Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 O estudo tem caráter qualitativo e busca em referenciais teóricos . C ontempla uma reflexão aberta a respeito do alvorecer da razão na modernidade, que lança o ser humano ao centro do universo . Ao fazê-lo, fragmenta a formação do ethos, vórtice que alcança a contemporaneidade. Na sequência traz suportes teóricos, com base, principalmente nas concepções de Agamben, Bauman,Vaz, entre outros, acerca da ainda possibilidade formativas de construção da comunidade humana. (...) Apesar dos numerosos e diversos conhecimentos produzidos, na atualidade, crescem as dificuldades de compreensão da condição humana e do significado dos fazeres humanos. A aposta na subjetividade como uma essência, marca da metafísica, também pos em questão a identidade pessoal . A contemporaneidade ampla e complexa clama por contextos educacionais capazes de dinamizar bases ontológicas com diferentes bases conceptuais e vivenciais. Dessa forma a problemática orientadora da reflexão é: como constituiu-se a formação do ethos contemporâneo e, quais são os desafios à educação? Como resultados destacamos que a racionalidade técnico-científica gerou despreocupação com a vivência de valores éticos voltados ao bem comum; a individualização fomentou a descrença em políticas democráticas e ceifou a esperança na formação de um ethos contemporâneo solidário. Concluimos que existe uma necessidade urgente de repensar a constituição ontológica do ser humano, como pressuposto imprescindível na reconstituição da relação entre o EU/TU ou EU/HUMANIDADE; a compreensão do Outro requer aceitar a pluralidade de perspectivas de novas vivências e formas relacionais; educar é vivenciar laços de sensibilidade social para construir comunidades nas quais a amizade seja o esteio político. Palavras-chaves: Educação. Ética. Comunidade. Amizade THE FORMATION OF CONTEMPORARY ETHOS: CHALLENGES TO EDUCATION: The study is qualitative and search for theoretical frameworks. Contemplates an open reflexion about the dawn of reason in modernity, which throws the human to the center of the universe . fragments forming the ethos vortex that reaches the contemporary. Following brings theoretical supports, based mainly on the concepts of Agamben, Bauman, Vaz, among others, about the possibility of building further training of the human community. Despite numerous and diverse knowledge produced, in actuality, there are growing difficulties in understanding the human condition and the meaning of human doings. The focus on subjectivity as an essence, brand of metaphysics, also calls into question the personal identity. The broad and complex contemporary calls for educational contexts capable of stimulating ontological bases with different conceptual and experiential bases. Thus the problem of guiding reflection is: how was the formation of the contemporary ethos and what are the challenges for education? The results highlight that the scientific-technical rationality generated unconcern with the experience of ethical values ​​directed to the common good; individualization fostered disbelief in democratic politics and claimed the hope of forming a contemporary ethos supportive. We conclude that there is an urgent need to rethink the ontological constitution of the human being as an indispensable prerequisite to rebuild the relationship between I / YOU or I / HUMANITY; understanding of the Other requires accepting the plurality of perspectives and experiences of new relational forms; educate social ties is experiencing sensitivity to build communities in which friendship is political mainstay . Keywords: Education. Ethics. Community. Friendship. (shrink)

Apart from references to perception, words such as see and listen have shared, non-literal meanings across diverse languages. Such cross-linguistic meanings have not been systematically investigated as they appear in their natural home — informal spoken interaction. We present a qualitative examination of the semantic associations of perception verbs based on recorded everyday conversation in thirteen diverse languages. Across these diverse communities, spontaneous interaction provides evidence for two commonly-discussed extensions of perception verbs — perception~cognition, hearing~linguistic communication — as well as (...) illustrating other meanings and functions that have been less appreciated heretofore. The range of usage that is readily observable in informal conversation makes it clear that this type of data must take center stage for the empirically grounded study of semantics. Moreover, these data suggest that commonalities in polysemous meanings may rely not only on universal cognition, but also on the universal exigencies of social interaction. (shrink)

