This article proposes an exposition and analysis of perceptions intrinsic to rituals carried out with the use of the jurema plant, especially when mixed with Syrian rue (juremahuasca) in contexts of contemporary esoteric re-actualizations in Brazil. These rituals are conducted by people who look at jurema as a spiritual path, once acquainted with its psychedelic properties. We highlight the mystical attributes and the cultural bricolage elaborated by these individuals, who conduct ceremonies in ritual spaces in which participants experience altered states (...) of perception and consciousness. Considered as an entheogen, jurema leads to states of mystical transformation in people. Such personal changes are often considered by users as the rhetoric of healing. Life stories and ethnographic contexts form the background of the article, which seeks to advance understandings about jurema based on speculations around the intertwining of the themes of consciousness, mysticism, and healing. (shrink)

The key to understanding what is problematic about The Man's behavior lies in considering his inflexible attitude toward following a particular kind of rule: the construction instructions accompanying his various LEGO sets. The Man treats the LEGO instructions he is following—which clearly have, at best, the status of conventional, rather than moral, rules—in a manner fitting only for moral requirements. To understand the severity of The Man's mistake, people need only contrast his attitude with that of Emmet Brickowoski at the (...) start of The LEGO Movie. Emmet is largely to be pitied rather than blamed for his inflexible rule‐following behavior. By contrast, there is no indication that The Man's rule‐following behavior is in any way aimed, even unsuccessfully, at attaining some genuine good. Rather, The Man follows the rules merely because they are, well, the rules. (shrink)

Aesthetic judgements formed on the basis of testimony are commonly held to be defective, illegitimate, or otherwise problematic. This first book-length treatment of the debate surrounding aesthetic testimony argues for the surprising conclusion that this widespread view is mistaken. Aesthetic testimony is in no way inferior as a source of judgement when compared to either first-hand aesthetic judgement, or testimony concerning non-aesthetic matters. Alongside establishing this position (an extreme form of ‘optimism concerning aesthetic testimony’) this work also responds to the (...) most prominent arguments for the opposing view (‘pessimism concerning aesthetic testimony’). Along the way, it also re-examines our understanding of the norms which govern both judgement and assertion in aesthetics. (shrink)

Jacob (history, New School for Social Research) proposes that the science of the 17th and 18th centuries was eventually accepted because it was made compatible with larger political and economic interests. A celebration of the recently concluded 33 volume edition of the Collected works of John Stuart Mill, produced over a period of nearly 30 years, the last 20 under the guiding genius (and hand) of general editor Robson. Following a tributary history of the project itself, essays cover Mill's (...) career as a thinker and as a bureaucrat and public servant, exploring the effects of the various milieu--domestic, political, administrative, religious, and cultural--in which he moved. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR. (shrink)

Analisaremos alguns elementos constituintes da profissão de jornalista e possíveis contrastes com os modelos analíticos apresentados pela Sociologia das Profissões em busca de níveis de adesão ao trabalho jornalístico. No texto, a relação do jornalista com o labor é classificada em quatro categorias como sendo: sacerdócio (missão a ser cumprida); negócio (venda da mão-de-obra no mercado de trabalho); profissão (trabalho especializado com uma identidade específica); e emprego (trabalho apenas remunerativo sem vínculo identitário). O intuito é o de um breve panorama (...) sobre as conceituações e modelos analíticos que propiciem o entendimento da especialização do trabalho jornalístico. Abordaremos a relação do jornalista com o trabalho utilizando também as tipologias: vocação e trabalho; profissão e emprego; sacerdócio e negócio, da Sociologia das Profissões. (shrink)

Background The field of bioethics has evolved over the past half-century, incorporating new domains of inquiry that signal developments in health research, clinical practice, public health in its broadest sense and more recently sensitivity to the interdependence of global health and the environment. These extensions of the reach of bioethics are a welcome response to the growth of global health as a field of vital interest and activity. Methods This paper provides a critical interpretive review of how the term “global (...) health ethics” has been used and defined in the literature to date to identify ethical issues that arise and need to be addressed when deliberating on and working to improve the discourse on ethical issues in health globally. Results Selected publications were analyzed by year of publication and geographical distribution, journal and field, level of engagement, and ethical framework. Of the literature selected, 151 articles were written by authors in high-income countries, as defined by the World Bank country classifications, 8 articles were written by authors in low- or middle-income countries, and 13 articles were collaborations between authors in HIC and LMIC. All of the articles selected except one from 1977 were published after 1998. Literature on global health ethics spiked considerably from the early 2000s, with the highest number in 2011. One hundred twenty-seven articles identified were published in academic journals, 1 document was an official training document, and 44 were chapters in published books. The dominant journals were the American Journal of Bioethics, Developing World Bioethics, and Bioethics. We coded the articles by level of engagement within the ethical domain at different levels: interpersonal, institutional, international, and structural. The ethical frameworks at use corresponded to four functional categories: those examining practical or narrowly applied ethical questions; those concerned with normative ethics; those examining an issue through a single philosophical tradition; and those comparing and contrasting insights from multiple ethical frameworks. Conclusions This critical interpretive review is intended to delineate the current contours and revitalize the conversation around the future charge of global health ethics scholarship. (shrink)

