The article proposes a comparison between the critique that Antoine Arnault (1612-1694) raises against Malebranche’s views on perception and the critique that Thomas Reid (1710-1796) moves against the theory of ideas defended by Berkeley and Hume. Both Arnault and Reid advocate a position according to which our perceptions allow us to have direct knowledge of material objects existing independently of us and not only of representations of them. Arnault proposes different arguments to refute Malebranche. In doing that he (...) doesn’t completely reject the Cartesian representational account of perception. Reid is more radical: in order to refuse Berkeley and Hume he rejects the whole theory of ideas, and focuses instead on the mental powers through which we cognize reality. (shrink)
ABSTRACTThis paper studies Antoine Le Grand's account of organic identity over time in human bodies. In response to Aristotelian critics who argued that the Cartesian rejection of the Aristotelian ontology of matter and form had put in jeopardy the diachronic identity of material substances in general and of living bodies in particular, Le Grand argued that the identity over time of the human body could be accounted for without the traditional notions of matter and form. The paper shows how (...) he drew on both the Cartesian metaphysics of mind and body and contemporary views on human anatomy and organic generation to develop a unique account of bodily identity over time in human animals. (shrink)
This paper argues that next to the now widely recognized ‘externalist’ elements, Reid’s thought about belief with positive epistemic status contains a number of so-far unrecognized ‘internalist’ features. This claim is substantiated by (1) identifying a number of conditions that Reid holds beliefs of various sorts must satisfy if they are to have positive epistemic status, and by (2) arguing that, for Reid, many of these conditions are internal conditions. The conclusion is that the externalist and internalist elements in Reid (...) form a coherent whole and that his position can, with some qualification, be classified as the conjunction of weak externalism and weak internalism. (shrink)
A translation by Thomas Steele Hall, an historian of physiology, of the 1664 edition of Descartes' L'Homme (ed. Claude Clerselier). Includes an introduction, review of Descartes' physiology, a synopsis of the first French edition, bibliographical materials (editions and sources of L'Homme), and extensive interpretive notes. Also incorporates the French text of 1664 of L'Homme. Forward by I. B. Cohen.
La grande richesse de l’oeuvre de Louis Bouyer est connue. Dès ses premiers livres, le retour décidé aux sources de la liturgie, de la Parole, et des Pères, permettait à ses lecteurs de retrouver un Dieu d’amour vivant. Très caractéristique de cela est Le mystère pascal, qui réhabilite en théologie beaucoup de vues profondes plus ou moins oubliées. Pourtant dans ce livre on constate aussi que souvent, de manière surprenante, l’auteur, après avoir ouvert des fenêtres, en vient à les refermer. (...) Arrivant au samedi saint, une notable contradiction, même, ne peut plus être évitée avec ce qui fut affirmé auparavant du vendredi. Et le statut du samedi saint finalement se révèle difficile à fixer. D’où vient tout cela? L’article s’attache à comprendre les raisons de ce manque de cohérence. On y découvre que le va-et-vient permanent de Bouyer pourrait bien être l’expression d’un dilemme. Finalement la voie propre que Bouyer s’est frayée donne à son oeuvre d’apparaître comme un maillon entre les deux théologies très caractérisées de Thomas d’Aquin et Hans Urs von Balthasar. The great richness of the work of Louis Bouyer is well known. In his first publications, Bouyer initiates a return to the sources of the liturgy, the Word and the Fathers. Very characteristically of this movement is Le mystère pascal, which rehabilitates theologically many profound views more or less forgotten. Nevertheless, we also find that, in this work, the author, after opening new avenues, comes to close them. The status Bouyer gives to Holy Saturday manifests this lack of consistency. The present article attempts to explain this situation. At the end, Bouyer’s own approach appears to be a link between the theologies of Thomas Aquinas and Hans Urs von Balthasar. (shrink)
The article proposes a comparison between the critique that Antoine Arnault (1612-1694) raises against Malebranche’s views on perception and the critique that Thomas Reid (1710-1796) moves against the theory of ideas defended by Berkeley and Hume. Both Arnault and Reid advocate a position according to which our perceptions allow us to have direct knowledge of material objects existing independently of us and not only of representations of them. Arnault proposes different arguments to refute Malebranche. In doing that he (...) doesn’t completely reject the Cartesian representational account of perception. Reid is more radical: in order to refuse Berkeley and Hume he rejects the whole theory of ideas, and focuses instead on the mental powers through which we cognize reality. (shrink)