In contrast to the robust mutual interpretability phenomenon in set theory, Ali Enayat proved that bi-interpretation is absent: distinct theories extending ZF are never bi-interpretable and models of ZF are bi-interpretable only when they are isomorphic. Nevertheless, for natural weaker set theories, we prove, including Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory $\mathrm {ZFC}^{-}$ without power set and Zermelo set theory Z, there are nontrivial instances of bi-interpretation. Specifically, there are well-founded models of $\mathrm {ZFC}^{-}$ that are bi-interpretable, but not isomorphic—even $\langle H_{\omega _1},\in (...) \rangle $ and $ \langle H_{\omega _2},\in \rangle $ can be bi-interpretable—and there are distinct bi-interpretable theories extending $\mathrm {ZFC}^{-}$. Similarly, using a construction of Mathias, we prove that every model of ZF is bi-interpretable with a model of Zermelo set theory in which the replacement axiom fails. (shrink)

C’est grâce à son essai Politische Romantik, publié en 1919, que Carl Schmitt fait une entrée remarquée sur la scène intellectuelle allemande. L’ouvrage se présente comme une charge systématique et radicale contre la tradition allemande du « romantisme politique », et fut vivement discuté dans les années qui suivirent sa publication. Mais aujourd’hui il se trouve relégué parmi les œuvres de jeunesse de Schmitt et reste rarement étudié par la recherche, qui le lit au mieux comme une belle contribution à (...) l’histoire culturelle du xixe siècle.Pourtant, une étude approfondie de l’essai, ainsi que du contexte historique dans lequel il s’insère, fait apparaître que ce n’est pas dans une telle perspective que Politische Romantik manifeste toute sa portée : bien plus qu’une étude historique, cet essai constitue un élément de réponse à la crise du conservatisme allemand tel qu’il apparaît dans l’après-guerre. Le rejet du « romantisme politique » marque la rupture de Schmitt avec l’idéal « apolitique » des intellectuels allemands de l’époque, et par là constitue le premier moment du projet schmittien, tel qu’il se verra développé de manière croisée dans son étude sur le catholicisme et sa Théologie politique. (shrink)

O texto apresenta e discute um entendimento de aprendizagem que se fundamenta na linguagem e na pesquisa. Defendendo que todo aprender constitui a reconstrução de algo já anteriormente aprendido, argumenta-se que a aceitação disso exige valorizar a linguagem e a pesquisa como elementos centrais nos processos de ensinar e de aprender. Mostra-se, ainda, que assumir esses entendimentos possibilita tornar as aprendizagens mais significativas, criando oportunidades aos alunos de se assumirem em suas autorias na reconstrução dos discursos sociais, e, assim, qualificar (...) politicamente todo o processo. (shrink)

This paper critically examines the debate between William of Ockham and his contemporary Peter Auriol on how to account for the intension and remission of forms. Peter Auriol denies that an added degree of a quality such as the theological virtue of charity could be anything other than something which is neither a universal nor an individual and which cannot be grasped by intuition, but must be posited in order to account for the possibility that an accidental form can vary (...) in intensity. Ockham aims at proving that Auriol’s account is inconsistent. In my opinion, Ockham does not succeed, nor does he succeed in defending a consistent account of the metaphysics underlying the intension and remission of forms. Indeed, he conceives of the degree of a quality as a part of the intensified quality which, while being an individual that is really distinct from the quality and can be picked out, forms a unity with it in such a way that the union of the degree and the quality is itself an individual. Ockham fails to distinguish the notion of maximal resemblance holding between a quality’s degree and the quality from the notion of maximal resemblance which holds between individuals of the same species. In the end, he is led to give up the idea that a degree is an individual that can be picked out in order to protect the core thesis of his nominalism about universals. (shrink)

Since antiquity, philosophers have investigated how change works. If a thing moves from one state to another, when exactly does it start to be in its new state, and when does it cease to be in its former one? In the late Middle Ages, the "problem of the instant of change" was subject to considerable debate and gave rise to sophisticated theories; it became popular and controversial again in the second half of the twentieth century. The studies collected here constitute (...) the first attempt at tackling the different aspects of an issue that, until now have been the object of seminal but isolated forays. They do so in through a historical perspective, offering both the medieval and the contemporary viewpoints. (shrink)