This article explores the nature and theoretical import of a hitherto neglected class of fictions which we term ‘self-involving interactive fictions’. SIIFs are interactive fictions, but they differ from standard examples of interactive fictions by being, in some important sense, about those who consume them. In order to better understand the nature of SIIFs, and the ways in which they differ from other fictions, we focus primarily on the most prominent example of the category: video-game fictions. We argue that appreciating (...) the self-involving nature of video-game fictions is key to understanding various otherwise puzzling phenomena concerning the ways in which consumers respond to them. Video-game fictions are, however, far from being the only extant example of this class; and we suggest that the recent philosophical interest in video games would be better focused on the wider class of self-involving interactive fictions. (shrink)

Este Trabalho discute ações transgressoras didático-pedagógicas ao processo neocolonial no ambiente educacional formal, com o olhar à formação inicial, continuada e a pedagogia no chão da escola, inerentes à superação dos preconceitos, sutis ou não, ao fenótipo negro. Inicialmente rastreou-se, indício das boas práticas didático-pedagógicas, por uma revisão literária, ao se relacionar formação inicial continuada e práticas transgressoras de auto identificação étnico racial no chão da escola, ancorada externamente pelas lutas por uma sociedade e educação antirracistas. Importou sistematizar o processo (...) de silenciamento do fenótipo negro, indutor de subjetividades negras ainda escravizadas, por vezes simbolicamente, nos ambientes educacionais. Além de práticas didático-pedagógicas transgressoras, ao longo do tempo que apresentaram ou têm potencial para atenuação ou superação, segundo a literatura revisada do epistemicídio, conforme a amostragem considerada nos processos de auto identificação inicial e as possíveis identificações mais sólidas no longo prazo detectadas naquelas produções científicas levantadas. As discussões são precedidas pelos alicerces materiais e simbólicos do racismo estrutural, seguidos pelas ações inerentes à formação inicial e continuada, e práticas pedagógicas transgressoras ao neocolonialismo e racismo estrutural. Destaca-se a importância em divulgar os fazeres pedagógicos libertadores para um aquilombamento frente ao neocolonialismo. (shrink)

"Held at the University of Toronto on 3-5 May 1973, honouring the bicentenary of James Mill's birth and the centenary of John Stuart Mill's death." Includes bibliographical references.

Yet another remark,also bearing on Christian tragedies might be made about the conversion of Clorinda. Convinced though we may be of the immediate operations of grace, yet they can please us little on the stage, where everything that has to do with the character of the personages must arise from natural causes. We can only tolerate miracles in the physical world; in the moral everything must retain its natural course, because the theatre is to be the school of the moral (...) world. The motives for every resolve, for every change of opinion or even thoughts, must be carefully balanced against each other so as to be in accordance with the hypothetical character, and must never produce more than they could produce in accordance with strict probability. The poet, by beauty of details, may possess the art of deluding us to overlook misproportions of this kind, but he only deceives us once and as soon as we are cool again we take back the applause he has lured from us. (shrink)

Resumo Apresentaremos neste artigo uma breve discussão acerca das influências do comunitarismo cristão na vida social e política brasileira. Trata-se de um ensaio exploratório. O objetivo é uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema. A partir daquilo que foi possível selecionar, tentamos elaborar algumas ideias, no sentido de apresentar, mesmo que sucintamente, tópicos que podem indicar a importância do comunitarismo cristão, tradição forte e influente não somente nas décadas de 1960 e 1970, mas que, sobretudo no atual contexto político, ainda desempenha (...) um papel central na sociedade brasileira. Recorte especial é a análise sobre as influências do comunitarismo nas ações da Igreja Católica, no Brasil. Assim, a Teologia da Libertação e as Comunidades Eclesiais de Base (CEBs) derivariam do pensamento comunitarista. Por fim, o comunitarismo cristão é apresentado como uma reação ao neoliberalismo, por priorizar "o valor inelutável da dignidade e da transcendência humana e uma resistência insuperável a deixar engolfar o destino humano em uma lógica mercantil, de individualismo possessivo. Essa tradição, em grande medida identificada com as posições hoje encarnadas pela CNBB, é responsável por vastas experiências de solidariedade entre os pobres e oprimidos brasileiros". Palavras-chave: Comunitarismo cristão; Igreja Católica; Ação social; Política; Movimentos sociais.This article discusses briefly the influences of Christian Communitarianism on Brazilian social and political life. It is an exploratory essay aimed at a bibliographical review of the subject. Based on what was possible to select, we tried to elaborate some ideas to present topics that may indicate the importance of Christian Communitarianism, a strong and influent tradition, not only in the 1960s and 1970s, but especially in the current political context, still playing a central role in Brazilian society. A special point is the analysis of the influences of Communitarianism on actions of the Catholic Church in Brazil. Thus, the Theology of Liberation and the Base Ecclesial Communities (BECs) could have derived from the communitarian thought. Finally, Christian Communitarianism is presented as a reaction against neoliberalism, as it gives priority to "the inestimable value of human dignity and transcendence and an insuperable resistance to let human destiny be engulfed by a mercantile logic of possessive individualism. This tradition, largely identified with the positions assumed by CNBB, is responsible for vast experiences of solidarity between the Brazilian poor and oppressed". Key words: Christian Communitarianism; Catholic Church; Social action; Politics; Social movements. (shrink)

