Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the views of cancer patients on patient rights in the context of the right to information and autonomy according to articles related to the issue in the “Patient Rights Regulation”. Methods: The research was conducted among cancer patients in the medical oncology department of a research and practice hospital using a random sampling method between June and September 2005. Data were collected during face-to-face interviews using a questionnaire. Results: There was a (...) high rate of positive response to the items that the patients have the right to be informed (86.5%), that the physician should inform the patient on the diagnosis and the treatment (92.3%) and that the physician is obliged to inform the patient (76.9%). Only 43.3% of the patients stated that the patient has the right to refuse the treatment recommended by the physician. The participants mostly agreed that the patient should participate in decisions about the treatment and that patient consent should be given (78.8%). Conclusions: There are extensive efforts in Turkey towards making patient rights a significant supportive component of health services. For patient rights to become a natural part of medical practice it is necessary to give priority to education of both patients and physicians about patient rights and to lay emphasis on an ethical approach in the patient–physician relationship. (shrink)

In den letzten 25 Jahren hat das chinesische Recht eine beeindruckende Entwicklung erfahren. In zunehmendem Maße wird es Gegenstand wissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen, und in Deutschland erscheinen in immer größerer Zahl Publikationen, die das chinesische Recht für die Rechtsvergleichung erschließen oder es rechtsvergleichend mit anderen Rechtsordnungen erörtern. In der neuen Schriftenreihe Schriften zum chinesischen Recht, die im Auftrag der Deutsch-Chinesischen Juristenvereinigung von Professor Dr. Uwe Blaurock, Freiburg, Professor Dr. Ulrich Manthe, Passau, Dr. Knut B. Pißler, Hamburg, und Professorin Dr. Christiane Wendehorst, Göttingen, (...) herausgegeben wird, sollen in erster Linie Monographien, wie etwa herausragende Dissertationen oder Habilitationsschriften erscheinen, darüber hinaus aber auch Tagungsbände sowie kommentierte Übersetzungen wichtiger chinesischer Gesetze oder zweisprachige Gesetzessammlungen. Es soll hiermit der wissenschaftliche Gedankenaustausch mit China gefördert und für rechtsvergleichend arbeitende Juristen eine Publikationsplattform geschaffen werden. Ein besonderer Gesichtspunkt ist dabei auch der Praxisbezug der veröffentlichten Werke. Die Herausgeber hoffen, dass die Schriften zum chinesischen Recht künftig einen wesentlichen Bestandteil des rechtlichen Dialogs zwischen Deutschland und China bilden werden und wünschen ihnen eine wohlwollende Aufnahme in der juristischen Öffentlichkeit. (shrink)

