Results for 'Robert M. Cook-Deegan'

952 found
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  1. Broad Consent for Research With Biological Samples: Workshop Conclusions.Christine Grady, Lisa Eckstein, Ben Berkman, Dan Brock, Robert Cook-Deegan, Stephanie M. Fullerton, Hank Greely, Mats G. Hansson, Sara Hull, Scott Kim, Bernie Lo, Rebecca Pentz, Laura Rodriguez, Carol Weil, Benjamin S. Wilfond & David Wendler - 2015 - American Journal of Bioethics 15 (9):34-42.
    Different types of consent are used to obtain human biospecimens for future research. This variation has resulted in confusion regarding what research is permitted, inadvertent constraints on future research, and research proceeding without consent. The National Institutes of Health Clinical Center's Department of Bioethics held a workshop to consider the ethical acceptability of addressing these concerns by using broad consent for future research on stored biospecimens. Multiple bioethics scholars, who have written on these issues, discussed the reasons for consent, the (...)
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  2.  80
    Introduction: Sharing Data in a Medical Information Commons.Amy L. McGuire, Mary A. Majumder, Angela G. Villanueva, Jessica Bardill, Juli M. Bollinger, Eric Boerwinkle, Tania Bubela, Patricia A. Deverka, Barbara J. Evans, Nanibaa' A. Garrison, David Glazer, Melissa M. Goldstein, Henry T. Greely, Scott D. Kahn, Bartha M. Knoppers, Barbara A. Koenig, J. Mark Lambright, John E. Mattison, Christopher O'Donnell, Arti K. Rai, Laura L. Rodriguez, Tania Simoncelli, Sharon F. Terry, Adrian M. Thorogood, Michael S. Watson, John T. Wilbanks & Robert Cook-Deegan - 2019 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 47 (1):12-20.
    Drawing on a landscape analysis of existing data-sharing initiatives, in-depth interviews with expert stakeholders, and public deliberations with community advisory panels across the U.S., we describe features of the evolving medical information commons. We identify participant-centricity and trustworthiness as the most important features of an MIC and discuss the implications for those seeking to create a sustainable, useful, and widely available collection of linked resources for research and other purposes.
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  3.  58
    What is a Medical Information Commons?Juli M. Bollinger, Peter D. Zuk, Mary A. Majumder, Erika Versalovic, Angela G. Villanueva, Rebecca L. Hsu, Amy L. McGuire & Robert Cook-Deegan - 2019 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 47 (1):41-50.
    A 2011 National Academies of Sciences report called for an “Information Commons” and a “Knowledge Network” to revolutionize biomedical research and clinical care. We interviewed 41 expert stakeholders to examine governance, access, data collection, and privacy in the context of a medical information commons. Stakeholders' attitudes about MICs align with the NAS vision of an Information Commons; however, differences of opinion regarding clinical use and access warrant further research to explore policy and technological solutions.
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  4.  21
    BRCA1/2 Variant Data-Sharing Practices.Juli M. Bollinger, Abhi Sanka, Lena Dolman, Rachel G. Liao & Robert Cook-Deegan - 2019 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 47 (1):88-96.
    Accessing BRCA1/2 data facilitates the detection of disease-associated variants, which is critical to informing clinical management of risks. BRCA1/2 data sharing is complex and many practices exist. We describe current BRCA1/2 data-sharing practices, in the United States and globally, and discuss obstacles and incentives to sharing, based on 28 interviews with personnel at U.S. and non-U.S. clinical laboratories and databases. Our examination of the BRCA1/2 data-sharing landscape demonstrates strong support for and robust sharing of BRCA1/2 data around the world, increasing (...)
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  5.  20
    Challenges to Building a Gene Variant Commons to Assess Hereditary Cancer Risk: Results of a Modified Policy Delphi Panel Deliberation.Mary A. Majumder, Matthew L. Blank, Janis Geary, Juli M. Bollinger, Christi J. Guerrini, Jill Oliver Robinson, Isabel Canfield, Robert Cook-Deegan & Amy McGuire - 2021 - J. Pers. Med 7 (11):646.