Um dos principais problemas sociais da atualidade é o assustador crescimento de várias modalidades de crimes violentos em várias cidades brasileiras. O retrato atual da violência no Brasil pode ser assim exposto: crescimento da delinqüência urbana, com espantoso aumento dos homicídios em torno do tráfico de drogas nas grandes cidades; consolidação da criminalidade organizada, através de redes de tráfico internacional, tráfico de órgãos e seres humanos, máfias internacionais de contrabando e pirataria; aumento das violações de direitos humanos, comprometendo a ordem (...) social e política e, no campo, a explosão de conflitos motivados pela estrutura agrária concentradora e historicamente violenta. Como a religião, enquanto instrumento de coesão social, pode contribuir para a reversão dessa perversa onda de criminalidade e violência? É o que pretendemos apresentar. Palavras-chave: Religião; Violência urbana; Criminalidade; Coesão social; Doutrina Social da Igreja; Cultura da paz. ABSTRACT One of the main current social problems is the appalling growth of various kinds of violent crime in many Brazilian cities. The current portrait of violence in Brazil can be thus designed: the growth of urban delinquency, with a remarkable increase in the number of murders connected to drug traffic in big cities; the consolidation of organised crime, through nets of international traffic, organs and human beings’ traffic, international smuggling and piracy mafias; an increase in the violation of human rights, jeopardising social and political order; and, in the rural area, the explosion of conflicts motivated by an agrarian structure of concentration and historical violence. How can religion, as an instrument of social cohesion, contribute to revert that hideous wave of criminality and violence? This is our scope. Key words: Religion; Urban violence; Criminality; Social cohesion; Social doctrine of the Church; Culture of peace. (shrink)

Este trabalho visa mostrar a forma em que o filósofo Kant percebe o conceito de ciência e interage com ele na escrita da Crítica da Razão Pura, por essa razão, é necessário recorrermos a textos do período pré-crítico onde poderemos perceber como foi construído o conceito de ciência em Kant a partir daquilo que ele vivia no século XVIII. Assim, esse texto possui seis alíneas descritivas, quais sejam: a primeira norteia o leitor a entender o ponto de onde partimos e (...) o caminho a ser percorrido, seguido pela descrição do problema que envolve a ciência em suas nuances. A terceira alínea descreve a formação Kantiana, em sua historicidade, desde o que se estudava na Alemanha, seguido pela forma em que Kant apresenta o conceito de ciência como condição de possibilidade e a última aponta uma possibilidade de reflexão à luz daquilo que Kant entende sobre ciência. (shrink)

Some philosophers writing on the possibility of faultless disagreement have argued that the only way to account for the intuition that there could be disagreements which are faultless in every sense is to accept a relativistic semantics. In this article we demonstrate that this view is mistaken by constructing an absolutist semantics for a particular domain – aesthetic discourse – which allows for the possibility of genuinely faultless disagreements. We argue that this position is an improvement over previous absolutist responses (...) to the relativist's challenge and that it presents an independently plausible account of the semantics of aesthetic discourse. (shrink)

Era Nietzsche um relativista conservador ou, pelo contrário, seria possível alocar o filósofo no sítio teórico do pensamento crítico? Tal pergunta-problema delimita o presente artigo. Ela se refere a uma conhecida querela entre modelos interpretativos (SEBOLD, [20--?]) pós-modernos e naturalistas e, especificamente, deriva da revisão de literatura de uma pesquisa em andamento, realizada no âmbito do curso de doutorado do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, a partir da qual observamos uma ausência, talvez um esquecimento (...) em relação à contribuição de Nietzsche para a filosofia crítica no campo da Educação, espaço acadêmico no qual as pesquisas, em grande medida, alinham-se à recepção relativista de seu pensamento. A hipótese central, comprovada pela análise de posições filosóficas de Nietzsche (1979; 1992a; 1992b; 1998; 2000; 2003; 2004) e de alguns de seus comentadores, considera que o filósofo é um pensador crítico (HEIT, 2018; HEIT; PICHLER, 2015), não relativista (MARTON, 2011), perspectivista (CORBANEZI, 2013; MATTOS, 2013) e adepto a um tipo perspectivístico de naturalismo (CARVALHO, 2018; HEIT, 2016; HEIT, 2015; ITAPARICA, 2018), traços que de certa forma tendem a impactar a cosmovisão, quase hegemônica, no que diz respeito à recepção nietzschiana no campo da educação. O objetivo central do artigo é destacar que a discussão destes aspectos pode levar a um reposicionamento da filosofia de Nietzsche no universo do pensamento contemporâneo, incluindo-se aí a pesquisa em educação, bem como compreender em que medida a perspectiva crítica se choca com a perspectiva relativista no que diz respeito à teorização de uma formação de caráter emancipatório. Em termos metodológicos, a análise da revisão de literatura recorre à hermenêutica crítica. (shrink)

This article seeks to achieve two goals. First, to present a panoramic analysis of the three main contemporary conceptions about the demarcation problem. Traditionally, the demarcation problem has intended to conceptually delimit the boundaries between “science”, “non-science” and/or “pseudoscience” via criteria and definitions of science or scientificity. This issue – mainly in the 20th century, but not only – was present as one of the great intellectual challenges of the philosophy of science and in related areas. Indeed, our analysis has (...) produced a division that selects three main phases, namely, optimistic perspectives, pessimistic perspectives, and, so to speak, hybrid perspectives. In light of this context, and in order to support the general architecture of the article, two authors from each phase were chosen for a schematic analysis. Second, this article seeks, in the end, to argue that the problem of demarcation is better understood and answered if characterized as more than an exclusively methodological and epistemological problem, that is, in this sense it would also be a value-added problem with political, social and therefore, practical. We termed it the dual dimension of the demarcation problem. Furthermore, we highlight that our emphasis on this interpretation is essentially in accordance with the defense made by the third approach analyzed in this paper. In the end, we defend that the third conception outlined here is a comparatively better alternative than the others. (shrink)