Kitle fonlaması, bir projesi ya da iş fikri olan girişimcinin bir internet platformu üzerinden yaptığı açık çağrıyla kitlelerden fon toplayarak projesini finanse ettiği yeni nesil bir finansman yöntemidir. Bu yöntem daha ziyade güçlü maddi kaynakları olmayan, geleneksel finansman kaynakları tarafından istenen teminatı göstermekte zorlanan, çok fazla iş tecrübesi ve tanınırlığı bulunmayan girişimciler için iş yapma imkânı sunan alternatif bir finansal kaynak oluşturma mekanizmasıdır. Bu yöntemin bağışa, ödüle, paya ve borca dayalı fonlama şeklinde dört temel çeşidi bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, işte bu (...) dört temel çeşit üzerinden kitle fonlaması yöntemini ele alıp fıkhî mahiyetini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Konu, somut olay ve belge inceleme yöntemi kullanılarak araştırılmış, her bir alt konunun fıkhî neticesine ise analiz ve sentez yöntemleri kullanılarak ulaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Yapılan araştırma neticesinde metin içerisinde fıkhî temellendirilmesi yapılmış olan şu temel sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır: Bağışa dayalı kitle fonlamasında fon sağlayıcıların girişimcilere bağış yoluyla destekte bulunmaları fıkhî açıdan tipik bir hibe işlemidir. Ödüle dayalı kitle fonlamasında tebrik veya teşekkür kartı göndermek gibi maddi olmayan ödüllerin söz konusu olduğu fonlama uygulaması da yine bir hibe işlemidir. Şapka, tişört, anahtarlık gibi düşük de olsa maddi değeri bulunan ödül uygulaması ivaz şartlı hibedir. İleride üretilecek ürünün fon sağlayıcıya önceden sipariş hakkının verildiği ön alım/ön satım uygulaması ise nev‘i şahsına münhasır bir karma sözleşme niteliğindedir. Paya dayalı kitle fonlamasında girişimci ve girişim şirketinin yatırımcılardan gelen fonlarla kurduğu anonim şirket türü ortaklık, inan tipi bir müşârekedir. Borca dayalı kitle fonlamasında girişimcinin yatırımcılardan alıp faizsiz olarak geri ödediği borçlanma uygulaması tipik bir karz işlemi, borcun önceden belirlenen faiziyle birlikte ödendiği uygulama ise ribâlı bir borç işlemidir. Alınan borcun kurulacak olan şirketin payı ile ödenmesi işlemi fıkhî açıdan bir istibdâl yani borcun nakit yerine onun yerini tutan bir başka şeyle ödenmesi işlemidir. İstibdâlle birlikte taraflar arasındaki borç ilişkisi sona erer. Lakin şirketten alınan pay nedeniyle taraflar arasında paya dayalı bir ortaklık ilişkisi kurulmuş olur. Faaliyet alanlarının meşru olması şartıyla, borcun faiziyle geri ödenmesi şeklindeki borca dayalı uygulama hariç diğerlerinde fıkhî açıdan herhangi bir sıkıntı görünmemektedir. (shrink)

At the beginning of the 19. century the call for a general reform of the State rose in Prussia: after the collapse of the German Empire in 1806, the need for reform became still more pressing. A fundamental part of this renovation process was the reform of the Prussian army, to which men like Clausewitz, the general von Scharnhorst, the war ministers von Stein and later von Boyen contributed. All they were convinced that a new way of making war was (...) necessary for freeing Prussia from the French invader: only that the military reform should be founded on a spiritual renovation of the political and military life. In particular, a new conception of the soldier as human being and of the war as spiritual event should be established and trained by means of a new organization of the military forces and of the cultivation of a shared national feeling. The purpose of the present essay is to point out the position of Fichte towards both the problems connected to the war, the Napoleonic invasion and the crisis of the traditional State and the proposals formulated by the reform party in order to solve those problems. In this way it is possible to achieve a better comprehension of Fichte’s political thought in the last period of his life, the so called “national” period, by highlighting the correspondences existing between his thought and the political context of his time. Am Anfang des xix. Jahrhunderts stand Preu.en im Zentrum einer gewaltigen Reformbewegung, die jeden Bereich des staatlichen Lebens neu gestalten wollte. Nach dem Sturz des Reiches im Jahre 1806, als das Reformbedurfnis des Staates mit noch gro.erer Dringlichkeit empfunden wurde, erwarb die Reform des Heeres eine zentrale Stelle. Zu dieser trugen Personlichkeiten bei wie Carl von Clausewitz und der General von Scharnhorst in Zusammenarbeit mit den Ministern von Stein und spater Hermann von Boyen. Die ihrem Engagement zugrunde liegende Uberzeugung war es, dass eine neue Art der Kriegsfuhrung unausweichlich, jedoch nur auf der Basis einer neu gedachten Anthropologie zu verwirklichen sei. In dem Ma.e, in dem die Reformbewegung sich nicht auf eine verwaltungsorientierte Neugestaltung des Staates bzw. des Heeres beschrankte, sondern auf einer grundlegenden Erneuerung des nationalen Geistes beruhen sollte, muss sie in einen weiteren, nicht nur politischen, sondern in erster Linie geistigen, kulturellen und philosophischen Zusammenhang eingeordnet werden. Der vorliegende Beitrag setzt sich zum Ziel, die Stellung Fichtes im Zusammenhang der preu.ischen Reformbewegung hervorzuheben, mit der Absicht, die gegenseitigen Einflusse und die Ubereinstimmungen zwischen Fichtes politischen und padagogischen Ansichten einerseits und dem Reformgeist, seinen politischen Anspruchen und militarischen Vorschlagen andererseits klar herauszustellen. (shrink)

