This paper argues that despite recent tendencies to minimize the differences between Posidonius and the Early Stoics, there are some important aspects of Stoic ethics in which Posidonius deviated from the orthodox doctrine. According to two passages in Diogenes Laertius, Posidonius counted health and wealth among the goods and held that virtue alone is insufficient for happiness. While Kidd in his commentary dismissed this report as spurious, there are good reasons to take Diogenes’ remarks seriously. Through a careful analysis of (...) the sources, in particular of Galen's De placitis Hippocratis et Platonis, this article offers a new interpretation of Posidonius’ ethics. It sheds light on Posidonius’ theory of virtues and shows that Posidonius must have granted a special status to things like health and wealth even if he did not regard them as genuine goods. (shrink)

Excerpt from Kants Begriff der Erkenntnis: Verglichen mit dem des Aristoteles Im ganzen Erkenntnisprozess. Die Einbildungskraft trotzdem sinnlich. Einbildungskraft und Verstand. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as (...) a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.". (shrink)

How do teachers' practices contribute to students well-being in the classroom? Do teachers' views of student well-being match students' views? We seek to apprehend the subjective well-being of students in the classroom, and to compare it with the views of teachers. We show that teachers' practices associated with students' well-being are mainly linked to the following dimensions: allowing students to participate in the lesson, making the lesson explicit, and developing a positive relationship with students. Student success and reduced pressure to (...) work are also mentioned. (shrink)

The objective of the article is to understand how a happiness engineering device centered on knowledge-relationship allows for « transformational training ». The methodology is based on a survey of semi-structured interviews and on a thematic content analysis of the dissertations. It was conducted with CPE trainees and teacher trainees in the Prevention-Health-Environment course. The results analyze the types of knowledge-relations in the realization of the experimental device by the trainees and the formative dimensions associated with learning in such an (...) engineering. (shrink)

This book offers a lucid and highly readable account of Wittgenstein's philosophy, framed against the background of his extraordinary life and character. Woven together with a biographical narrative, the chapters explain the key ideas of Wittgenstein's work, from his first book, the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, to his mature masterpiece, the Philosophical Investigations.

The growing interest and major advances of the last decades in evolutionary developmental biology (EvoDevo) have led to the recognition of the incompleteness of the Modern Synthesis of evolutionary theory. Here we discuss how paleontology makes significant contributions to integrate evolution and development. First, extinct organisms often inform us about developmental processes by showing a combination of features unrecorded in living species. We illustrate this point using the vertebrate fossil record and studies relating bone ossification to life history traits. Second, (...) we discuss exceptionally preserved fossils that document rare ontogenetic sequences and illustrate this case with the patterns of heterochrony observed in Cambrian crustacean larvae preserved three-dimensionally. Third, most fossils potentially document the evolutionary patterns of allometry and modularity, as well as some of the (paleo)ecological factors that had influenced them. The temporal persistence of adaptive patterns in rodent evolution serves to address the importance of ecological constraints in evolution. Fourth, we discuss how the macroevolutionary patterns observed in the tetrapod limb, in the mammal molar proportions, and in the molluscan shell provide independent tests of the validity of morphogenetic models proposed on living species. Reciprocally, these macroevolutionary patterns often act as a source of inspiration to investigate the underlying rules of development, because, at the end, they are the patterns that the neo-Darwinian theory was unable to account for. (shrink)

This chapter contains sections titled: I II III IV V Bibliography.

Les structures attributives en tête d’énoncé sont courantes et variées en allemand. Si une projection d’éléments en fonction d’attribut n’est pas envisageable telle quelle en français, compte tenu des contraintes syntaxiques et positionnelles propres à cette langue, la comparaison entreprise nous a permis de constater que l’on peut malgré tout trouver en position initiale les mêmes contenus sémantiques remplissant des fonctions textuelles similaires, mais présentant d’importantes différences avec les structures allemandes – différences en termes de fréquence et surtout en termes (...) de fonction (syntaxique). (shrink)

Historienne de l’art à University College à Londres, Mechthild Fend est spécialiste de la culture visuelle de la France des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles. Au cours des années 1990, elle a consacré une thèse de doctorat à la question de la représentation du masculin dans les beaux-arts de cette époque. C’est cette recherche qui est au fondement des Limites de la masculinité, paru pour la première fois en allemand en 2003. L’ouvrage présente donc les avantages et les inconvénients d’une recherche (...) « da... (shrink)

Wittgenstein shows that understanding is a capacity, and cannot be accounted for by mental representations of what is understood. But if a person’s understanding or thinking cannot be accounted for by occurrences of mental representations, then understanding that person cannot be a matter of knowing what is going on inside him or her: what representations he or she has in his or her mind. That, I argue, is the point of Wittgenstein’s famous and frequently misunderstood saying, “If a lion could (...) talk we wouldn’t be able to understand it.” Our inability to understand a strange creature would not be overcome if that creature could speak and lay open to us on the mental operations inside its mind. Finally, I explain in what way understanding other people is not an entirely intellectual affair, but also has moral and aesthetic dimensions. -/- . (shrink)

Beatific Enjoyment in Medieval Scholastic Debates traces the reception of Saint Augustine’s concept of beatific enjoyment in Peter Lombard’s Sentences. It identifies the main themes and problems which shaped the discussion of the concept in thirteenth- and fourteenth-century scholastic commentaries. Bringing together theological and scientific approaches to the idea of enjoyment, Severin Kitanov exposes the intricacy of the discourse and develops a new perspective for students and scholars.