Normal 0 21 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 A vinda da Ordem Redentorista para o estado de Goiás, em 1894, revela um contexto político, econômico e religioso peculiar vivido pelo estado, em que, com o fim do regime de padroado, o controle das romarias populares, tanto quanto das manifestações religiosas não-católicas, foram de fundamental importância para a manutenção da hegemonia católica local. O papel desempenhado pelos redentoristas em Goiás, tanto no controle da romaria de Trindade, quanto no combate às religiões e (...) religiosidades não-católicas, teve importante reflexo na edição do jornal “Santuário da Trindade”, através do qual os religiosos incentivavam a participação popular na romaria, e, especialmente, intentavam a formação catequética dos fiéis católicos contra as “falsas religiões”. Este posicionamento redentorista diante das demais religiões, a partir do referido jornal, não condiz, no entanto, com as posições adotadas pelos religiosos da primeira geração, vinda ao estado em 1894, o que nos remete a mudanças significativas em sua postura política e religiosa que merecem ser interrogadas e investigadas. Destarte, o presente artigo objetiva uma análise histórica das mudanças de posicionamento da Ordem Redentorista em Goiás nas primeiras décadas do período pós-padroado, tomando como principal objeto de pesquisa o jornal “Santuário da Trindade”, publicado entre 1922 e 1931. Palavras-chave: Ultramontanismo. Ordem Redentorista. Goiás.The coming of the Redemptorist Order to the State of Goiás, in Brazil, in 1894, reveals a political, economic and religious peculiar context lived by the State. The end of the system of patronage and the control of popular pilgrimages, like non-Catholic religious manifestations, were of fundamental importance for the maintenance of local Catholic hegemony. The role played by the Redemptorists in Goiás, in the control of the pilgrimage of the Trinity or in conflict with non-Catholic religions and beliefs, influenced the journal "Santuário da Trindade", through which the Catholics encouraged popular participation in the pilgrimage, and especially encouraged the catechetical formation of Catholics against the so called "false religions”. Such positioning was contrary to the positions adopted by the religious of the first generation that arrived in Goiás in the year of 1894, which refers to significant changes in religious and political diverse posture that deserve to be questioned and investigated. Thus, this article aims to examine the positioning changes of the Redemptorist Order in Goiás in the first decades of the pós-padroado period, taking as its principal object the research journal "Shrine of the Trinity", published between 1922 and 1931. Keywords : Ultramontanism. Redemptorist Order. Goiás. (shrink)

Founded in 1732 in Scala by Afonso Maria de Liguori, the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer became one of the most important Catholic missionary congregations to work in Europe in the 19th century, both in the consolidation of ideals ultramontanos, as in the religious action with the faithful Catholics of the peripheries and rural areas. In Germany the Redemptorists experienced until the 1860s an intense moment of missionary activity and parochial care, especially in Bavaria, whereby they became especially known (...) for their rigorous confessionals activities. From the 1860s to the 1870s, however, some transformations in the national and international political context led the Catholicism to be linked, especially by some groups linked to Protestant liberalism, to an image of backwardness and superstition, something necessary to be overcome by a newly forged nation that wished to align itself on the paths of progress and modernity in consolidation in Europe. In addition to these imagery constantly reinforced by the liberal press, the Redemptorists and Jesuits were accused of threatening national sovereignty in favor of the papacy and, from the so-called Kulturkampf, were expelled from the German empire in 1873. However, one of the direct consequences of these 21 years of exile imposed on the German Redemptorists was the acceptance by them of the founding of a vice-province in Brazil, specifically in the states of Goiás and São Paulo. There, the same congregation that had once been a sign of backwardness and superstition in Germany, at the beginning of the 20th century became the main promoter of the progress and modernization of Goias, legitimating itself in the Brazilian religious field through the construction of the self-image of Catholicism as a rational, national and modern religion, much in contrast to the ultramontane discourse of the previous century. In view of this discussion and context, this dissertation aims to investigate the Bavarian Redemptorist who migrated as missionaries from Germany to Brazil between 1894 and 1930. Our central objective is to investigate how the experiences of the Redemptorist congregation in Germany in the 19th century conditioned the expectations of the missionaries who belonged to it on the future and progress in Goias in the 20th century, and how such expectations influenced the strategies adopted for Catholic legitimacy in the modernity under construction in Brazil. (shrink)

Este artigo objetiva identificar e analisar as múltiplas presenças do filósofo francês contemporâneo Gilles Deleuze no arranjo teórico-conceitual da Teoria da Dança Imanente. A Teoria da Dança Imanente, criada pela pensadora do corpo e da dança Ana Flávia Mendes, pretende atribuir um caráter de pessoalidade, idiossincrasia e subjetividade à obra coreográfica que se insere nos terrenos discursivos do corpo, das artes performativas e da ontologia da arte. Os conceitos-cernes abordados nesta investigação estão aliançados aos pressupostos contemporâneos dos estudos do corpo (...) e da dança especialmente no elo entre corpo, cena e vida. Para tanto, perpassaremos os conceitos de Corpo Imanente, Corpo como sujeito rizomático, Corpo sem Órgãos e a concepção de imanência como vida, de Mendes, os quais encontram-se intimamente relacionados com o panorama filosófico deleuziano. (shrink)