The first part of Immanuel Kant's Metaphysics of Morals , Rechtslehre , has usually been discussed as a political treatise. But there are parallels between law and ethics in Kant; lawgiving in either realm is a combination of precept and incentive. In works that present his core moral philosophy of inner freedom, this freedom is an internal ethical freedom based on an underlying purely moral incentive, whose adequacy is a transcendental assumption of this part of Kant's moral philosophy. But this (...) inner freedom is paralleled by Kant's account of external freedom, where our external rights, including rights to property, are secured based on the deterrent effect of punishment under criminal law for violations of the rights of others. When we look at the Rechtslehre thus as part of Kant's practical philosophy we notice: Kant's view is that the validity of a legal precept entails an adequate incentive for acting in accord with the precept. The scope of law, and hence of imputation under law, is limited in various ways by the reach of the external incentives of deterrence, including actions based on a so-called "right of necessity." There are parallels between Kant's arguments for extending the categorical imperative as a principle for the use of our freedom to ends in the Tugendlehre and to objects in the Rechtslehre . Kant's theory of punishment, though retributivist in how it assigns appropriate punishment, is teleological/deterrent in providing incentives for not violating positive laws. Der erste Teil in Kants Werk Die Metaphysik der Sitten , die Rechtslehre , wird üblicherweise als eine politische Abhandlung diskutiert. Aber es gibt Parallelen zwischen Recht und Ethik bei Kant. Gesetzgebung ist in beiden Bereichen eine Kombination von Gesetz und Triebfeder. In den Arbeiten, die das eigentliche Herzstück von Kants Tugendlehre behandeln, ist die Freiheit eine innere ethische Freiheit, die auf einer rein moralischen Triebfeder basiert, deren Angemessenheit und Zulänglichkeit eine transzendentale Annahme dieses Teils von Kants Moralphilosophie ist. Die innere Freiheit hat jedoch eine Parallele in Kants Darstellung der äußeren Freiheit. Hier geht es um die Sicherung unserer äußeren Rechte, einschließlich des Rechts auf Eigentum, durch den Abschreckungseffekt einer Strafe für die Verletzung der Rechte Anderer. Wenn wir die Rechtslehre gerade als Teil von Kants praktischer Philosophie verstehen, dann stellen wir fest: Kant geht davon aus, daß gültige juridische Normen stets ausreichende Triebfedern dafür enthalten, daß unser Handeln diesen Normen entspricht. Der Bereich des Rechts, und damit auch der Zurechnung unter Rechtsgesetzen, wird auf unterschiedliche Weise von der Wirksamkeit äußerer Triebfedern zur Abschreckung begrenzt. Das gilt auch für Handlungen, die auf dem sogenannten "Notrecht" beruhen. Zwischen Kants Argumenten in der Tugendlehre für die Erweiterung des kategorischen Imperativs als eines Prinzips für den Gebrauch unserer Freiheit durch die Annahme, daß es Zwecke gibt, die zugleich Pflicht sind, und dem Argument in der Rechtslehre für die Notwendigkeit der Anerkennung von Eigentumsrechten bestehen signifikante Parallelen. Kants Theorie der Strafe ist, obwohl vergeltungstheoretisch mit Blick auf die Frage der Angemessenheit einer Strafe, jedenfalls auch teleologisch/abschreckungstheoretisch konzipiert, nämlich insoweit, als die Androhung von Strafen Triebfedern für die Befolgung der positiven Rechtsgesetze bereitstellt. (shrink)

