56 found
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  1.  88
    Kant und die Wissenschaften vom Menschen.Thomas Sturm - 2009 - Mentis.
    This book explores Kant's philosophy of the human sciences, their status, their relations and prospects. Contrary to widespread belief, he is not dogmatic about the question of whether these disciplines are proper sciences. Instead, this depends on whether we can rationally adjust assumptions about the methods, goals, and subject matter of these disciplines - and this has to be done alongside of ongoing research. Kant applies these ideas especially in lectures on "pragmatic antropology" given from 1772-1796. In doing so, he (...)
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  2. How (far) can rationality be naturalized?Gerd Gigerenzer & Thomas Sturm - 2012 - Synthese 187 (1):243-268.
    The paper shows why and how an empirical study of fast-and-frugal heuristics can provide norms of good reasoning, and thus how (and how far) rationality can be naturalized. We explain the heuristics that humans often rely on in solving problems, for example, choosing investment strategies or apartments, placing bets in sports, or making library searches. We then show that heuristics can lead to judgments that are as accurate as or even more accurate than strategies that use more information and computation, (...)
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  3.  83
    Kant on the Ends of the Sciences.Thomas Sturm - 2020 - Kant Studien 111 (1):1-28.
    Kant speaks repeatedly about the relations between ends or aims and scientific research, but the topic has mostly been ignored. What is the role of ends, especially (though not exclusively) practical ones, in his views on science? I will show that while Kant leaves ample space for recognizing a function of ends both in the definition and the pursuit of inquiry, and in the further practical application of scientific cognition, he does not claim that science is simply an instrument for (...)
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  4. What (Good) is Historical Epistemology? Editors' Introduction.Uljana Feest & Thomas Sturm - 2011 - Erkenntnis 75 (3):285-302.
    We provide an overview of three ways in which the expression “Historical epistemology” (HE) is often understood: (1) HE as a study of the history of higher-order epistemic concepts such as objectivity, observation, experimentation, or probability; (2) HE as a study of the historical trajectories of the objects of research, such as the electron, DNA, or phlogiston; (3) HE as the long-term study of scientific developments. After laying out various ways in which these agendas touch on current debates within both (...)
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  5.  82
    The “Rationality Wars” in Psychology: Where They Are and Where They Could Go.Thomas Sturm - 2012 - Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 55 (1):66-81.
    Current psychology of human reasoning is divided into several different approaches. For instance, there is a major dispute over the question whether human beings are able to apply norms of the formal models of rationality such as rules of logic, or probability and decision theory, correctly. While researchers following the “heuristics and biases” approach argue that we deviate systematically from these norms, and so are perhaps deeply irrational, defenders of the “bounded rationality” approach think not only that the evidence for (...)
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  6. Kant and the Scientific Study of Consciousness.Thomas Sturm & Falk Wunderlich - 2010 - History of the Human Sciences 23 (3):48-71.
    We argue that Kant’s views about consciousness, the mind-body problem, and the status of psychology as a science all differ drastically from the way in which these topics are conjoined in present debates about the prominent idea of a science of consciousness. Kant did never use the concept of consciousness in the now dominant sense of phenomenal qualia; his discussions of the mind-body problem center not on the reducibility of mental properties but of substances; and his views about the possibility (...)
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  7. Kant on empirical psychology: How not to investigate the human mind.Thomas Sturm - 2001 - In Eric Watkins (ed.), Kant and the Sciences. New York, US: Oxford University Press. pp. 163--184.
     
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  8. The extended cognition thesis: Its significance for the philosophy of (cognitive) science.Eric Arnau, Anna Estany, Rafael González del Solar & Thomas Sturm - 2014 - Philosophical Psychology 27 (1):1-18.
    While the extended cognition (EC) thesis has gained more followers in cognitive science and in the philosophy of mind and knowledge, our main goal is to discuss a different area of significance of the EC thesis: its relation to philosophy of science. In this introduction, we outline two major areas: (I) The role of the thesis for issues in the philosophy of cognitive science, such as: How do notions of EC figure in theories or research programs in cognitive science? Which (...)
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  9. Cognitive Externalism Meets Bounded Rationality.Eric Arnau, Saray Ayala & Thomas Sturm - 2014 - Philosophical Psychology 27 (1):50-64.
    When proponents of cognitive externalism (CE) turn to empirical studies in cognitive science to put the framework to use and to assess its explanatory success, they typically refer to perception, memory, or motor coordination. In contrast, not much has been said about reasoning. One promising avenue to explore in this respect is the theory of bounded rationality (BR). To clarify the relationship between CE and BR, we criticize Andy Clark's understanding of BR, as well as his claim that BR does (...)
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  10.  30
    Reines und empirisches Selbstbewusstsein in Kants Anthropologie: Das „Ich“ und die rationale Charakterentwicklung.Thomas Sturm - 2017 - In Giuseppe Motta & Udo Thiel (eds.), Immanuel Kant: Die Einheit des Bewusstseins (Kant-Studien Ergänzungshefte). DeGruyter. pp. 195-220.