English summary: This book attests that a study on the history of philosophy has its place in contemporary debates. This book attempts to reconstruct William of Ockham's position on the nature and function of real definitions in order to show that nominalism does not oblige a particular position on essences. French description: Guillaume d'Ockham, defenseur bien connu du nominalisme, a manifeste un interet soutenu pour les definitions reelles. Cet ouvrage s'efforce de reconstruire sa position sur la nature et la fonction (...) des definitions reelles. Un examen de ce qu'est une definition reelle appelle une etude de ce qu'est une essence et de la nature du lien a poser entre l'essentiel et le necessaire. Cet ouvrage a pour objectif de montrer que le nominalisme ne contraint pas a une position determinee sur les essences. Saul Kripke nous dit que l'essentiel se reduit au necessaire. Kit Fine, par contre, affirme qu'il faut revenir a Aristote et soutenir que l'essentiel est irreductible au necessaire. Notre examen atteste qu'une etude en histoire de la philosophie a toute sa place dans les debats contemporains. L'essentialisme de Guillaume d'Ockham incite a rendre a Aristote ce qui lui revient et a faire preuve de circonspection. En definitive, les deux positions en presence ne sont peut-etre pas incompatibles. (shrink)

This paper compares pair and Mob programming in university courses from students' perceptions of technical and human aspects. Wilcoxon signed rank tests were performed. Results indicated that students preferred pair programming in technical aspects and in a global evaluation they completed.

Evoca-se neste artigoo P. António Alves Durão enquanto professor de filosofia, desenvolvendo especialmente a partir de duas temáticas da sua docência - a mentira e a sociedade mundial - as suas qualidades de mestre eminente. /// Cet article évoque le Père António Alves Durâo en tant que professeur de philosophie, en développant spécialement à partir de deux thématiques de son enseignement - le mensonge et la société mondiale - ses qualités de maître éminent. /// This article recalls Father António Alves (...) Durão, in his role as professor of philosophy. It seeks to describe his pedagogical qualities with special reference to two themes: lying and word society. (shrink)

Com razão se costuma dizer que um problema bem posto é problema meio resolvido E o contrário também é verdade Ora, definir bem um termo tem grande analogia com pôr bem um problema- a correcta definição dos termos que usamos é condição indispensável para a adequada abordagem e debate de qualquer tema A ponto de Jaime Balmes ter podido dizer, com alguma dose de optimismo- si definimos no discutiremos Bem o sabiam os escolásticos, que por esse motivo faziam preceder qualquer (...) disputa pela fase ad terminos, na qual todos os termos que iriam utilizar eram cuidadosamente definidos A história da Ética dá-nos a conhecer alguns casos confirmativos, verdadeiramente exemplares, tanto da importância das definições exactas como das consequências negativas e dificuldades levantadas pelas formulações incorrectas Dois desses exemplos serão aqui lembrados- os dos problemas com que os moralistas se tiveram de confrontar em consequência das deficientes definições de mentira e mutilação A definição de mentira que vigorou durante séculos no mundo ocidental foi a que propôs S Agostinho, primeiro e quase único autor da Antiguidade a estudar desenvolvidamente o tema Este apaixonado pela verdade preocupou-se seriamente com a mentira, e não apenas por ela ser o oposto da verdade- também porque a sua própria concepção de mentira e, consequentemente, a definição que dela propôs, não se lhe apresentava isenta de dificuldades. (shrink)

La filosofía y el filosofar adquieren en la vida de Juan Bautista Ferro lasdimensiones propias de un auténtico pensar que se reflejó en cada acción,en el discurrir diario de la vida académica universitaria o en las "tertuliasrnonologantes" que el propio Ferro concertaba con sus amigos en su casao en plena calle. Ferro fue el ejemplo vivo de una tradición filosófica quecentra su acción sobre el propio filósofo, y el cultivo de la "oralidad" corno"método" para enseñar a aprender. El texto muestra (...) todo esto a través deuna reconstrucción testimonial. (shrink)

La séparation parentale apparaît comme un événement fréquent, mais néanmoins majeur dans la vie d’un sujet, surtout à l’adolescence. Comment se conjuguent adolescence et les problématiques psychiques (œdipienne et de perte) et relationnelles qu’elle implique, avec la séparation parentale? L’article discute ici le cas d’Adèle, âgée de 22 ans, pour qui la séparation des parents a eu lieu lorsqu’elle avait 16 ans. Adèle a été rencontrée trois fois dans le contexte d’une recherche. Les éléments cliniques recueillis lors des entretiens mènent (...) sur la voie d’effets négatifs toujours actuels en lien avec la séparation parentale et qui se télescopent avec une sensibilité préalable à la perte. On peut repérer, dans le cas d’Adèle, une instabilité identificatoire, un clivage des figures parentales, une accentuation de l’ambivalence à l’égard du parent de sexe opposé, une errance scolaire et des difficultés relationnelles. Ce cas clinique illustre la nécessité de procéder à un repérage des adolescents en souffrance suite à la séparation parentale et d’offrir un accompagnement aux parents. (shrink)