    Understanding the clinical significance of variants associated with hereditary cancer risk requires access to a pooled data resource or network of resources—a “cancer gene variant commons”—incorporating representative, well-characterized genetic data, metadata, and, for some purposes, pathways to case-level data. Several initiatives have invested significant resources into collecting and sharing cancer gene variant data, but further progress hinges on identifying and addressing unresolved policy issues. This commentary provides insights from a modified policy Delphi process involving experts from a range of stakeholder (...)
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  6.  12
    Conflicts between commercial and scientific roles in academic health research.Neetika Prabhakar Cox, Christopher Heaney & Robert M. Cook-Deegan - 2010 - In Thomas H. Murray & Josephine Johnston (eds.), Trust and integrity in biomedical research: the case of financial conflicts of interest. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
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  7.  48
    Alzheimer Testing at Silver Years.A. Mathew Thomas, Gene Cohen, Robert M. Cook-Deegan, Joan O'sullivan, Stephen G. Post, Allen D. Roses, Kenneth F. Schaffner & Ronald M. Green - 1998 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 7 (3):294-307.
    Early last year, the GenEthics Consortium (GEC) of the Washington Metropolitan Area convened at George Washington University to consider a complex case about genetic testing for Alzheimer disease (AD). The GEC consists of scientists, bioethicists, lawyers, genetic counselors, and consumers from a variety of institutions and affiliations. Four of the 8 co-authors of this paper delivered presentations on the case. Supplemented by additional ethical and legal observations, these presentations form the basis for the following discussion.
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  8.  39
    LeRoy Walters’s Legacy of Bioethics in Genetics and Biotechnology Policy.Robert Cook-Deegan & Stephen J. McCormack - 2019 - Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 29 (1):51-66.
    LeRoy Walters was a central figure in debates about federal policy regarding genetics and biotechnology—a neutral, publicly engaged philosopher and religious studies academic who put his skills to work in national service. His career spanned the emergence of biotechnology as a field in the 1970s until his retirement. His interests reached from moral philosophical theory to Holocaust studies to practical concerns about public policy in genetics. We focus here on the role of bioethics in policy related to the advent of (...)
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  9.  33
    CRISPR Patents: Aspiring to Coherent Patent Policy.Robert Cook-Deegan - 2018 - American Journal of Bioethics 18 (12):51-54.
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  10.  23
    Patents and Genome-Wide DNA Sequence Analysis: Is it Safe to Go into the Human Genome?Robert Cook-Deegan & Subhashini Chandrasekharan - 2014 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 42 (s1):42-50.
    Whether, and to what degree, do patents granted on human genes cast a shadow of uncertainty over genomics and its applications? Will owners of patents on individual genes or clusters of genes sue those performing whole-genome analyses on human samples for patent infringement? These are related questions that have haunted molecular diagnostics companies and services, coloring scientific, clinical, and business decisions. Can the profusion of whole-genome analysis methods proceed without fear of patent infringement liability?Whole-genome sequencing is proceeding apace. Academic centers (...)
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  11.  22
    Preliminary data on US DNA-based patents and plans for a survey of licensing practices.R. M. Cook-Deegan, L. Walters, Lori Pressman, Derrick Pau, Stephen McCormack, Janella Gatchalian & Richard Burges - 2003 - In Bartha Maria Knoppers (ed.), Populations and genetics: legal and socio-ethical perspectives. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff.
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  12.  18
    Lessons from Biomedical Innovation during World War II.Robert Cook-Deegan - 2021 - Hastings Center Report 51 (5):3-3.
    Hastings Center Report, Volume 51, Issue 5, Page 3-3, September‐October 2021.
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  13.  45
    Genomic Data-Sharing Practices.Angela G. Villanueva, Robert Cook-Deegan, Jill O. Robinson, Amy L. McGuire & Mary A. Majumder - 2019 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 47 (1):31-40.
    Making data broadly accessible is essential to creating a medical information commons. Transparency about data-sharing practices can cultivate trust among prospective and existing MIC participants. We present an analysis of 34 initiatives sharing DNA-derived data based on public information. We describe data-sharing practices captured, including practices related to consent, privacy and security, data access, oversight, and participant engagement. Our results reveal that data-sharing initiatives have some distance to go in achieving transparency.