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  11.  11
    Kant on Empirical Psychology.Thomas Sturm - 2001 - In Eric Watkins (ed.), Kant and the Sciences. New York, US: Oxford University Press.
    This paper explains Kant’s views on the theory of matter as developed in the Dynamics chapter of his Metaphysical Foundations, and elaborates their background in the chemistry of the period. Kant’s general approach to matter theory unites Newtonian and Leibnizian motifs, and entails an intricate internal structure for matter involving a multiple overlap of material shells of different density. Kant’s chemical views derive from Stahlian chemistry and involve a noncorpuscularian account of chemical combination and a nonoperational conception of chemical elements.
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  12. Why Does History Matter to Philosophy and the Sciences?: Selected Essays.Lorenz Krüger, Thomas Sturm, Wolfgang Carl & Lorraine Daston (eds.) - 2005 - Walter DeGruyter.
    What are the relationships between philosophy and the history of philosophy, the history of science and the philosophy of science? This selection of essays by Lorenz Krüger (1932-1994) presents exemplary studies on the philosophy of John Locke and Immanuel Kant, on the history of physics and on the scope and limitations of scientific explanation, and a realistic understanding of science and truth. In his treatment of leading currents in 20th century philosophy, Krüger presents new and original arguments for a deeper (...)
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  13.  42
    Is There a Problem with Mathematical Psychology in the Eighteenth Century? A Fresh Look at Kant’s Old Argument.Thomas Sturm - 2006 - . Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 42:353-377.
    Common opinion ascribes to Immanuel Kant the view that psychology cannot become a science properly so called, because it cannot be mathematized. It is equally common to claim that this reflects the state of the art of his times; that the quantification of the mind was not achieved during the eighteenth century, while it was so during the nineteenth century; or that Kant's so-called “impossibility claim” was refuted by nineteenth-century developments, which in turn opened one path for psychology to become (...)
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  14.  43
    Tools=Theories=Data? On Some Circular Dynamics in Cognitive Science.Gerd Gigerenzer & Thomas Sturm - 2007 - In Mitchell G. Ash & Thomas Sturm (eds.), Psychology’s Territories: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives from Different Disciplines. Erlbaum.
  15.  72
    Bühler and Popper: Kantian therapies for the crisis in psychology.Thomas Sturm - 2012 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 43 (2):462-472.
    I analyze the historical background and philosophical considerations of Karl Bühler and his student Karl Popper regarding the crisis of psychology. They share certain Kantian questions and methods for reflection on the state of the art in psychology. Part 1 outlines Bühler’s diagnosis and therapy for the crisis in psychology as he perceived it, leading to his famous theory of language. I also show how the Kantian features of Bühler’s approach help to deal with objections to his crisis diagnosis and (...)
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  16.  39
    Crisis discussions in psychology—New historical and philosophical perspectives.Thomas Sturm & Annette Mülberger - 2012 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 43 (2):425-433.
    In this introductory article, we provide a historical and philosophical framework for studying crisis discussions in psychology. We first trace the various meanings of crisis talk outside and inside of the sciences. We then turn to Kuhn’s concept of crisis, which is mainly an analyst’s category referring to severe clashes between theory and data. His view has also dominated many discussions on the status of psychology: Can it be considered a “mature” science, or are we dealing here with a pre- (...)
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  17.  65
    Historical Epistemology or History of Epistemology? The Case of the Relation Between Perception and Judgment: Dedicated to Günther Patzig on his 85th birthday.Thomas Sturm - 2011 - Erkenntnis 75 (3):303 - 324.
    This essay aims to sharpen debates on the pros and cons of historical epistemology, which is now understood as a novel approach to the study of knowledge, by comparing it with the history of epistemology as traditionally pursued by philosophers. The many versions of both approaches are not always easily discernable. Yet, a reasoned comparison of certain versions can and should be made. In the first section of this article, I argue that the most interesting difference involves neither the subject (...)
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  18. How Not to Investigate the Human Mind: Kant on the Impossibility of Empirical Psychology.Thomas Sturm - 2001 - In Eric Watkins (ed.), Kant and the Sciences. New York, US: Oxford University Press.
    This essay reconsiders Kant's denial of scientific status to the discipline of empirical psychology, which have often been viewed as quite problematic. In the preface to the Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science, Kant denies that psychology can be natural science proper. I argue that Kant's impossibility claim is based on a very specific conception of science that he did not put forward elsewhere, and that is restricted to *natural* sciences in any case. Also, Kant's critical remarks are directed merely against (...)
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  19.  41
    Why did Kant reject physiological explanations in his anthropology?Thomas Sturm - 2008 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 39 (4):495-505.
    One of Kant’s central tenets concerning the human sciences is the claim that one need not, and should not, use a physiological vocabulary if one studies human cognitions, feelings, desires, and actions from the point of view of his ‘pragmatic’ anthropology. The claim is well known, but the arguments Kant advances for it have not been closely discussed. I argue against misguided interpretations of the claim, and I present his actual reasons in favor of it. Contemporary critics of a ‘physiological (...)
