Thierry Meynard examines how the Jesuits in China came to understand the Confucian tradition, and how they offered the first complete translation of the Lunyu in the West, in the Confucius Sinarum Philosophus.

À l'occasion du projet d'informatisation du contrôle aérien civil qui débute en 1961, une équipe de psychologues est associée aux ingénieurs chargés de la réalisation du nouveau système pour l'adapter aux conditions particulières du travail des « aiguilleurs du ciel ». Cette collaboration permet à l'ergonomie de l'informatique de forger ses premiers concepts et de les appliquer au Cautra . Hébergés dès 1969 par l'Institut de recherche en informatique et en automatique , l'équipe d'André Bisseret découvre les difficultés du travail (...) transdisciplinaire avec une communauté informaticienne se défiant de cette irruption incompréhensible de psychologues sur son territoire de compétence. Ces conflits, incompréhensions et rencontres manquées n'empêchent pas l'ergonomie de développer ses recherches autour des notions d'utilisateur et d'interface et de proposer des réponses aux interrogations et aux angoisses que l'ordinateur fait naître dans le grand public dès le milieu des années 1970.On the occasion of the computerization project of civil air traffic control starting in 1961, a team of psychologists is associated with the engineers responsible for implementation of the new system to adapt to the unique circumstances of the "air traffic". This collaboration enables the ergonomics of the computer first forging his concepts and apply them to Cautra . Hosted in 1969 by the Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control , André Bisseret team discovers the difficulties of working with an interdisciplinary community informaticienne distrustful of this irruption incomprehensible psychologists on its jurisdiction. These conflicts, misunderstandings and missed connections do not prevent the development of ergonomics research around the concepts of user interface and provide answers to questions and anxieties that the computer gives rise to the general public from the mid-1970s. (shrink)

. The effort in providing constructive and predicative meaning to non-constructive modes of reasoning has almost without exception been applied to theories with full classical logic [4]. In this paper we show how to combine unrestricted countable choice, induction on infinite well-founded trees and restricted classical logic in constructively given models. These models are sheaf models over a $\sigma$ -complete Boolean algebra, whose topologies are generated by finite or countable covering relations. By a judicious choice of the Boolean algebra we (...) can directly extract effective content from $\Pi_2^0$ -statements true in the model. All the arguments of the present paper can be formalised in Martin-Löf's constructive type theory with generalised inductive definitions. (shrink)

The anticipation of ethical issues that may arise with the clinical use of genomic technologies is crucial to envision their future implementation in a manner sensitive to local contexts. Yet, populations in low- and middle-income countries are underrepresented in studies that aim to explore stakeholders’ perspectives on the use of such technologies. Within the framework of a research project entitled “Personalized medicine in the treatment of epilepsy”, we sought to increase inclusiveness by widening the reach of our survey, inviting neurologists (...) from around the world to share their views and practices regarding the use of whole-genome sequencing in clinical neurology and its associated ethics. We discuss herein the compelling scientific and ethical reasons that led us to attempt to recruit neurologists worldwide, despite the lack, in many low- or middle-income countries, of access to genomic technologies. Recruitment procedures and their results are presented and discussed, as well as the barriers we faced. We conclude that inclusive recruitment remains a challenging, albeit necessary and legitimate, endeavour. (shrink)

Cette étude analyse les réponses orales de 63 élèves français de 9-11 ans lors d’une tâche de vocabulaire du type définition de mots. La performance globale, mais aussi l’organisation et l’accessibilité des informations catégorielles, fonctionnelles ou perceptives sont examinées en considérant l’origine sociale des enfants. Les résultats quantitatifs de l’étude confirment ceux obtenus par les recherches sur la relation entre milieu socio-économique et étendue du vocabulaire. Les données qualitatives, tirées de l’analyse de la structure de 567 définitions, mettent en évidence (...) des différences modérées de l’évolution vers la forme canonique de la définition, selon la classe sociale. Ceci interroge nos manières de penser l’enseignement-apprentissage du vocabulaire et invite à explorer plus avant les mécanismes en jeu dans l’inégal accès à la connaissance de la signification des mots. (shrink)