Widely acknowledged as the principal architect of Scottish common sense philosophy, Thomas Reid is increasingly recognized today as one of the finest philosophers of the eighteenth century. Combining a sophisticated response to the skeptical and idealist views of his day, Reid's thought stands as an important alternative to Humean skepticism, Kantian idealism and Cartesian rationalism. This volume is the first comprehensive overview of Reid's output and covers not only his philosophy in detail, but also his scientific work and his (...) extensive historical influence. (shrink)
Spiritualism designates a philosophy that lays claim to the separation of mind and body and the ontological and epistemological primacy of the former. In France, it is associated with the names of Victor Cousin and René Descartes, or more precisely with what Cousin made of Descartes as the founding father of a brittle rational psychology, closed off from the positive sciences, and as a critic in respect to the empiricist legacy of the idéologues. Moreover, by considering merely the end (...) result, severed from its polemical genesis, we are prevented from understanding how the category of experience constituted a crucial question for spiritualism itself. Through returning to the origin of these discussions in the 1826 preface to Cousin’s Fragments philosophiques, this essay pursues a threefold path: to show that the public birth of Cousinian spiritualism coincides with the affirmation of applying the experimental method, issuing from Bacon, to the study of facts of consciousness; that Cousin’s later evolution follows a process of radicalization—that is, in this context, of ontologization and of reduction; and that by recovering this genesis, we can distinguish many forms of spiritualisms committed to the experimental method, both in alliance with the early Cousin and against the later Cousin. In this way, we can rediscover the interwoven philosophical links, lost in the process of institutionalization, between metaphysical demands and empiricist concerns, or between “French” philosophy and the legacy of Condillac. (shrink)
This paper argues that Reid's first principle of design can be more widely accepted then one might suppose, due to the fact that it specifies no marks of design. Also it is explicated that the relation of the principle, on the one hand, and properly basic design beliefs on the other, is a relation of presupposition. It is furthermore suggested that Reid's discussion of what can be done in case of disagreement about first principles points to a position that is (...) relevant to the current debates in the Epistemology of Disagreement literature and that merits further elaboration. (shrink)
La réception du christianisme byzantin par l’Eglise catholique présente une sorte d’anomalie. Invoquant l’autorité de Thomas d’Aquin, les théologiens occidentaux rejettent généralement l’idée d’une distinction réelle entre l’essence et les énergies divines, tout comme la notion de grâce incréée, laquelle joue un rôle essentiel dans la vision de Grégoire Palamas . D’un autre côté, ces mêmes théologiens ont été nombreux à redécouvrir, durant la période récente, la pensée de Maxime le Confesseur , voyant en celui-ci un génial précurseur de (...)Thomas d’Aquin. Or que resterait-il de la doctrine de Grégoire Palamas sans le patronage de Maxime le Confesseur? Comment méconnaître l’un et reconnaître l’autre au nom du même Thomas d’Aquin? Ce qui vient ici au jour à travers l’étude des contextes et des enjeux doctrinaux, c’est la coexistence, jusqu’alors insoupçonnée, de deux représentations distinctes du rapport entre le créé et l´incréé. L’Occident latin et l’Orient byzantin n´en finissent pas de comprendre différemment cette foi qui leur est pourtant indiscutablement commune. (shrink)
This book explores the nature and implications of positive, creative, and loving mimesis and brings together the interdisciplinary fields of Girardian studies and creativity studies. Scientists, philosophers, psychologists, theologians and ancient thinkers are brought into dialogue with conceptions of mimetic desire, scapegoating, and hominization.
The contribution of this book to the field of reconciliation is both theoretical and practical, recognizing that good theory guides effective practice and practice is the ground for compelling theory. Using a Girardian hermeneutic as a starting point, a new conceptual Gestalt emerges in these essays, one not fully integrated in a formal way but showing a clear understanding of some of the challenges and possibilities for dealing with the deep divisions, enmity, hatred, and other effects of violence.