This article deals with the relationship between argumentation and persuasion. It defends the idea that these two concepts are not as opposed as all too often said. If it is important to recognize their differences (there are argumentative discourses without persuasion and persuasive discourses without argumentation), there is nevertheless an overlap, in which characteristics are taken from both. We propose to call this overlap “persuasive argumentation”. In order to bridge argumentation and persuasion, we will first distinguish the latter from manipulation. (...) In the second part of this article, we will analyze four cases of persuasive argumentation: the enthymeme, a few rhetorical figures, narration and visual argumentation. (shrink)

Este artículo es parte de un trabajo de investigación bastante más amplio, que llevó casi cinco años de duración, en el cual nos propusimos una lectura rigurosa como singular del concepto de sujeto en Alain Badiou y Jacques Lacan. En vistas a delimitar claramente el tema de estudio, la pregunta que nos formulamos como punto de partida fue la siguiente: ¿qué lugar ocupa el concepto de sujeto en la articulación lógica del pensamento de ambos autores, particularmente en sus dimensiones ontológicas (...) y políticas? Como se podrá apreciar a continuación, dicho trabajo despliega una topología conceptual que a su vez presenta ciertos hitos históricos. Pues es sabido que uno de los temas centrales en torno al cual ha girado la fi losofía política contemporánea ha sido la cuestión del sujeto, y así también, correlativamente, de los saberes y verdades que lo fundamentan. Se ha interrogado por ejemplo ¿cuál puede ser el lugar de este sujeto? ¿Es posible especifi car a priori su existencia? ¿De dónde deriva su estatuto? ¿Se trata de una función trascendental o sustancial, vacía o refl exiva? Estas preguntas responden, en cierta forma, a una concepción de sujeto más bien propia de la metafísica moderna que intentaremos desplazar. (shrink)

Este trabajo propone una lectura de la Vida admirable y prodigiosas virtudes de la sierva de Dios Doña Ana Guerra de Jesús (Guatemala, 1716) del jesuita Antonio de Siria, texto escrito para sustentar la posible canonización de Ana Guerra de Jesús. Aun cuando la hagiografía sea un género didáctico de propósito religioso y, por ende, sin una intencionalidad “estética”, su estudio permite entender los procesos culturales del momento. El análisis de los dispositivos narrativos y estilísticos, muestra la fina escenificación de (...) la subjetividad desde la visión de una Iglesia católica preocupada en contener el reto de cultura secular moderna. En este relato se ilustra la importancia estratégica del sacramento de la confesión como una tecnología del yo privilegiada para definir y controlar lo que entonces se dio en llamar el “fuero interno”. (shrink)

This paper presents the interface of two major representatives of contemporary hermeneutics, Hans-Georg Gadamer and Paul Ricoeur. Without intending to reconstruct the genesis of the theoretical positions in litigation, analyzes different aspects of it pointing to similarities and differences. After a brief introduction (first part), develops, in the second part, of more analytical form, the crossing of the positions of the interlocutors in seven main topics. The third part takes a moment of distancing itself from the hermeneutic tradition of Gadamer, (...) through the critical mediation of Hans Ineichen and Paul Ricoeur. With them we support the necessity of herme-neutics of traditions include the idea of critique and dialogue with the linguistic and analytic philosophy, position which converges in favor of critical hermeneutics of Ricoeur which we intend to highlight it in their specific contribution in rela-tion to the hermeneutic tradition of Gadamer. (shrink)

El presente artículo intenta ofrecer un marco documental para la discusión sobre la estructura cosmológica de Ferecides de Siros. Partiendo de la polémica entre quienes le adjudican un cosmograma quinario y aquellos que lo interpretan septenario, proponemos un recorrido por las antiguas doctrinas cosmológicas quinarias, tanto griegas como orientales, a fin de explorar su recurrencia y variedad. Se constata que la disputa religiosa entre los apologetas del cinco y los del siete existía ya en la antigüedad, pudiendo haber afectado a (...) la lectura que los doxógrafos hicieron entonces de la obra de Ferecides. Se expone la teoría de Nick Allen sobre la existencia de una «ideología pentádica» indoeuropea y se critica su sesgo idealista (pitagórico en la línea de Dumézil). Finalmente, se suscribe la hipótesis del origen «protogeométrico» de muchos de estos mapas ontológicos quinarios y se recapitulan las posibles referencias que manejaba el maestro de Pitágoras cuando ideó su teogonía. (shrink)