For the last 25 years, human development has become part of official development discourses. It takes the normative position that the success of policies depends on whether they have expanded human flourishing, or expanded the 'freedoms' or 'capabilities' people have 'reason to value', as Amartya Sen would put it. It emphasises the importance of institutions to facilitate such expansion, and the agency of people to create such institutions. The ability of institutions to be conducive to human flourishing depends on the (...) nature of human interaction. When human interaction no longer has the flourishing of other persons as its aim, it can create structures which then constrain human agency. The article argues that the human development perspective could be enriched by theological insights such as structural sin and the contribution of religious narratives to public reasoning. It concentrates on the idea of justice of one biblical parable, and illustrates its argument with examples from the Argentine labour context. (shrink)

Dieser Titel aus dem De Gruyter-Verlagsarchiv ist digitalisiert worden, um ihn der wissenschaftlichen Forschung zugänglich zu machen. Da der Titel erstmals im Nationalsozialismus publiziert wurde, ist er in besonderem Maße in seinem historischen Kontext zu betrachten. Mehr erfahren Sie.

In his monograph Dreaming (1959), Normal Malcolm puts forward the following three theses: (1) The temporal location of dreams as taking place in one’s sleep is not an empirical fact, but determined by grammar. (2) This grammatical determination does not allow dreams a precise date in physical time. (3) Dreams do not consist of mental occurrences. I argue that (1) is indeed perfectly true, whereas (2) is false; (3) is not borne out by Malcolm’s verificationist main argument, although it can (...) be shown to be largely true for other considerations. (shrink)

BackgroundWhile most studies on HIV/AIDS often identify stigmatization and patients’ unwillingness to access health care as critical problems in the control of the pandemic, very few studies have focused on the possible consequences of accessing health care by sero-positives. This paper examines the socio-psychological trauma patients experience in their desire to access health care in two health facilities in the Ashanti Region of Ghana.MethodsThrough participant observation, informal conversation and in-depth interviews, data were collected from health workers and clients of the (...) voluntary counselling and antiretroviral therapy units in the two hospitals.The data gathered were analysed and categorized into themes and supported with illustrative quotes obtained from health workers and clients.ResultsThe study found that the mere presence of a person at the HIV counselling centre or clinic is enough for the person to be labelled as or suspected to be HIV patient. It demonstrates that stigmatization may occur not only in the community but also overtly or covertly, in the health facility itself. Consequently, for many HIV/AIDS patients, access to antiretroviral therapy and treatment of related nosocomial infections are problematic. Besides, the study found that many clients and potential users of services were uncomfortable with the quality of care given by some health workers, especially as they overtly and covertly breached confidentiality about their clients’ health status. This has compelled many patients and potential users of the services to adopt a modus vivendi that provides them access to some care services while protecting their identity.ConclusionThe paper argues that by examining issues relating to privacy and confidentiality in the provision of care for and use of services by seropositives, more light will be shed on the whys of the limited uptake of HIV-related health care services in Ghana. (shrink)

The capability approach constitutes a significant contribution to social theory but its potential is diminished by its insufficient treatment of the social construction of meaning. Social meanings enable people to make value judgements about what they will do and be, and also to evaluate how satisfied they are about what they are able to achieve. From this viewpoint, a person’s state of wellbeing must be understood as being socially and psychologically co-constituted in specific social and cultural contexts. In this light, (...) the telos of ‘living well’ which is at the heart of Sen’s version of the capability approach is inadequate and must be modified to a telos of ‘living well together’ which includes consideration of the social structures and institutions which enable people to pursue individual freedoms in relation to others. The policy significance of the capability approach can be further strengthened by paying greater consideration to the political economy of policy decision-making processes and the ways in which conflicts and distributions of power are institutionalized. (shrink)

The importance of the spiritual dimension in the lives of people living in conditions of poverty and social exclusion and the often-critical role of faith-based organisations has gained increasing relevance in development research and practice. A growing line of research focuses on how to integrate the faith dimension into the evaluation of social programmes and on quantifying the effects of faith. The objective of this article is to propose a framework for integrating a spiritual dimension into the design and practice (...) of impact evaluation by using the concept of integral human development. Integral human development emerged within the Catholic social tradition, but is not specific to it. It is a perspective on human development that integrates the material and spiritual, recognises the interdependence between humans and their environment or territory and demands change at both the individual and collective levels. This framework is then applied to the design of an impact evaluation of a faith-based programme that accompanies people with drug and alcohol addictions in Argentina. The article highlights the following characteristics of an integral impact evaluation: the interaction between multiple well-being dimensions; the use of knowledge and methods of analysis from multiple disciplines; the importance of understanding the diverse pathways to improvements in well-being; the assessment of the spiritual dimension through changes in one's relationships with oneself, others and the environment; and the importance of assessing personal change within the context of social and community transformation. (shrink)