Am Leitfaden des Satzes "Jeder ist sich selbst der Fernste" wird die systematische Rage erörtert, wie die Revision personaler Identität bei Emerson und Nietzsche für eine Revision der Moral fruchtbar gemacht werden kann. Dabei geht es inbesondere um die Figur des "abandonment" oder der Selbstüberwindung, mit der die Person, die "werdende Seele" , ihre Vertrautheit mit sich verliert. Diese Erfahrung innerer Fermdheit oder "Ferne" eröffnet ein neues moralisches Verhältnis zu äußerer Fremdheit oder zum Anderen. Selbstbezug und Interaktion greifen ineinander. Neben (...) Emersons und Nietzsches Kritik des Mitleids und der Nächstenliebe tritt damit auch ein positives Verständnis der "Anteilnahme."Taking the phrase "each man is furthest from himself" as a guideline, this paper shows how Emerson's and Nietzsche's revised notion of personal identity eventually led to a revised notion of morality as well. The image of abandoning or overcoming the self is linked to situations in which a person or the "soul" that "becomes" loses one's self-acquaintance. This experience of internal strangeness or distance paves the way to a new moral relation to the external strangeness of the Other. Self-relation and interaction are intertwined. Hence Emerson and Nietzsche's critiques of pity and compassion are complemented by a positive understanding of sympathy. (shrink)

Gr.-8°, Ln. m. SU. XIII, 342 S. Neuwertiges Ex. / Fine Copy // Descartes` Ideentheorie ist in der neueren Forschung immer wieder als Ausgangspunkt des neuzeitlichen "way of ideas" dargestellt worden, der in einen verhängnisvollen Repräsentationalismus mündet. Denn Cartesische Ideen scheinen so etwas wie mentale Objekte in einer "inneren Arena" zu sein. Da wir nur zu diesen mentalen Objekten einen unmittelbaren Zugang haben, können wir höchstens auf die Existenz äußerer Objekte schließen, wir können sie aber nie unmittelbar erkennen. Stets sind (...) wir in unserer inneren Arena gefangen. Gegen diese weit verbreitete Auffassung argumentiert diese Studie, daß Descartes` Ideentheorie im Rahmen einer Theorie der Intentionalität zu verstehen ist: Ideen sind nichts anderes als intentionale Akte, die im Normalfall auf äußere Objekte gerichtet sind und diese Objekte zum Inhalt haben. In der Cartesischen Ontologie gibt es keinen Platz für mysteriöse innere Objekte, die sich gleichsam zwischen den Geist und die äußeren Objekte schieben. Freilich stellen sich dann sogleich die Fragen, (i) wie geistige Akte überhaupt auf Objekte gerichtet sein können, (ii) wie der Inhalt dieser Akte zu bestimmen ist und (iii) wie wir mittels intentionaler Akte eine korrekte Erkenntnis der Außenwelt gewinnen können. Diesen Fragen geht die Studie in ausführlichen Text- und Argumentationsanalysen nach. Sie verdeutlicht, daß im Zentrum der Cartesischen Lehre die These steht, daß wir ganz bestimmte Ideen - nämlich klare und distinkte - benötigen, um wahre Urteile über die äußeren Objekte bilden zu können. Dabei wird die Cartesische Theorie einerseits im historischen Kontext dargestellt, andererseits werden aber auch Bezüge zur gegenwärtigen analytischen Diskussion hergestellt. (shrink)

Study on the contributions of Śaṅkarācārya to Hindu philosophy.

Confidence ratings have often been integrated into reasoning and intelligence tasks as a means for assessing meta-reasoning processes. Although it is often assumed that eliciting these judgements throughout reasoning tasks has no effect on the underlying performance outcomes, this is yet to be established empirically. The current study examines whether eliciting CR from participants during a fluid-reasoning task influences their performance and how this effect is moderated by their initial self-confidence in their own reasoning abilities. In a first experiment, we (...) found that participants performing CR during Raven's Progressive Matrices significantly outperformed a control group who did not provide ratings. Additionally, a second experiment demonstrated that CR only facilitated performance in participants who have a high level of initial self-confidence in their reasoning ability, whereas they were detrimental to participants low in self-confidence. (shrink)

Aim To study the views on the acceptability of physician-assisted-suicide of lay people and health professionals in an African country, Togo.Method In February–June 2012, 312 lay people and 198 health professionals in Togo judged the acceptability of PAS in 36 concrete scenarios composed of all combinations of four factors: the patient's age, the level of incurability of the illness, the type of suffering and the patient's request for PAS. In all scenarios, the patients were women receiving the best possible care. (...) The ratings were subjected to cluster analysis and analyses of variance.Results Most lay people were not systematically opposed to PAS, whereas most health professionals were systematically opposed to it. The most important factors in increasing acceptability among people not systematically opposed were advanced age of the patient and incurability of the illness. Additional acceptability was provided by the patient's request to have her life ended, although much less so than in studies in Western countries, and by suffering characterised by complete dependence rather than by extreme physical pain.Conclusions These empirical findings—the first ones gathered in the African continent—suggest that most Togolese lay people are not categorically for or against PAS, but judge its degree of acceptability as a function of concrete circumstances. (shrink)