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  14.  36
    Characterizing the Biomedical Data-Sharing Landscape.Angela G. Villanueva, Robert Cook-Deegan, Barbara A. Koenig, Patricia A. Deverka, Erika Versalovic, Amy L. McGuire & Mary A. Majumder - 2019 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 47 (1):21-30.
    Advances in technologies and biomedical informatics have expanded capacity to generate and share biomedical data. With a lens on genomic data, we present a typology characterizing the data-sharing landscape in biomedical research to advance understanding of the key stakeholders and existing data-sharing practices. The typology highlights the diversity of data-sharing efforts and facilitators and reveals how novel data-sharing efforts are challenging existing norms regarding the role of individuals whom the data describe.
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  15.  22
    What's the Use? Disparate Purposes of U.S. Federal Bioethics Commissions.Jenny Dyck Brian & Robert Cook-Deegan - 2017 - Hastings Center Report 47 (S1):14-16.
    In the forty‐year history of U.S. bioethics commissions, these government‐sanctioned forums have often demonstrated their power to address pressing problems and to enable policy change. For example, the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, established in 1974, left a legacy of reports that were translated into regulations and had an enormous practical impact. And the 1982 report Splicing Life, by the President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and (...)
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  16.  38
    Commentary on “distinguishing genetic from nongenetic medical tests: Some implications for antidiscrimination legislation” (j. S. Alper and J. beckwith). [REVIEW]Robert Mullan Cook-Deegan - 1998 - Science and Engineering Ethics 4 (2):151-154.
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  17.  17
    Edwin Southern, DNA blotting, and microarray technology: A case study of the shifting role of patents in academic molecular biology.Daidree Tofano, Ilse Wiechers & Robert Cook-Deegan - 2006 - Genomics, Society and Policy 2 (2):1-12.
    Edwin Southern developed a blotting technique for DNA in 1973, thereby creating a staple of molecular biology laboratory procedures still used after several decades. It became a seminal technology for studying the structure of DNA. The story of the creation and dissemination of this technology, which was not patented and was freely distributed throughout the scientific community, stands as a case study in open science. The Southern blot was developed at a time when attitudes about commercial intrusion into health research (...)
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  18.  68
    The Bermuda Triangle: The Pragmatics, Policies, and Principles for Data Sharing in the History of the Human Genome Project.Kathryn Maxson Jones, Rachel A. Ankeny & Robert Cook-Deegan - 2018 - Journal of the History of Biology 51 (4):693-805.
    The Bermuda Principles for DNA sequence data sharing are an enduring legacy of the Human Genome Project. They were adopted by the HGP at a strategy meeting in Bermuda in February of 1996 and implemented in formal policies by early 1998, mandating daily release of HGP-funded DNA sequences into the public domain. The idea of daily sharing, we argue, emanated directly from strategies for large, goal-directed molecular biology projects first tested within the “community” of C. elegans researchers, and were introduced (...)
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  19.  47
    Hopeful and Concerned: Public Input on Building a Trustworthy Medical Information Commons.Patricia A. Deverka, Dierdre Gilmore, Jennifer Richmond, Zachary Smith, Rikki Mangrum, Barbara A. Koenig, Robert Cook-Deegan, Angela G. Villanueva, Mary A. Majumder & Amy L. McGuire - 2019 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 47 (1):70-87.
    A medical information commons is a networked data environment utilized for research and clinical applications. At three deliberations across the U.S., we engaged 75 adults in two-day facilitated discussions on the ethical and social issues inherent to sharing data with an MIC. Deliberants made recommendations regarding opt-in consent, transparent data policies, public representation on MIC governing boards, and strict data security and privacy protection. Community engagement is critical to earning the public's trust.
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  20.  22
    Protein structure determination by nuclear magnetic resonance.Robert M. Cooke & Iain D. Campbell - 1988 - Bioessays 8 (2‐3):52-56.
    The solution structures of several small proteins have recently been determined from high‐resolution nuclear magnetic resonance data. The principal features of the methods available to do this are outlined here, together with the advantages, limitations and future prospects of the technique.
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  21.  59
    Pierre Devambez, Robert Flacelière, Plerre-Maxime Schuhl, Roland Martin: A Dictionary of Ancient Greek Civilization. Pp. 491; over 400 unnumbered text figures. London: Methuen, 1967. Cloth, £4. 10 s. net. [REVIEW]J. M. Cook - 1968 - The Classical Review 18 (3):362-362.
