evidentes. Por este motivo, proponemos un abordaje de tipo funcional de la subordinación. En línea con la (...) propuesta de Cristófaro, entendemos la subordinación como una relación asimétrica entre dos eventos y no como un tipo específico de cláusula. Proponemos que no existe la complementación en esta lengua como tipo de cláusula y que la “incrustación” no es un criterio que nos permita abordar el fenómeno. El corpus se compone de cinco horas de texto libre narrativo relevado en sucesivos trabajos de campo en las comunidades tobas de Barrio Nam Qom y la ex Colonia secular Bartolomé de Las Casas. (shrink)

Enlightening and entertaining, _Philosophical Tales_ examines a few of the fascinating biographical details of history’s greatest philosophers and highlights their contributions to the field. By applying the true philosophical approach to philosophy itself, the text provides us with a refreshing 'alternative history' of philosophy. Opens up new philosophical debate by applying the true philosophical approach to philosophy itself Provides summaries of the most celebrated and philosophically interesting tales, their backgrounds, and assessments of the leading players Explores philosophers and schools of (...) thought in one key philosophical text to supply a solid grounding in philosophical ideas and individuals Shakes some of the foundations of philosophy with the aim of encouraging the reinvigoration of philosophy itself. (shrink)

Enlightening and entertaining, _Philosophical Tales_ examines a few of the fascinating biographical details of history’s greatest philosophers and highlights their contributions to the field. By applying the true philosophical approach to philosophy itself, the text provides us with a refreshing 'alternative history' of philosophy. Opens up new philosophical debate by applying the true philosophical approach to philosophy itself Provides summaries of the most celebrated and philosophically interesting tales, their backgrounds, and assessments of the leading players Explores philosophers and schools of (...) thought in one key philosophical text to supply a solid grounding in philosophical ideas and individuals Shakes some of the foundations of philosophy with the aim of encouraging the reinvigoration of philosophy itself. (shrink)

The global market for biologics and biosimilar pharmaceutical products is experiencing rapid expansion, primarily driven by the continuous discovery of new molecules. However, information regarding Latin America’s biological market remains limited.

Cuando nos enfrentamos a una obra de autor normalmente queremos adjudicarnos la propiedad física de la misma, ya sea porque quien escribe representa un referente en las temáticas definidas o porque la denominación o título provoca una especie de comezón cognitiva, y hacer caso omiso de ella, podría provocarnos un colapso por privación de pertenencia. Sea cual fuera el caso, la obra de Raúl González se inscribe en una especie de síntesis de las dos situaciones antes expresadas. Es uno de (...) esos .. (shrink)

This study is based on the Acts of Peter, an apocryphal writing of the New Testament. The book, which is actually a work “pious”, popular and exemplary, recounts numerous episodes of magic. Of special interest to maintain the pulse Simon Peter vs Simon Magus, doing magic and miracles in Rome. The ideological background of the book is is an attack against the figure of the bad Roman emperors, whose model is Nerone, character ridiculed as murderer and persecutor of Christians.

This chapter argues that from a particularly weak recombination principle and plausible assumptions about the nature of parthood and location, it follows that it is possible that the mereological structure of the material world and that of space-time fail to correspond to one another in very radical ways. The chapter suggests, moreover, that rejecting the possibility of such failures of correspondence leaves us with a choice of no less unappealing alternatives. It also discusses a few ways in which their possibility (...) is relevant to various important debates in metaphysics. (shrink)

Uriah Kriegel has attempted to describe the varieties of consciousness, that is, the primitive elements that constitute the phenomenal realm. Perceptual, imaginative, algedonic, cognitive, entertai...

Despite growing interest in workplace democracy, the question whether nonworker stakeholders, like suppliers and local communities, warrant inclusion in the governance of democratic companies, as workers do, has been largely neglected. We inspect this question by leaning on the boundary problem in democratic theory. We first argue that the question of who warrants inclusion in democratic workplaces is best addressed by examining why workplace democracy is warranted in the first place, and offer a twofold normative benchmark—addressing objectionable corporate power and (...) upholding efficiency—to assess the principles of democratic inclusion on offer. Against this benchmark, we next argue that the All-Affected Principle is unfit due to its over- and underinclusive extensional results, and that the All-Subjected Principle, whose variants we examine alongside their extensional results, holds more promise when coupled with independent considerations of justice or a constrained variant of the All-Affected Principle. These combinations need not entirely preclude, but speak against, nonworker stakeholder inclusion. (shrink)

The presence of the past is of prime importance in today's Mexican society. According to José Fuentes Mares, among the “peoples of the world the Mexican is the one who lives history the most”. With regard to the unsatisfactory relations between Mexico and North America, the journalist Alan Riding asks himself: “How can a people who relish the past to the point of intoxication understand another that looks constantly to the future?” In the Republic of Mexico, according to him, “the (...) entire past of the country throws a dense shadow over the present”. Conforming to a universal custom, every country divides its present past into four groups (survival, residues, memories and history), but in few nations are the four groups as copious as in this one. Although Mexico is rapidly shedding many old customs and is selling residual objects to foreign collectors on the sly, its historical treasure is still enormous, perhaps the largest in the world. (shrink)

Philosophical Perspective on Cinema addresses the relationship between human existence and sensual reality. Applying metaphysical/existential reflection to cinema, the author explores the philosophical clarity that cinema can offer reflective persons about the human experience.