The importance of the spiritual dimension in the lives of people living in conditions of poverty and social exclusion and the often-critical role of faith-based organisations has gained increasing relevance in development research and practice. A growing line of research focuses on how to integrate the faith dimension into the evaluation of social programmes and on quantifying the effects of faith. The objective of this article is to propose a framework for integrating a spiritual dimension into the design and practice (...) of impact evaluation by using the concept of integral human development. Integral human development emerged within the Catholic social tradition, but is not specific to it. It is a perspective on human development that integrates the material and spiritual, recognises the interdependence between humans and their environment or territory and demands change at both the individual and collective levels. This framework is then applied to the design of an impact evaluation of a faith-based programme that accompanies people with drug and alcohol addictions in Argentina. The article highlights the following characteristics of an integral impact evaluation: the interaction between multiple well-being dimensions; the use of knowledge and methods of analysis from multiple disciplines; the importance of understanding the diverse pathways to improvements in well-being; the assessment of the spiritual dimension through changes in one's relationships with oneself, others and the environment; and the importance of assessing personal change within the context of social and community transformation. (shrink)

The present experiment investigates the involvement of awareness in functional dissociations between explicit and implicit tests. In the explicit condition, participants attempted to recall lexically or semantically studied words using word stems. In the implicit condition, they were instructed to complete each stem with the first word which came to mind. Subjective awareness was subsequently measured on an item-by-item basis. As voluntary retrieval strategies are known to be time consuming, the time taken to complete each stem was recorded. In the (...) explicit task, semantically studied words were associated with higher levels of recall and faster response times than lexically studied words. By contrast, in the implicit task, these effects failed to reach significance, although deep encoding made the contents of memory more accessible to awareness. As expected, performance was slower in the explicit than in the implicit task, but in the latter condition, times to produce old words with and without awareness were comparable, and both of these responses were produced more quickly than control words. This finding suggests that although participants may become aware in implicit paradigms, they do not adopt voluntary retrieval strategies. (shrink)

Les internautes chinois investissent avec enthousiasme tous les outils de présentation de soi proposés sur Internet. Ils racontent par exemple leur histoire personnelle sur leur blog, se présentent au travers d'un avatar sur la messagerie instantanée QQ, et commentent sur les forums les embûches qu'ils rencontrent dans la vie quotidienne. Ils ont donc la possibilité d'affirmer leur identité et leurs goûts de manière extrêmement personnalisée. Sur la base de ces goûts, ils s'insèrent dans des réseaux sociaux choisis, beaucoup plus souples (...) que leurs attaches familiales ou professionnelles, et dans lesquels l'individu est central. Cela fait d'Internet un support privilégié pour l'irruption de l'individu, dépouillé de certaines allégeances traditionnelles, mais également assujetti à de nouvelles normes sociales. En effet les internautes chinois se donnent comme référence un mode de vie ' moderne ', sur le modèle duquel ils peuvent affirmer une certaine ' distinction '. Je rends compte de cette ambivalence sur la base d'entretiens approfondis effectués en 2006 et 2007 avec cinquante internautes pékinois ' ordinaires '. (shrink)

Den Ausgangspunkt dieses Beitrages bildet eine phänomenologische Analysen zur Gestalt von Arbeit in der gegenwärtigen Welt medialer und informeller Realitäten. Im Vordergrund stehen Analysen hinsichtlich des modernen Bewusstseins von Arbeit, insoweit es sich als maßgebend für das neuzeitliche Praxisverständnis erweist. Ein Rückgang auf Kant und Locke rekonstruiert die philosophischen Bestimmungen und Begründungen von Arbeit, welche die neuzeitliche Philosophie im Ganzen charakterisieren und deren Weg zur Moderne prägen. Infolge wird ein Blick auf die Probleme und Brüche innerhalb der gegenwärtigen Arbeitswelt ermöglicht, (...) die auch durch elementare Verlusterfahrungen gekennzeichnet werden kann. Es ist die philosophische Erinnerungsarbeit, die die negativen Aspekte moderner Arbeitswelt bezüglich des modernen Selbstverständnisses von Mensch und Welt erst in vollem Ausmaß sichtbar werden läßt. (shrink)

Le point de départ de cet article est une analyse phénoménologique des formes de travail dans le monde moderne des médias et des réalités informatiques. La priorité y est donnée à une analyse de la conscience moderne du travail dans la mesure où elle est importante pour la compréhension moderne de la praxis humaine. Un coup d’œil rétrospectif sur Kant et Locke permet de reconstituer les définitions philosophiques et les raisons du travail qui caractérisent la philosophie moderne dans son ensemble (...) et dans sa progression. En conséquence de quoi, il est possible de saisir les problèmes et les fractures du monde actuel du travail, qui se laissent identifier comme une expérience d’échec. C’est la mémoire philosophique qui aide à clarifier les aspects négatifs du monde moderne du trravail relativement à la conception du moi humain et du monde en général. (shrink)