A formação docente pode ser analisada sob várias perspectivas. Neste artigo procura-se enfocar a formação docente como um instrumento político de manipulação e de controle das racionalidades e subjetividades dos sujeitos em formação. Procura-se entender essa dominação sobre seus alunos. Trata-se de um exercício estratégico de biopoder exercido por uma governamentalidade dominante. Este papel das formações parece ser um dos principais elementos motivadores das licenciaturas e das formações continuadas de docentes no Brasil. A mobilização das racionalidades e subjetividades esperada pela (...) governamentalidade gera estratificações nas relações entre os atores envolvidos com educação, criando grupos definidos de cooperação e rompimentos entre os sujeitos. A formação como um espaço de manifestação dos dispositivos disciplinares e de poder são identificados nas ações de formação docente e correspondem à estratificação e à manutenção do biopoder de controle das racionalidades e das subjetividades do indivíduo. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as condições da existência do poder exercido sobre as formações docentes. Busca-se reconhecer três formas estratégicas através das quais estes dispositivos de disciplinamento são exercidos. A primeira se dá em relação ao posicionamento dos formadores e formandos em questões étnicas, sociais e religiosas que estabelecem padrões éticos e morais aceitáveis pela governamentalidade. A segunda, pelas formas de dominação exercidas nas formações docentes que tendem a separar os indivíduos de seus produtos intelectuais e subjetividades. A terceira, pelas formas de sujeição praticadas em relação ao indivíduo mobilizadas externamente pelas instituições ou internamente pelo próprio indivíduo submetido ao processo formativo, assegurando sua submissão ao biopoder dominante. (shrink)

Resumo: Era Nietzsche um inimigo da ciência? A pergunta-problema deste artigo é justamente o título de uma conferência proferida pelo Dr. Helmut Heit (Kolleg Friedrich Nietzsche - Klassik Stiftung Weimar) no Seminário de Filosofia da Ciência do Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo, campus Linhares, em 9 de dezembro de 2014. Uma famosa versão do senso comum acadêmico apresenta Nietzsche como inimigo mortal das ciências. Sabe-se, contudo, que o filósofo manteve uma relação intensa, duradoura e necessária com o campo científico. A (...) partir de fontes primárias e de posicionamentos adotados por pesquisadores especializados, no presente estudo conclui-se que Nietzsche foi concomitantemente um entusiasta do método científico – em função da possibilidade de naturalização e de historicização da produção de conhecimento – e um crítico da fundamentação dogmática das ciências de seu tempo. A caracterização de Nietzsche como pensador crítico-perspectivista (não relativista) está desenvolvida em um artigo inédito de nossa autoria. Palavras-chave: Nietzsche; Ciência; Nietzsche e as ciências. On Nietzsche's necessary critical-perspectivist adherence to the sciences Abstract: Was Nietzsche an enemy of science? The problem question of this article is precisely the title of a lecture given by Dr. Helmut Heit (Kolleg Friedrich Nietzsche - Klassik Stiftung Weimar), presented at the Philosophy of Science Seminar of the Federal Institute of Espírito Santo, Linhares campus, on December 9, 2014. A famous version of academic common sense presents Nietzsche as the mortal enemy of science. It is known, however, that the philosopher maintained an intense, lasting and necessary relationship with the scientific field. From the use of primary sources and the positions adopted by specialized researchers, in the present study, it is concluded that Nietzsche was concomitantly an enthusiast of the scientific method - due to the possibility of naturalization and historicization of the production of knowledge – and a critic of the scientific method. dogmatic foundation of the sciences of his time. The characterization of Nietzsche as a critical-perspectivist (non-relativist) thinker is developed in an unpublished article of our authorship. Key-words: Nietzsche; Science; Nietzsche and the Sciences. Sobre la necesaria adhesión crítico-perspectivista de Nietzsche a las ciencias Resumen: ¿Nietzsche era enemigo de la ciencia? La pregunta problema de este artículo es precisamente el título de una conferencia del Prof. Dr. Helmut Heit (Universidad de Berlín), presentado en el Seminario de Filosofía de la Ciencia del Instituto Federal de Espírito Santo, campus Linhares, el 9 de diciembre de 2014. Si bien Nietzsche llegó a ser catalogado como positivista (MIGNONI, 2017), una famosa versión académica lo presenta como el enemigo mortal de las ciencias. Se sabe, sin embargo, que el filósofo mantuvo una relación intensa, duradera y necesaria con el campo científico. A partir del uso de fuentes primarias y de las posiciones adoptadas por investigadores especializados, en el presente estudio se concluye que Nietzsche fue concomitantemente un entusiasta del método científico – por la posibilidad de naturalización e historización de la producción del conocimiento – y un crítico del fundamento dogmatico de las ciencias de su tiempo. La caracterización de Nietzsche como pensador crítico-perspectivista (no relativista) se desarrolla en un artículo inédito de nuestra autoria. Palabras clave: Nietzsche. Ciencia. Nietzsche y las Ciencias. Nietzsche en la Investigación en Educación. (shrink)