A survey is given of three-valued paraconsistent propositionallogics connected with Jaśkowski’s criterion for constructing paraconsistentlogics. Several problems are raised and four new matrix three-valued paraconsistent logics are suggested.

In classes that examine entrenched injustices like sexism or racism, students sometimes use “distancing strategies” to dissociate themselves from the injustice being studied. Education researchers argue that distancing is a mechanism through which students, especially students of apparent privilege, deny their complicity in systemic injustice. While I am sympathetic to this analysis, I argue that there is much at stake in student distancing that the current literature fails to recognize. On my view, distancing perpetuates socially sanctioned forms of ignorance and (...) unknowing, through which students misrecognize not only their complicity in injustice, but also the ways that injustice shapes the world, their lives, and their knowledge. Thus, distancing is pedagogically problematic because it prevents students from understanding important social facts, and because it prevents them from engaging with perspectives, analyses, and testimonies that might beneficially challenge their settled views and epistemic habits. To substantiate this new analysis, I draw on recent work on epistemologies of ignorance, especially José Medina’s account of “active ignorance.” In order to respond to student distancing, I argue, it is not sufficient for teachers to make students aware of injustice, or of their potential complicity in it. Beyond this, teachers should cultivate epistemic virtue in the classroom and encourage students to take responsibility for better ways of knowing. The article ends by outlining several classroom practices for beginning this work. (shrink)

Study of philosophical aspects of Adhyātmarāmāyaṇa, portion of Brahmāṇḍapurāṇa, Hindu mythological text.

Halin in 1965 proved that if a graph has [Formula: see text] many pairwise disjoint rays for each [Formula: see text] then it has infinitely many pairwise disjoint rays. We analyze the complexity of this and other similar results in terms of computable and proof theoretic complexity. The statement of Halin’s theorem and the construction proving it seem very much like standard versions of compactness arguments such as König’s Lemma. Those results, while not computable, are relatively simple. They only use (...) arithmetic procedures or, equivalently, finitely many iterations of the Turing jump. We show that several Halin-type theorems are much more complicated. They are among the theorems of hyperarithmetic analysis. Such theorems imply the ability to iterate the Turing jump along any computable well ordering. Several important logical principles in this class have been extensively studied beginning with work of Kreisel, H. Friedman, Steel and others in the 1960s and 1970s. Until now, only one purely mathematical example was known. Our work provides many more and so answers Question 30 of Montalbán’s Open Questions in Reverse Mathematics in 2011. Some of these theorems including ones in Halin in 1965 are also shown to have unusual proof theoretic strength as well. (shrink)

The article interprets Franz Caucig’s Socrates with a Disciple and Diotima?, one of several paintings commissioned for Palais Auersperg in Vienna, now housed at the Slovenian National Gallery. Socrates and a young man are in a pastoral setting beneath a plane tree near a river. They are addressed by a woman, and a chariot with maidens can be seen in the background. The scene is from Plato’s Phaedrus, since Socrates never leaves Athens, except for military service and in this scene (...) from the Phaedrus. The woman addressing Socrates and Phaedrus in the painting cannot be Diotima because her chariot has two white horses, indicating a goddess. The most likely goddess would be the goddess in the poem of Parmenides of Elea, the source of the soul-chariot analogy in the Phaedrus. The setting of Caucig’s Socrates painting bears a remarkable similarity to his Amnytus painting, which features political references to Napoleon’s subjection of Gorizia, Caucig’s homeland. Caucig’s Phaedrus remarks upon Napoleon’s conquests, Hegel’s lectures on Parmenides, and David’s idealized painting of Napoleon crossing the Alps. (shrink)

ʻAyn al-Quḍāh al-Hamadhānī, ʻAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad, -1131. ; Ontology -- Islam. ; Knowledge, Theory of (Islam). ; Sufis -- Iran -- Biography. ; Muslim philosophers -- Iran -- Biography.