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  22.  20
    A History of the Royal College of Physicians of London. Volume III. A. M. Cooke.Robert Frank Jr - 1973 - Isis 64 (1):120-121.
  23.  37
    Marieke M. A. Hendriksen. Elegant Anatomy: The Eighteenth-Century Leiden Anatomical Collections. (History of Science and Medicine Library, 47.) xi + 249 pp., illus., bibl., index. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2015. (Cloth.) Rina Knoeff; Robert Zwijnenberg (Editors). The Fate of Anatomical Collections. (History of Medicine in Context.) xx + 305 pp., illus., figs., apps., index. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2015. [REVIEW]Harold J. Cook - 2016 - Isis 107 (1):149-152.
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  24.  36
    Is a ‘Last Chance’ Treatment Possible After an Irreversible Brain Intervention?Frederic Gilbert, Alexander R. Harris, Susan Dodds & Robert M. I. Kapsa - 2015 - American Journal of Bioethics Neuroscience 6 (2):W1-W2.
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  25.  43
    Commentary: Cognitive reflection vs. calculation in decision making.Gordon Pennycook & Robert M. Ross - 2016 - Frontiers in Psychology 7.
  26.  13
    Do Clinical Ethics Fellowships Prepare Trainees for Their First Jobs? A National Survey of Former Clinical Ethics Fellows.Kathryn L. Weise, Sabahat Hizlan, Douglas S. Diekema & Robert M. Guerin - 2020 - Journal of Clinical Ethics 31 (4):372-382.
    Clinical ethics consultants provide a range of services in hospital settings and in teaching environments. Training to achieve the skills needed to meet the expectations of employers comes in various forms, ranging from on-the-job training to formal fellowship training programs. We surveyed graduates of clinical ethics fellowships to evaluate their self-reported preparedness for their first job after fellowship training. The results indicated several areas of need, including greater exposure to program-building skills, quality improvement skills, and approaches to working with members (...)
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  27.  48
    Books briefly noted.Pascal O'Gorman, Eoin G. Cassidy, Maire O'Neill, James McCormick, Maeve Cooke, Patrick Gorevan & Attracta Ingram - 1994 - International Journal of Philosophical Studies 2 (2):381 – 387.
    Essays on Philosophy and Economic Methodology By Daniel M. Hausman Cambridge University Press, 1992. Pp. 259. ISBN 0?521?41740?6. £35.00. Le Fondement de la morale: Essai d'éthiquephilosophique By André Léonard Cerf, 1991. Pp. 381. ISBN not available. FF240. The Philosophy of Time Edited By Robin Le Poidevin and Murray MacBeath Oxford University Press, 1993. Pp. 230. ISBN 0?19?823998?X. £27.50. The Ethics and Politics of Human Experimentation By Paul M. McNeill Cambridge University Press, 1993. Pp. 315. ISBN 0?521?41627?2. £35.00. Modern Conditions, Postmodern (...)
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  28.  22
    Integrating Categorization and Decision‐Making.Rong Zheng, Jerome R. Busemeyer & Robert M. Nosofsky - 2023 - Cognitive Science 47 (1):e13235.
    Though individual categorization or decision processes have been studied separately in many previous investigations, few studies have investigated how they interact by using a two-stage task of first categorizing and then deciding. To address this issue, we investigated a categorization-decision task in two experiments. In both, participants were shown six faces varying in width, first asked to categorize the faces, and then decide a course of action for each face. Each experiment was designed to include three groups, and for each (...)
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  29.  22
    Conversion from Nonstandard to Standard Measure Spaces and Applications in Probability Theory.Peter A. Loeb & Robert M. Anderson - 1975 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 50 (1):243-243.
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  30.  28
    Cases in Bioethics from the Hastings Center Report.Laurence B. McCullough, Alastair Campbell, Roger Higgs, Colleen D. Clements, Carol Levine & Robert M. Veatch - 1983 - Hastings Center Report 13 (5):42.