Educar, elaborar o passado, desnazificar: Memória histórica e neonazifascismo no início do século XXI Resumo: Apesar de o nazismo e o fascismo terem sido aparentemente “enterrados” após a 2ª Guerra Mundial, atualmente o avanço do nazifascismo causa preocupação em nível mundial. Este artigo trata do conceito de elaboração do passado – negação determinada do objeto – e busca responder como, quando, por que, quanto tempo durou e as principais características do Programa de Desnazificação na Alemanha do pós-guerra. Foi uma política (...) pública bem-sucedida? Como se deu a participação da educação formal, nesse PDA? As respostas decorrem da análise mediada por uma hermenêutica histórico-filosófica fundamentada na teoria e em aspectos da filosofia da educação de T. Adorno, que visa apreender as razões pelas quais o nazifascismo sempre foi uma ideologia política presente, desde o Zeitgeist que o inaugurou, no início do século XX, até os dias atuais. Palavras-chave: Elaboração do passado. Negação determinada. Memória histórica. Desnazificação. Neonazifascismo. Apoio: CAPES/UFES Educate, Working Through the Past, Denazificate: Historical memoy and neonazifascism in the begin of 21st century: Although Nazifascism was apparently “buried” after World War II, its advance is currently causing worldwide concern. This article deals with the concept of working through the past – a specific negation of the object – and it aims to answer how, when, why, how long it lasted and the main features of the postwar German Denazification Program ; was it a successful public policy? How did formal education participate in this DP? The answers derive from the analysis mediated by a historical-philosophical hermeneutics based on the theory and aspects of T. Adorno´s philosophy of education, which aims to apprehend the reasons why Nazifascism was ever a present ideology, since the Zeitgeist in which it was opened – at the beginning of the 20th century –, to the present day. Keywords: Elaboration of the past. Specific denial. Historical memory. Desnazification. Neonazifascism. Éduquer, Travailler à travers le passé “dénazifier”: Mémoire historique et néonazifascime au début du 21e siècle Résumé: Bien qu’apparemment "enterré" après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l’avancée du nazifascisme suscite des inquiétudes au niveau mondial. Cet article traite du concept d'élaboration du passé - une négation spécifique de l'objet - et cherche à expliquer comment, quand, pourquoi, combien de temps il dura et les principales caractéristiques du Programme de Dénazification de l'Allemagne d'après-guerre. Était-ce une politique publique réussie? Comment l'éducation formelle a-t-elle participé à ce PDA? Les réponses proviennent de l'analyse médiée par une herméneutique historico-philosophique basée sur la théorie et les aspects de la philosophie de l'éducation de T. Adorno, qui vise à appréhender les raisons pour les quelles le nazifascisme a toujours été une idéologie actuelle, depuis que le Zeitgeist l’a inauguré, au début du XXe siècle, jusqu’à nos jours. Mots-clés: Elaboration du passé. Déni spécifique. Mémoire historique. Dénazification. Néonazifascisme. Data de registro: 03/06/2019 Data de aceite: 23/04/2020. (shrink)

This article deals with the feeling of strangeness in the human being. When it comes to being human, it is traditionally understood as beings containing reasons and emotions. Thus, to better understand the feeling of the foreigner, its context is analyzed on the perspective of humean moral sentimentalism and on the intertwining, proposed by Husserl, between the intellectual and affective spheres. From these philosophers one can see the convergence between the intellectual and affective spheres, as well as between reason and (...) emotion. Therefore, contemporary emotional theories bring an explanatory gain for understanding the feeling of the foreigner in the face of new environments and cultures, as both cognitive and non-cognitive elements are perceived. Therefore, Goldie and Husserl contribute to the analysis of the foreigner's feeling of strangeness in its various peculiarities. (shrink)

We are subject with consciousness. For this we have to have self-consciousness so that consciousness can exist. In this way, there is the possibility of self-knowledge of one's own mental states. Thus, the article aims at investigating the possibility of self-knowledge of one's own mental states, their applicability and consequences in relation to Kantian moral theory. Therefore, it reflects on how self-knowledge of one's own mental states and the characteristics of Kantian moral theory occur. Finally, there is the possibility of (...) moral responsibility for one's own mental states related to Kantian morality and the method of self-knowledge of the very action of the moral agent. (shrink)

Neste texto relato minha experiência de um pouco mais de um mês como professor de Filosofia para o ensino infantil de um colégio particular de Campinas. Entre os parâmetros que me guiaram, destaco o autoconhecimento, que constituiu o primeiro bloco de aulas no qual trabalhei. Com essa preocupação, escolhi alguns textos da história da Filosofia, entre eles a Apologia e o Alcebíades de Platão e a Hermenêutica do Sujeito de Michel Foucault.

Neste artigo, a partir de uma noção ampliada de diálogo, pretendemos sugerir algumas reflexões para que juntos possamos encontrar ações pertinentes para o momento em que vivemos, o isolamento social devido a pandemia do coronavírus. Inicialmente trabalharemos com quatro categorias: o diálogo consigo mesmo, o diálogo com as plantas, o diálogo com a história e o diálogo com os ancestrais. O artigo tem a pretensão de contribuir com as disciplinas de Filosofia e Sociologia no Ensino Médio, em diálogo com a (...) comunidade escolar. (shrink)

Resenha do livro Platão e o debate educativo na Grécia Clássica, de Lidia Maria Rodrigo.