Volume 8 of this landmark edition follows Peirce from May 1890 through July 1892—a period of turmoil as his career unraveled at the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. The loss of his principal source of income meant the beginning of permanent penury and a lifelong struggle to find gainful employment. His key achievement during these years is his celebrated Monist metaphysical project, which consists of five classic articles on evolutionary cosmology. Also included are reviews and essays from The Nation in (...) which Peirce critiques Paul Carus, William James, Auguste Comte, Cesare Lombroso, and Karl Pearson, and takes part in a famous dispute between Francis E. Abbot and Josiah Royce. Peirce's short philosophical essays, studies in non-Euclidean geometry and number theory, and his only known experiment in prose fiction complete his production during these years. Peirce's 1883-1909 contributions to the Century Dictionary form the content of volume 7 which is forthcoming. (shrink)

The period from Kant to Hegel is one of the most intense and rigorous in modern philosophy. The central problem at the heart of it was the development of a new standard of theoretical reflection and of the principle of rationality itself. The essays in this volume, published in 2000, consider both the development of Kant's system of transcendental idealism in the three Critiques, the Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science, and the Opus Postumum, as well as the reception and transformation (...) of that idealism in the work of Fichte, Schelling and Hegel. (shrink)

This essay concerns Scott Shapiro's criticism that H.L.A. Hart's theory of law suffers from a Although other philosophers of law have summarily dismissed Shapiro's criticism, I argue that it identifies an important requirement for an adequate theory of law. Such a theory must explain why legal officials justify their actions by reference to abstract propositional entities, instead of pointing to the existence of social practices. A virtue of Shapiro's planning theory of law is that it can explain this phenomenon. Despite (...) these sympathies, however, I end with the suggestion that Shapiro's criticism of Hart, as it stands, is incomplete. Careful attention to Hart's notion of the internal point of view indicates that he was aware that legal justification ends with abstract objects, not practices, and that he offered his own explanation of this phenomenon. (shrink)

IN 1983 THE STUTTGART PUBLISHING FIRM OF PHILIPP RECLAM brought out a slim volume containing an introduction and seven essays by Robert Spaemann, then Professor of Philosophy at the University of Munich. Entitled Philosophische Essays, it presents and illustrates Spaemann’s philosophical project: to understand the phenomenon of modernity, to criticize the deficiencies of modern thought, and to preserve what is good in modernity by rehabilitating the teleological understanding of nature that modernity largely rejected. A second edition in 1994 included three (...) more essays. As little of Spaemann’s work has yet appeared in English, the aim of this paper is modest: to present as clearly and accurately as possible his position in the Philosophische Essays. (shrink)

I am concerned that the military’s Rules of Engagement (ROE) exclusively focus on prescribing permissible actions but fail to consider the servicemembers’ blameworthiness. In explaining this concern, I will illuminate how permissible actions do not necessarily yield blamelessness. While permissibility is generally a function of rules or good outcomes, blameworthiness is at least a function of an agent’s intentions. Why should we care about permissible actions done with blameworthy intentions? I offer two distinct motivations. Using a self-defense situation as an (...) example, I explain that neglecting to consider blame can increase the magnitude of harm done to an apparent but merely possible attacker. Secondly, we should certainly be concerned about the harms done to servicemembers, and I show that ROE that fail to prescribe a blameless intention may result in increased harm to servicemembers in the form of a “moral injury”. In even more general terms, I am advocating for a more robust in bello consideration of intentions. (shrink)

Wage inequality, including the college/high school education premium, has increased substantially in the United States. A key part of the most widely accepted explanation for this is that skill-biased technological change accelerated during this time. This article suggests that the impact of skill-biased technological change was closer to constant in the second half of the twentieth century. This leaves a large unexplained decrease in the college/high school education premium in the 1940s and a large unexplained increase in the 1980s. The (...) current article provides evidence that the upsurge and decline in union power during those respective periods provide a good explanation for these unexplained wage inequality changes. (shrink)