L’Introduction à l’analyse des lignes courbes algébriques de Gabriel Cramer, paru en 1750, a tout de suite bénéficié du soutien de D’Alembert qui l’a inclus dans les références bibliographiques de ses articles de mathématiques de l’Encyclopédie portant sur les courbes. Ainsi choisi et légitimé par l’entreprise encyclopédique et ses reprises, l’ouvrage de Cramer devient objet patrimonial au tournant du xixe siècle pour les mathématiciens, amateurs, professionnels ou enseignants qui travaillent sur les courbes algébriques. Le suivi sur le temps long des (...) mentions de l’Introduction dans les encyclopédies, dictionnaires ou histoires des mathématiques en langue française, ainsi que dans quelques textes d’enseignement, nous permettra de comprendre que ce processus de patrimonialisation n’induit pas sa conservation, sa protection, sa valorisation à de seules fins mémorielles, en figeant l’ouvrage dans un passé immuable. Au contraire, il permet une historicisation critique de la part des acteurs qui les met en position d’interroger et de réactualiser les connaissances et les pratiques que l’œuvre contient, au gré des mouvements d’émergence, de réorganisation et des spécialisations des savoirs mathématiques, quitte à en oublier certains aspects pour en mettre de nouveaux en valeur. (shrink)

Valorising the biocultural heritage of common goods could enable peasant farmers to achieve socially and economically inclusive sustainability. Increasingly appreciated by consumers, peasant heritage products offer small farmers promising opportunities for economic, social and territorial development. Identifying the obstacles and levers of this complex, multi-scale and multi-stakeholder objective requires an integrative framework. We applied the panarchy conceptual framework to two cases of participatory research with small quinoa producers: a local fair in Chile and quinoa export production in Bolivia. In both (...) cases, the “commoning” process was crucial both to bring stakeholders together inside their communities and to gain outside recognition for their production and thus achieve social and economic inclusion. Despite the differences in scale, the local fair and the export market shared a similar marketing strategy based on short value chains promoting quality products with high identity value. In these dynamics of biocultural heritage valorisation, the panarchical approach revealed the central place as well as the vulnerability of the community territory. As a place of both anchoring and opening, the community territory is the privileged space where autonomous and consensual control over the governance of common biocultural resources can be exercised. (shrink)

This paper argues that some words are so highly charged with meaning by a community that they may prevent a discussion during which each participant is on an equal footing. These words are indeed either unanimously accepted or rejected. The presence of these adjectival groups pushes the antagonist to find rhetorical strategies to circumvent them. The main idea we want to develop is that some propositions are not easily debatable in context because of some specific value-bearing words, and one of (...) the goals of this paper is to build a methodological tool for finding and classifying these VBWs. Our study echoes the importance of “cultural keywords” in argument, but is rather based on a German approach developed by,, and about “Miranda” and “Anti-Miranda” words that is expanded and refined here. In particular, our study tries to understand why some statements, fueled by appreciative or evaluative adjectives, have such rhetorical effects on a pragmatic level in the particular context of a vote on the Swiss popular initiative called “for more affordable housing”. This context is fruitful since two parties offer reasons for two opposing policy claims: namely, to accept or to reject an initiative. When one party uses arguments containing such universally unassailable adjectival groups to defend a “yes” vote, the opposing party cannot use a symmetrical antonym while pleading for the “no” vote. The methodological tool that is proposed here could shed light on the use of certain rhetorical and referential strategies in conflicting policy proposition contexts. (shrink)

During the Renaissance, as an age of transition, the political idea of empire (a legacy of the Middle Ages) is subject to a series of evolutions leading to the modern reality of a large market, gradually coordinating national economies and their influence networks. Do these evolutions allow us to speak of an « economical version of the empire »? Can we view this process, described through the geopolitical relationships of the Renaissance, as a prefiguration of modern globalization? This paper deals (...) with these questions from various points of view, in order to prove that the Renaissance idea of empire undergoes « metamorphosis », or evolutions, which modify its concept, regarding notably the relationship between domination and territoriality. (shrink)

Taking advantage of the fact that they need not replicate their DNA, terminally differentiated neurons only repair their expressed genes and largely dispense with the burden of removing damage from most of their genome. However, they may pay a heavy price for this laxity if unforeseen circumstances, such as a pathological condition like Alzheimer's disease, cause them to re‐enter the cell cycle. The lifetime accumulation of unrepaired lesions in the silent genes of neurons is likely to be significant and may (...) result in aborting the mitotic process and triggering cell death if the cells attempt to express these dormant genes and resume DNA replication. BioEssays 25:168–173, 2003. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