Numerous mediators are involved in both the control and the transmission of nociceptive messages, and several lines of research have been developed in the management of pain. Complete enkephalin- degrading enzyme inhibitors, which produce naloxone-reversible analgesia in all tests where morphine has been found to be active, remains the most promising way. CCK compounds, especially the CCKB antagonists also may be interesting drugs. Indeed, they are able to strongly potentiate the antinociceptive effects of the opioids. [dickenson, wiesenfeld-hallin et al.].

El presente trabajo muestra y analiza los resultados de la investigación cuyo objetivo central fue identificar y analizar las actitudes —predisposiciones aprendidas— que se relacionan con las conductas solidarias o con la ausencia de las mismas. El trabajo se enfoca en corroborar si existe asociación comprobable entre el desarrollo de comportamientos solidarios sistemáticos y las opiniones sobre un conjunto de aspectos relacionados con las creencias y juicios de valor de los sujetos en estudio. En la investigación, se identifican diferentes tipologías (...) de personas, de acuerdo a la sistematicidad de su comportamiento solidario y se relacionan dichos perfiles con las actitudes hacia un conjunto de tópicos relacionados con la solidaridad.This paper shows and analyzes the results of the research which main objective was to identify and analyze the attitudes related with solidarity behaviors, or either their absence. The paper focuses in corroborating if there are state associations between the developing of solidarity behaviors and the opinions about a group of topics related with believes and judgments of the people on study. In this research, different typologies of people are identified, according to their kind of solidarity systematic behavior and those typologies are then related with the attitudes towards a group of topics related with solidarity. (shrink)

En este ensayo deseo retomar ciertas ideas básicas del Posthumanismo para mostrar la necesidad de leerlo en clave ética, entendida ésta como una práctica de sí que exige realizar ejercicios de lectura, meditación y escritura, a partir de reconsiderar nuestra tradición de pensamiento y recuperar la relación inmanente con la naturaleza de la cual formamos parte. Considero que aun es posible practicar la filosofía como un saber racional que hace cuerpo y permite afrontar la muerte personal e incluso la extinción (...) total. Que el mejor antídoto contra la desesperación sigue siendo un uso de los saberes que pueda interpelar a las transformaciones políticas necesarias para vivir mejor en un medio cada vez peor. (shrink)

The debate over the improvement of moral capacity or moral enhancement through pharmacology has gained momentum in the last decade as a result of advances in neuroscience. These advances have led to the discovery and allowed the alteration of patterns of human behavior, and have permitted direct interventions on the neuronal structure of behavior. In recent years, this analysis has deepened regarding the anthropological foundations of morality and the reasons that would justify the acceptance or rejection of such technology. We (...) present a review of proposals for pharmacological interventions directed directly towards moral enhancement. In addition, we identify the ethical dilemmas that such interventions may generate, as well as the moral assessment of the authors of these studies. There is a moderate consensus on the risks of any intervention on the intimate structure of the human condition, its autonomy and identity, but there are large differences in explaining the reasons for this concern and especially in justifying such interventions. These findings show that it is necessary to investigate the moral assessment of authors and the ethical dimension within the field of pharmacology in order to identify future trends. (shrink)

El texto presenta la perspectiva de la filósofa y científica Vinciane Despret a partir de cuatro tópicos que se intersecan y atraviesan diferencialmente todas sus investigaciones: heredar, interesar, confiar, sostener. Esta delimitación permite acentuar distintas modulaciones del ethos investigativo que nos propone y amplificar la originalidad de su apuesta al hacerla dialogar con otras perspectivas filosóficas que resultan afines a ella y no son explicitadas por la autora (Spinoza, Foucault). Considero que la perspectiva de Despret condensa de manera ejemplar las (...) principales líneas de un ethos de investigación que despierta el deseo de sostenerlo saliendo de las encrucijadas actuales donde normalmente se lo aplasta o desprecia. En la introducción aclaro por qué me centro en la perspectiva de esta autora en particular, y en las consideraciones finales sugiero un enlace con mi propia propuesta de investigación que vengo desarrollando hace tiempo. (shrink)