    Book reviewed in this article: In That Case: Medical Ethics in Everyday Practice. By Alastair Campbell and Roger Higgs. Medical Genetics Casebook: A Clinical Introduction to Medical Ethics Systems Theory. By Colleen D. Clements. Cases in Bioethics from the Hastings Center Report. Edited by Carol Levine and Robert M. Veatch. Hastings‐on‐Hudson.
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  31.  20
    Measurement validity and the integrative approach.Wendy C. Higgins, Alexander J. Gillett, Eliane Deschrijver & Robert M. Ross - 2024 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 47:e46.
    Almaatouq et al. propose a novel integrative approach to experiments. We provide three examples of how unaddressed measurement issues threaten the feasibility of the approach and its promise of promoting commensurability and knowledge integration.
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  32.  83
    Experimental pragmatics: Testing for implicitures.Merrill Garrett & Robert M. Harnish - 2007 - Pragmatics and Cognition 15 (1):65-90.
    Grice proposed to investigate 'the total signification of the utterance'. One persistent criticism of Grice's taxonomy of signification is that he missed an important category of information. This content, and/or the process of providing it, goes by a variety of labels: 'generalized implicature', 'explicature', 'unarticulated constituents', 'default heuristics', 'impliciture'. In this study we first take a sample of such phenomena and, from the point of view of pure pragmatics, survey the central descriptions of the content expressed and the mechanisms that (...)
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  33.  46
    Do Physicians’ Own Preferences for Life-Sustaining Treatment Influence Their Perceptions of Patients’ Preferences?Lawrence J. Schneiderman, Robert M. Kaplan, Robert A. Pearlman & Holly Teetzel - 1993 - Journal of Clinical Ethics 4 (1):28-33.
  34.  16
    Philosophical and Theological Papers: 1958-1964.Bernard J. F. Lonergan, Robert C. Croken, Frederick E. Crowe & Robert M. Doran - 1996
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  35.  31
    People with Williams syndrome process faces holistically.Helen Tager-Flusberg, Daniela Plesa-Skwerer, Susan Faja & Robert M. Joseph - 2003 - Cognition 89 (1):11-24.
  36.  15
    Characterizing Early Maternal Style in a Population of Guide Dogs.Emily E. Bray, Mary D. Sammel, Dorothy L. Cheney, James A. Serpell & Robert M. Seyfarth - 2017 - Frontiers in Psychology 8.
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  37.  12
    Make My Case: Ethics Teaching and Case Presentations.Gretchen M. E. Aumann, Rosa Lynn Pinkus, Robert M. Arnold, Mark R. Wicclair & Mark Kuczewski - 1994 - Journal of Clinical Ethics 5 (4):310-315.
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  38.  77
    Remembering Past Lives.Claire White, Robert M. Kelly & Shaun Nichols - 2016 - In Helen De Cruz & Ryan Nichols (eds.), Advances in Religion, Cognitive Science, and Experimental Philosophy. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 169-196.
    The aim of this chapter is to address the role of memory in past-life convictions. Although it is commonly accepted in the modern media - and popular western culture more generally - that people believe they have lived before because the memory contains detailed verifiable facts, little is known about how people actually reason about the veracity of their previous existence. To our knowledge, the current project is the most extensive research that probes the role of memory in past life (...)
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  39.  17
    Der Grenzbereich zum Chaos: Ein nichtlineares Verständnis der psychoanalytischen Technik.Robert M. Galatzer-Levy - 2016 - Psyche 70 (11):1013-1040.
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  40.  57
    Should Institutions Disclose the Names of Employees with Covid‐19?Daniel P. Sulmasy & Robert M. Veatch - 2020 - Hastings Center Report 50 (3):25-27.
    Prestigious University is a large, private educational institution with a medical school, a university hospital, a law school, and graduate and undergraduate colleges all on a single campus. In the face of the Covid‐19 pandemic, students were told during spring break to return to campus only briefly to retrieve their belongings. Classes then went online. On March 23, 2020, the faculty, students, and staff were emailed the following by the university's director of infection control and public health: We have become (...)
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  41.  16
    The Hedonics of Debt.Faith Shin, Dov Cohen, Robert M. Lawless & Jesse L. Preston - 2020 - Frontiers in Psychology 11.