Do monkeys and apes display ‘elements of rudimentary moral systems'? If these elements correspond to individual abilities, it could be misleading to label them moral. The prosocial abilities of non-human primates may just constitute the foundations necessary to the emergence of morality in human beings, yet their Darwinian significance should be explained on their own, without reference to their possible functions in human beings. On the other hand, if moral elements refer to parts of moral systems, this implies the development (...) of shared norms through cultural evolution. In this respect, the absence of communication about mental representations forbids the directional transmission of learned social rules in non-human primates. (shrink)

Formal topology aims at developing general topology in intuitionistic and predicative mathematics. Many classical results of general topology have been already brought into the realm of constructive mathematics by using formal topology and also new light on basic topological notions was gained with this approach which allows distinction which are not expressible in classical topology. Here we give a systematic exposition of one of the main tools in formal topology: inductive generation. In fact, many formal topologies can be presented in (...) a predicative way by an inductive generation and thus their properties can be proved inductively. We show however that some natural complete Heyting algebra cannot be inductively defined. (shrink)

Si l’immunité du philosophe de la connaissance aux penchants irrationalistes et au modèle tyrannique de Kraus ne fait pas de doute, l’intérêt pour ses outils trouve son sens dans la prise de conscience par le rationaliste des limites de l’Aufklärung. Contre les tentations élitistes de certains enthousiastes naïfs (la liberté naîtra de la lucidité acquise par la seule science et le seul exercice de la raison), Bouveresse tient la satire et l’ironie pour indispensables : le monde intellectuel n’est pas moins (...) violent et injuste que les autres mondes sociaux ; on ne peut y défendre l’honnêteté intellectuelle et l’exigence de justice sociale et économique sans accompagner l’exercice de la raison et les luttes pour un monde égalitaire par l’exercice d’une contre-violence au moins équivalente à la violence de l’attaque dont sont l’objet ces valeurs inséparables aux yeux du démocrate armé. (shrink)

The social worker builds his working identity through his commitment to serve excluded populations with the aim to take part in their welfare improvement. This working identity acts on his attention on the world. Therefore, his personal identity is affected in his development by the art of doing. When relations with hierarchy, people or institutional environment fail, how is this professional identity perceived by the social worker and how is his own personal identity growing in time? The analysis of stories (...) of social workers’ practices, who had suffered because of working situations, reveals close links between social worker, institution and people helped. The affective nature of the links that emerge from the art of doing stands out through the three poles and then plays an important role in the social worker’s identity development. (shrink)

De manière évidente l’architecture « est ». Par sa matérialité et sa présence, elle s’impose dans l’espace de nos vies. Mais son authenticité n’est pas technique, historique ou matérielle. Elle est symbolique et culturelle. Car au delà de son « apparence », l’architecture n’existe que par ses usages, par ses incessantes modifications ou même par son souvenir. Il n’existe aucun moment de l’histoire d’une architecture qui serait plus « authentique » qu’un autre. L’authenticité relève d’une vision doctrinaire de l’architecture qui (...) considérerait l’excellence d’un moment unique, face à l’infini d’une histoire toujours renouvelée. Or, dans un monde qui se caractérise par la quête perpétuelle du singulier, l’architecture qui, par essence, est in-définie et plurielle, risque de se transformer en signe, « authentique » mais dépourvu de sens. (shrink)

In times of social and moral crises, sport has often been called to boost individual moral development. By the same token, outdoor activities are viewed as good educational practices to enhance environmental responsibility. However, the present paper argues that these physical activities are currently following the same technological development trend as the mainstream society, and challenges this trend itself in terms of sustainability by critically asking this question: Do outdoor activities really enhance environmental responsibility? The research supporting this paper is (...) based on a qualitative inquiry using interviews with outdoor activities practitioners: mountain guides and white water sports instructors. The findings of this research show that environmental responsibility development depends on the sport contexts. It is fostered in slow and none-technological activities and lowered in fast and technological activities. The paper concludes with the following paradox reached by the preliminary research results: the birth of modern technology calls for greater need of environmental responsibility, but it may also prevent its development at the same time. (shrink)