This book focuses on a key issue today: the role of values in technology, with special emphasis on ethical values. This topic involves the analysis of internal values in technology (as they affect objectives, processes, and outcomes) and the study of external values in technology (social, cultural, economic, ecological, et cetera). These values - internal and external - are crucial to the decision making of engineers. In addition, they have increasing relevance for citizens concerned with the present and future state (...) of technology, which gives society a leading position in technological issues. The book follows three main lines of research: 1) new perspectives on technology, values, and ethics; 2) rationality and responsibility in technology; and 3) technology and risks. This volume analyzes the two main sides involved here: the theoretical basis for the role of values in technology and a practical discussion on how to implement them in our society. Thus, the book is of interest for philosophers, engineers, academics of different fields, and policy-makers. The style used lends itself to broad audience. (shrink)

Seen from the point of view of evaluation conditions, a usual way to obtain a connexive logic is to take a well-known negation, for example, Boolean negation or de Morgan negation, and then assign special properties to the conditional to validate Aristotle’s and Boethius’ Theses. Nonetheless, another theoretical possibility is to have the extensional or the material conditional and then assign special properties to the negation to validate the theses. In this paper we examine that possibility, not sufficiently explored in (...) the connexive literature yet.We offer a characterization of connexive negation disentangled from the cancellation account of negation, a previous attempt to define connexivity on top of a distinctive negation. We also discuss an ancient view on connexive logics, according to which a valid implication is one where the negation of the consequent is incompatible with the antecedent, and discuss the role of our idea of connexive negation for this kind of view. (shrink)

Exploring how a Freudian-Lacanian approach to psychoanalysis intersects with social and cultural theory, Lacan, Jouissance and the Social Sciences demonstrates the significance of subjectivity as a concept for the study of leadership, social psychology, culture, and political theory. Raul Moncayo examines Lacan's notion of surplus jouissance in relation to four types of socio-economic value: Productive Value, Exchange Value, Surplus Value and Profit. Also drawing on the work of Slavoj Žižek, Moncayo contends that surplus production cannot be reduced to alienated (...) labor, but rather includes various levels of jouissance-value. In this way, the jouissance that drives capitalization and organization can be theorized as constructive rather than destructive, and encompass satisfaction and prosperity rather than individual suffering. This volume will be of great interest to psychoanalysts both in practice and in training, and to academics and scholars of psychoanalytic studies, Lacanian studies, and the social sciences. (shrink)

Los coordinadores honoran la memoria del catedrático y amigo nuestro Javier Hernández-Pacheco, que falleció en Sevilla en la mañana del 17 de noviembre de 2020, y le dedican los frutos de la monografía. * * * Cuarenta años atrás Moses I. Finley editó The Legacy of Greece: A New Appraisal en Oxford. Desde entonces, se han editado varios volúmenes al respecto. Con el pasar de las décadas, las armonías entre la sapientia de la Antigua Grecia y la filosofía clásica alemana (...) han ganado terreno reclamando la atención que merecen. Se levantan cada vez más puentes sobre ambos períodos y a diario se publican estudios que desgranan detalles fascinantes. La enorme influencia que tuvieron los antiguos sobre los filósofos idealistas, la mirada de los poetas que anhelaban ese ancestral esplendor, las ideas del pasado y su vigencia en el presente son algunas de las cuestiones estudiadas sobre la Grecia Antigua y la filosofía clásica alemana. ¿Por qué, entonces, surgió la idea de una monografía relacionada con la naturaleza? (shrink)

This book offers intriguing philosophical inquiries into biotechnological art and the life sciences, addressing their convergences as well as their epistemic and functional divergences. Rooted on a thorough understanding of the history of philosophy, this work builds on critical and ontological thought to interpret the concept of life that underscores first-hand dealings with matter and experimentation. The book breaks new ground on the issue of animality and delivers fresh posthumanist perspectives on the topics addressed. The authors embark on a deep (...) ontological probe of the concept of medium as communication-bridging and life-bearing. They also take on the concept of performativity as biotechnological art. The book includes concrete, well-documented case studies and shows how certain narratives and practices directly impact ideas surrounding science and technologies. It will interest philosophers in art and technology, aesthetics, ontology, and the life sciences. It will also engage art practitioners in art and science, curators and researchers. (shrink)

This reading companion and commentary on Lacan Seminar XXIII provides detailed analyses of Lacan's seminar while maintaining an overall continuity and consistency. This book does not purport to provide an exhaustive and systematic line-by-line reading of a very complex and varied seminar. Rather it selects key themes of Lacanian theory that are found present throughout his work. In addition, the book does not try to simplify Lacan's ambiguous style, leaving the text open to different interpretations, while providing theory, commentary, and (...) lines of analysis into some of Lacan's important insights. Finally, this book is not about Joyce the writer, but more about the use that Lacan makes of Joyce. Its purpose is not to apply psychoanalysis to a literary subject, but rather to use the literary text to illustrate and develop psychoanalytic theory, and Lacanian theory in particular. It is an analysis of topology and language, or a linguisterie, as Lacan called it, for clinicians. The references to neurosis and psychosis are always there. However, a Lacanian clinic can also be of service to those interested in literary theory and/or social studies to develop theory within their own respective fields of studies. (shrink)