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  42. The Right-Based Criticism of the Doctrine of Double Effect.Stephen Kershnar & Robert M. Kelly - 2020 - International Journal of Applied Philosophy 34 (2):215-233.
    If people have stringent moral rights, then the doctrine of double effect is false or unimportant, at least when it comes to making acts permissible or wrong. There are strong and weak versions of the doctrine of double effect. The strong version asserts that an act is morally right if and only if the agent does not intentionally infringe a moral norm and the act brings about a desirable result (perhaps the best state of affairs available to the agent or (...)
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  43.  29
    Books for review and for listing here should be addressed to the Review Edi tor: Erie Snider, Philosophy, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA.Peter Aehinstein, W. S. Anglin, Faith Oxford, Robert M. Baird, Stuart E. Rosenbaum, Denise Breton & Christopher Largent - 1991 - Teaching Philosophy 14 (3).
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  44.  38
    (1 other version)College Sex - Philosophy for Everyone: Philosophers with Benefits.Fritz Allhoff, Michael Bruce & Robert M. Stewart (eds.) - 2010 - Wiley-Blackwell.
    Written with insight and humor, _College Sex - Philosophy for Everyone_ investigates a broad array of philosophical issues relating to student sex. Examines the ethical issues of dating, cheating, courtship, homosexual experimentation, and drug and alcohol use Considers student-teacher relationships, sexual experimentation, the meaning of sex in a college setting and includes two essays based on influential research projects on ‘friends with benefits’ Many of the authors teach classes that explore the philosophy of love and sex, and most are scholars (...)
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  45. The effects of an interfering task on the learning of a complex motor skill.Katherine E. Baker, Ruth C. Wylie & Robert M. Gagné - 1951 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 41 (1):1.
  46. Libet and Freedom in a Mind-Haunted World.David G. Limbaugh & Robert M. Kelly - 2018 - American Journal of Bioethics Neuroscience 9 (1):42-44.
    Saigle, Dubljevic, and Racine (2018) claim that Libet-style experiments are insufficient to challenge that agents have free will. They support this with evidence from experimen- tal psychology that the folk concept of freedom is consis- tent with monism, that our minds are identical to our brains. However, recent literature suggests that evidence from experimental psychology is less than determinate in this regard, and that folk intuitions are too unrefined as to provide guidance on metaphysical issues like monism. In light of (...)
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  47. Benefits of Realist Ontologies to Systems Engineering.Eric Merrell, Robert M. Kelly, David Kasmier, Barry Smith, Marc Brittain, Ronald Ankner, Evan Maki, Curtis W. Heisey & Kevin Bush - 2021 - 8th International Workshop on Ontologies and Conceptual Modelling (OntoCom).
    Applied ontologies have been used more and more frequently to enhance systems engineering. In this paper, we argue that adopting principles of ontological realism can increase the benefits that ontologies have already been shown to provide to the systems engineering process. Moreover, adopting Basic Formal Ontology (BFO), an ISO standard for top-level ontologies from which more domain specific ontologies are constructed, can lead to benefits in four distinct areas of systems engineering: (1) interoperability, (2) standardization, (3) testing, and (4) data (...)
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  48.  24
    Challenges in the Ethics and Implementation of Learning Health Care Systems.Matthew Crane, Stephanie Morain, Nancy Kass, Ruth Faden & Robert M. Califf - 2023 - American Journal of Bioethics 23 (8):1-4.
    Pragmatic clinical trials (PCTs) serve an important function in the modern research landscape: studying interventions in an environment that reflects real-world conditions, rather than the relative...
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  49. Responsibility-Foundation: Still Needed and Still Missing.Stephen Kershnar & Robert M. Kelly - forthcoming - Science, Religion and Culture.
    Responsibility is impossible because there is no responsibility-maker and there needs to be one if people are morally responsible. The two most plausible candidates, psychology and decision, fail. A person is not responsible for an unchosen psychology or a psychology that was chosen when the person is not responsible for the choice. This can be seen in intuitions about instantly-created and manipulated people. This result is further supported by the notion that, in general, the right, the good, and virtue rest (...)
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  50.  21
    Augustus to Constantine: The Thrust of the Christian Movement into the Roman World.Erich S. Gruen & Robert M. Grant - 1972 - Journal of the American Oriental Society 92 (1):190.
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