The present text deals with some of the ways used to argue in favor of the existence of God. It seems, however, that an appeal to the arrangement of the world in order to evidence the truth of theism faces a number of limitations. The central hypothesis of theistic worldview, however, is consistent with the assumption of science itself, an intelligible universe being what one would expect from a reality created by someone intelligent with purpose. The approach of focusing on (...) the cognoscibility of the world, although not eliminating the doubt about the existence of God, seems to be a more promising proposal, in the context of the dialogue between science and theology, than the proposal that focuses on gaps in human knowledge, in order to fit God in these gaps, since the previous one, contrary to this, can’t be eroded by the progress of scientific knowledge. (shrink)

Nas ciências naturais comumente se aceita que apenas os profundamente imersos nos seus problemas são reconhecidos pesquisadores competentes para emitir comentários sobre estes campos de investigação. Paradoxalmente, parece que estes cientistas são os que encontram maior dificuldade para relacionar sua formação profissional e atividades acadêmicas com seu papel na sociedade. Um exemplo é a dificuldade em determinar a natureza e a origem de um evento científico, como a consciência humana. Dominique Pestre caracteriza o Science Studies na década de 1970 e (...) dá tons políticos ao seu discurso. A mudança de opinião desse historiador da ciência seria suficiente para sinalizar uma reviravolta neste movimento? (shrink)

A hermenêutica pode contribuir para uma reflexão filosófica na escola, propiciando ao estudante uma noção de conjunto. O papel da hermenêutica é tornar o estudante consciente dos pré-conhecimentos que possui e que configuram todo o compreender.

O livro de C. A. J. Coady, Testimony: a philosophical study , ainda inédito no Brasil, é importante para o movimento de reabilitação do valor epistêmico do testemunho. O problema destacado pelo autor, que percorre os últimos decênios de disputas epistêmicas, poderia ser bem resumido na seguinte questão: o conhecimento humano possui outras fontes para sua constituição, além de sensibilidade, memória e razão? A tradição moderna, capitaneada por Hume, tende a diminuir a importância do testemunho na produção do conhecimento, privilegiando (...) as fontes epistêmicas internas ao sujeito. Nesta obra, o autor quer ocupar-se do papel fundamental que o testemunho possui enquanto fonte confiável de conteúdos epistêmicos. (shrink)

This article is about self-knowledge on one's own mental states. Considering human as rational beings, this study aims to problematize the position of subject in process of self-knowledge, as well as to realize the state of knowledge about self-knowledge. In this way, Richard Moran constitutes the method of transparency about the knowledge of one's own mental states. Such a method receives some criticism from the philosopher Quassim Cassam and the philosopher Brie-Gertler. In the same extent, both authors problematize some characteristics (...) of self-knowledge, in which criticism reaches some points studied by Brazilian philosophers, namely Paulo Farias, Waldomiro Silva Filho and André Abath. The latter two authors are based on Moran's methodology and thus constitute his reflections on conditions of daily life as well as the incomplete understanding of human beings. (shrink)

Neonatal suffering has been the focus of recent debate in pediatric bioethics and suffering theory. How to access and conceptualize the suffering that can be attributed to newborns? How to discern the suffering of newborns who, due to being non-neurotypical, may have a short life and severe neurocognitive disabilities, in addition to being entirely dependent on people or life-sustaining technologies? Phenomenology has provided valuable tools for analysing human experiences of suffering, but its application to the neonatal suffering experience is not (...) without fundamental challenges. In this article, I will consider recent contributions to elucidating the phenomenon of neonatal suffering, especially those in the field of non-experiential theories of suffering. Based on this review, a recent phenomenological approach to suffering will be examined. Explicitly directed toward narrative persons, this approach appears to be inherently limited in elucidating the phenomenon of neonatal pediatric suffering. Nevertheless, a suggestion will be offered to partially elaborate the theoretical foundations of a phenomenological theory of neonatal suffering. This suggestion points to the program of a phenomenology of the existential feelings of newborns. (shrink)

In this paper, we argue that time travel is problematic for the endurantist. For it appears to be possible, given time travel, to construct a wall out of a single time travelling brick. This commits the endurantist to one of the following: (a) the wall is composed of the time travelling brick many times over; (b) the wall does not in fact exist at all; (c) the wall is identical to the brick. We argue that each of these options is (...) unsatisfactory. (shrink)

Self-knowledge is the cognitive ability of the agent to know his or her own mental states. There are several types of mental states, and there is a method for the knowledge of each type. The focus of this dissertation is on the knowledge of one‘s own beliefs. With this goal in mind, we present the empiricist and the rationalist approaches to the knowledge of one‘s own beliefs. Empiricist theories of self-knowledge proposes introspection as the method for the knowledge of one‘s (...) own beliefs. However, there are issues related to the phenomenology of belief – what it is like to believe that p? The best rationalist theories of self-knowledge proposes that an agent ―look outwards to constitute her own mind and her own belief. Our final question is about the relationship between knowledge of one‘s beliefs and rationality. Burge (2013) requires that, in order to be rational, one must have self-knowledge. We argue that the kind of rationality specified by Burge is too demanding. As agents in the realm of common life, we have incomplete understanding of our own doxastic mental states, but that is not a problem for the knowledge of our own beliefs as dispositions, since they does not come from rational deliberation; nevertheless, we are responsible and our beliefs as commitments. Both kinds of belief can be known by the transparency method. We conclude claiming that the transparency method is enough for the self-knowledge of doxastic mental state and ensuring the rationality of the agent. (shrink)