The way in which securities are traded is very different from the idealized picture of a frictionless and self-equilibrating market offered by the typical finance textbook. Market Liquidity offers a more accurate and authoritative take on liquidity and price discovery. The authors start from the assumption that not everyone is present at all times simultaneously on the market, and that even the limited number of participants who are have quite diverse information about the security's fundamentals. As a result, the order (...) flow is a complex mix of information and noise, and a consensus price only emerges gradually over time as the trading process evolves and the participants interpret the actions of other traders. Thus a security's actual transaction price may deviate from its fundamental value, as it would be assessed by a fully informed set of investors. This book takes these deviations seriously, and explains why and how they emerge in the trading process and are eventually eliminated. The authors draw on a vast body of theoretical insights and empirical findings on security price formation that have accumulated in the last thirty years, and have come to form a well-defined field within financial economics known as 'market microstructure.' Focusing on liquidity and price discovery, they analyze the tension between the two, pointing out that when price-relevant information reaches the market through trading pressure rather than through a public announcement, liquidity suffers. The book also confronts many puzzling phenomena in securities markets and uses the analytical tools and empirical methods of market microstructure to understand them. These include issues such as why liquidity changes over time, why large trades move prices up or down, and why these price changes are subsequently reversed, why we see concentration of securities trading, why some traders willingly disclose their intended trades while others hide them, and why we observe temporary deviations from arbitrage prices. (shrink)

L'oeuvre et la pensée de Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) semblent devoir éternellement se résumer à ses cieux textes les plus célèbres, Walden ou la vie dans les bois et La Désobéissance civile, occultant un parcours riche et complexe. Chantre de la liberté individuelle, engagé activement dans la lutte contre l'esclavage, il ne fut pas cet ermite vivant clans sa cabane retirée au bord d'un lac, dans la forêt, bien qu'il entretînt une relation panthéiste avec la Nature. Inlassable arpenteur de sa (...) région, autour de Concord, en Nouvelle-Angleterre, il vécut de son métier de géomètre qui lui permit de s'adonner à l'observation de la faune et de la flore. Nourri de littérature classique et de philosophie orientale, éternel célibataire aux nombreuses amitiés masculines et féminines, brillant conférencier, il concentre en lui cette indépendance intemporelle et cet appel du Wild qui constituent l'âme de la nation américaine. Au risque d'écorner l'image d'Epinal que s'est faite de lui la postérité, cette biographie se propose de révéler les aspects les moins connus de la vie du grand écrivain, qui tint son Journal pendant un quart de siècle. Loin d'en souffrir, l'image de Thoreau se trouve au contraire rehaussée par cet éclairage nouveau. (shrink)

L’utopie est un genre littéraire, né en Occident en 1516 avec la publication de l’ouvrage de Thomas More, Utopia, qui va renouveler la pensée politique en proposant une alternative au système en place. À partir de cette « matrice » de nombreuses utopies vont être publiées ou expérimentées. Aussi, possédons-nous un large corpus, tant écrit que vécu, qui nous permet de comprendre la place attribuée par ces utopies à l’architecture et à l’urbanisme. L’auteur entreprend ici un premier repérage panoramique de (...) cette thématique, qui montre à quel point l’utopie est plurielle et que chacune possède sa conception territoriale et son expression bâtie. Une utopie architecturale, ou une utopie urbaine, n’existe pas sans une utopie politique, sociétale. Les Utopiens changent d’abord leurs manières de vivre afin de s’émanciper des contraintes imposées par le système qu’ils contestent (sexualité, éducation, travail, création, nature…) et ce n’est que dans un second moment qu’ils inventent de nouveaux logements et un autre environnement…. (shrink)

La figure emblématique de l’autorité de la parole comme telle, et non pas comme instrument de l’exercice de l’autorité, est l’« autorité des anciens », que Pascal distingue du « raisonnement » et qu’il limite aux seules connaissances qui dépendent de la mémoire. La forme suprême de « l’autorité des anciens » est celle de l’autorité des prophètes de l’Ancien Testament et des apôtres du Nouveau Testament, qui, prétendant témoigner directement de Dieu, jouiraient de son autorité par délégation. Mais ni (...) la figure emblématique de l’autorité de la parole comme telle, ni la forme suprême de cette figure ne donnent l’essence de cette autorité : son pouvoir d’être écoutée en étant comprise en tant qu’il repose non simplement sur sa propriété d’augmenter la connaissance des choses si la vérité de la parole est sa conformité aux choses, mais sur sa propriété de déceler ce qui est si la vérité originaire de la parole est le caractère ouvert de ce qui est et qu’elle ouvre. (shrink)

We present a proof of Goodmanʼs Theorem, which is a variation of the proof of Renaldel de Lavalette [9]. This proof uses in an essential way possibly divergent computations for proving a result which mentions systems involving only terminating computations. Our proof is carried out in a constructive metalanguage. This involves implicitly a covering relation over arbitrary posets in formal topology, which occurs in forcing in set theory in a classical framework, but can also be defined constructively.