This article deals with self-knowledge of beliefs. There are several mental states with their own peculiarities. Desires, judgments, feelings, emotions and beliefs. The focus of the article is on the know-ledge of one’s beliefs. Self-knowledge has characteristics, namely, first-person authority, aprioristic character, cognitive-discriminative capacity, infallibility, omniscience, asymmetry between the first and third person and impossibility of misuse of the pronoun “I” (SILVA FILHO, 2013, p. 33, n.2). In the everyday realm of common sense, there is no doubt about the self-attribution (...) of beliefs, but concepts are not always used correctly, that is, there is an incomplete unders-tanding of one’s beliefs. However, does attributing rationality to the agent require knowledge of one’s beliefs? According to Coliva (2016), there are dispositional beliefs and as commitment. With respect to the first type of belief, the agent has no epistemic responsibility, with the second yes. Therefore, self-knowledge of doxastic beliefs as commit-ment requires rationality of the epistemic agent, because there is the epistemic responsibility of the rational agent. (shrink)

O artigo procura mostrar de que modo Heidegger pensa a poesia como essência da linguagem. Com esse intuito, tem por objetivo desenvolver a articulação entre poesia e linguagem, mostrando que, se a “matéria” da poesia é a linguagem, a linguagem, por sua vez, é, em sua essência, poesia. No desenvolvimento dessa questão, tomaremos Hölderlin como interlocutor privilegiado de Heidegger por mostrar, de modo exemplar, a poesia como tarefa de testemunhar o divino, que se realiza através do combate entre deuses e (...) homens. Nesse combate se realiza a tensão entre a essência e a não-essência da linguagem, entre o seu caráter divino e vulgar, que apresenta, por um lado, a poesia como a mais inocente das ocupações e, por outro lado, a linguagem como o mais perigoso dos bens. A linguagem é simultaneamente as duas coisas, sendo, por isso, em sua essência, um mistério. Heidegger pensa esse mistério a partir da relação entre dasein e ser. Nessa relação o ser encontra abrigo na linguagem, que testemunha o ser a partir do ser. Sendo aquele que testemunha, o dasein, contudo, não é o sujeito que possui a linguagem, mas aquele que pode testemunhar porque é obrigado a falar, a trazer para a palavra aquilo que quase o faz perder a língua, este que é o mais estranho, o mais inóspito de todos os hóspedes, o ser.: The article tries to show how Heidegger think the poetry as essence of language. To that end, aims to develop the relationship between poetry and language, showing that if the “matter” of poetry is the language, the language, in turn, is, in essence, poetry. In the development of this issue, we will take Hölderlin as a privileged interlocutor of Heidegger for show in an exemplary way, the poetry as task of witness the divine, which is realized through the fight between gods and men. In this fight takes place the tension between essence and non-essence of language, between his divine and vulgar character, which has, on the one hand, poetry as the most innocent of occupations and, on the other hand, the language as most dangerous of goods. The language is simultaneously both, and is therefore, in essence, a mystery. Heidegger thinks this mystery from the relationship between dasein and being. In this relationship, the being found shelter under the language that witness the being from being. Being that which witness, the dasein, however, is not the subject which has the language, but that which can witness because it is forced to speak, to bring for the word that almost makes you lose the language, this that is the strangest, the most inhospitable of all guests, the being. Keywords: Heidegger, Hölderlin, poetry, language, being. (shrink)

The present article tries to identify philosophical similar aspects in the investigation around the nature of the true knowledge through the criticism to the rhetorical sophistry in the texts of the speech “Against the Sophists ”, of Isocrates, and of dialog “ Phedro”, of Plato, articulating his perspectives so to find similar points in theirs respective examinations about what is understood like true knowledge, from the criticism that both thinkers do to the sophists who specialized in the development of the (...) political eloquence as well as to who contented himself with writing manuals of rhetoric. (shrink)

It is frequently claimed that we can learn very little, if anything, about the aesthetic character of an artwork on the basis of testimony. Such disparaging assessments of the epistemic value of aesthetic testimony contrast markedly with our acceptance of testimony as an important source of knowledge in many other areas. There have, however, been a number of challenges to this orthodoxy of late; from those who seek to deny that such a contrast exists as well as attempts by those (...) who accept the distinction to provide an explanation and defence of the contrast. In Section I, I outline a little of the nature and history of the debate over aesthetic testimony. Section II, focuses on the opposing positions on aesthetic testimony, optimism and pessimism, and takes steps to clarify what exactly is at issue between them. In Section III, I survey considerations which have been adduced in favour of pessimism ranging from brute appeal to intuition to complex argumentation before turning in Section IV, to look at motivations for optimism. Finally, in Section V, I consider some alternative views which claim that, for a variety of reasons, it is a mistake to construe the debate over aesthetic testimony as concerned with the epistemic standing of aesthetic beliefs formed on the basis of testimony. (shrink)

In this paper we sketch a new version of aesthetic expressivism. We argue that one advantage of this view is that it explains various putative norms on the formation and revision of aesthetic judgement. We begin by setting out our proposed explananda and a sense in which they can be understood as governing the correct response to putative higher-order evidence in aesthetics. We then summarise some existing discussions of expressivist attempts to explain these norms, and objections raised to them. This (...) will allow us to identify the pitfalls that a good expressivist explanation needs to avoid. Finally, we sketch our preferred version of aesthetic expressivism which includes as a crucial part a hypothesis concerning the distinctive expressive function of aesthetic practice. We then consider how this theory can explain the putative aesthetic norms whilst avoiding the previous objections. (shrink)