The review adresses the relationship between sport expertise (i.e., sport competition level), postural performance (amount of motion of the centre of mass/of pressure of foot or ability to preserve body balance) and postural strategy (geometric organization of different body segments as well as neurobiological involvement of organism). Since the conditions of postural evaluation are likely to influence results, the aim is to compare athletes at different competition levels in ecological postural conditions (specific postural conditions related to the sport practiced) and (...) non-ecological postural conditions (decontextualized postural conditions in relation to the sport practiced). Evidence suggests that the most successful athletes in terms of sport competition level have the best postural performance both in ecological and non-ecological postural conditions. However, in non-ecological conditions the postural tasks should be preferentially challenging or relatively close to the sport practice stance. Moreover, the most successful athletes also have more elaborate postural strategies compared with athletes at lower competition level. Mechanistic explanations as well as conceptual models are proposed to explain the role of different factors influencing the relationship between sport expertise and postural performance and strategy. (shrink)

Considérer saint Thomas d'Aquin comme un philosophe : la gageure est moindre que pour saint Augustin. Les images d'Epinal ne sont pas toujours mensongères et, s'il en est une qui dit la vérité, c'est bien celle de la distinction que Thomas tient entre foi et raison, théologie et philosophie. A condition toutefois de préciser que les deux disciplines ne sont par lui distinguées que pour unir, sinon leurs principes, leurs méthodes et leurs résultats, du moins la totalité du spectre de (...) la sagesse. Cette philosophie aux coudées franches s'avère de premier rang. Elle séduit par sa force spéculative et sa clarté, et trouve ces dernières années un public de plus en plus large. Ce volume est donc consacré à la philosophie de saint Thomas. Il couvre la plupart des domaines majeurs où Thomas impose sa marque, assumant les traditions qu'il fait siennes et aussi qu'il dépasse dans une synthèse originale : philosophie de la connaissance, métaphysique, Dieu, éthique, politique. Sans s'interdire des interactions avec les domaines de la théologie, de l'Ecriture et de la mystique, sans non plus négliger quelques-uns des recoins les plus inattendus de la pensée thomasienne, ni ses liens avec les autres doctrines médiévales, ni l'influence qu'elle exerce sur la littérature moderne. Un tel ensemble témoigne des derniers acquis universitaires, sur les questions qu'il traite, d'une nouvelle génération de chercheurs, ainsi que d'un souci pédagogique d'exposition. En langue française, un tel collectif sur la philosophie de Thomas d'Aquin se faisait attendre depuis longtemps. Thierry Dominique Humbrecht. (shrink)

Thierry Laronde basing on the statement of the social utility of ideas, to denounce the policy of the European Office of Patents in which he blames for accepting in facts, software patenting and limit so the social circulation of ideas. Indeed in the case of the software, originality, only patentable, does not lie as in the theory as in an implementation by a soft-engineer which participates in a chain in which the assertion of an individual right is difficult even (...) impossible. A contrario GNU’s General Public Licence facilitates the distribution of the knowledge’s distribution, by the spread and the re-use of the code even though it does not offer any guarantee against the patenting of ideas. (shrink)

We introduce the notion of Boolean measure algebra. It can be described shortly using some standard notations and terminology. If B is any Boolean algebra, let BN denote the algebra of sequences , xn B. Let us write pk BN the sequence such that pk = 1 if i K and Pk = 0 if k < i. If x B, denote by x* BN the constant sequence x* = . We define a Boolean measure algebra to be a Boolean (...) algebra B with an operation μ:BN → B such that μ = 0 and μ = x. Any Boolean measure algebra can be used to model non-principal ultrafilters in a suitable sense. Also, we can build effectively the initial Boolean measure algebra. This construction is related to the closed open Ramsey Theorem 193–198.). (shrink)

Thierry Patrice, 57 ans, médecin, nommé professeur à 32 ans, Lauréat de la Faculté, est internationalement connu pour ses travaux concernant l'action de la lumière sur les tissus vivant en cancérologie. Il a reçu plusieurs Prix pour l'étude du rôle de l'oxygène dans différentes maladies, dont le diabète, mais aussi lors du vieillissement.