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  20.  15
    Kant on the many uses of reason in the sciences: A neglected topic.Thomas Sturm & Rudolf Meer - 2024 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 106 (C):54-59.
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  21.  33
    Formal versus Bounded Norms in the Psychology of Rationality: Toward a Multilevel Analysis of Their Relationship.Thomas Sturm - 2019 - Philosophy of the Social Sciences 49 (3):190-209.
    It is often claimed that formal and optimizing norms of the standard conception of rationality and the heuristics of the bounded rationality approach are at odds with one another. This claim, I arg...
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  22. Consciousness regained? Philosophical arguments for and against reductive physicalism.Thomas Sturm - 2012 - Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 14 (1):55-63.
    This paper is an overview of recent discussions concerning the mind–body problem that have been taking place at the interface between philosophy and neuroscience. In it I focus on phenomenal consciousness or “qualia”, which I distinguish from various related issues (sections 1-2). I then discuss various influential skeptical arguments that question the possibility of reductive explanations of qualia in physicalist terms: knowledge arguments, conceivability arguments, the argument from multiple realizability and the explanatory gap argument. None of the arguments is found (...)
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  23. A Kantian Puzzle.Thomas Sturm - 2019 - Surprise – 127 Variations on the Unexpected.
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  24.  49
    Psychology’s Territories: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives from Different Disciplines.Mitchell G. Ash & Thomas Sturm (eds.) - 2007 - Erlbaum.
    This is an interdisciplinary collection of new essays by philosophers, psychologists, neuroscientists and historians on the question: What has determined and what should determine the territory or the boundaries of the discipline named "psychology"? Both the contents - in terms of concepts - and the methods - in terms of instruments - are analyzed. Among the contributors are Mitchell Ash, Paul Baltes, Jochen Brandtstädter, Gerd Gigerenzer, Michael Heidelberger, Gerhard Roth, and Thomas Sturm.
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  25.  19
    Wie können wir von Kant lernen?Thomas Sturm - 2006 - Das Achtzehnte Jahrhundert 30:89-95.
  26. The Roles of Instruments in Psychological Research.Thomas Sturm & Mitchell G. Ash - 2005 - History of Psychology 8:3-34.
    What roles have instruments played in psychology and related disciplines? How have instruments affected the dynamics of psychological research, with what possibilities and limits? What is a psychological instrument? This paper provides a conceptual foundation for specific case studies concerning such questions. The discussion begins by challenging widely accepted assumptions about the subject and analyzing the general relations between scientific experimentation and the uses of instruments in psychology. Building on this analysis, a deliberately inclusive definition of what constitutes a psychological (...)
     
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  27.  14
    Eine Frage des Charakters.Thomas Sturm - 2001 - In Ralph Schumacher, Rolf-Peter Horstmann & Volker Gerhardt (eds.), Kant Und Die Berliner Aufklärung: Akten des Ix. Internationalen Kant-Kongresses. Bd. I: Hauptvorträge. Bd. Ii: Sektionen I-V. Bd. Iii: Sektionen Vi-X: Bd. Iv: Sektionen Xi-Xiv. Bd. V: Sektionen Xv-Xviii. New York: De Gruyter. pp. 440-449.
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  28.  35
    What Did Kant Mean by and Why Did He Adopt a Cosmopolitan Point of View in History?Thomas Sturm - 2013 - In Stefano Bacin, Alfredo Ferrarin, Claudio La Rocca & Margit Ruffing (eds.), Kant und die Philosophie in weltbürgerlicher Absicht. Akten des XI. Internationalen Kant-Kongresses. Boston: de Gruyter. pp. 863-876.
  29. Freedom and the Human Sciences: Hume’s Science of Man versus Kant’s Pragmatic Anthropology.Thomas Sturm - 2011 - Kant Yearbook 3 (1):23-42.
    In his Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View, Kant formulates the idea of the empirical investigation of the human being as a free agent. The notion is puzzling: Does Kant not often claim that, from an empirical point of view, human beings cannot be considered as free? What sense would it make anyway to include the notion of freedom in science? The answer to these questions lies in Kant’s notion of character. While probably all concepts of character are involved (...)
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  30.  22
    The Force of an Idea: New Essays on Christian Wolff's Psychology.Saulo de Freitas Araujo, Thiago Constâncio Ribeiro Pereira & Thomas Sturm (eds.) - 2021 - Springer.
    This book presents, for the first time in English, a comprehensive anthology of essays on Christian Wolff's psychology written by leading international scholars. Christian Wolff is one of the towering figures in 18th-century Western thought. In the last decades, the publication of Wolff's Gesammelte Werke by Jean École and collaborators has aroused new interest in his ideas, but the meaning, scope, and impact of his psychological program have remained open to close and comprehensive analysis and discussion. That is what this (...)
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  31.  7
    Klassische Werke der Philosophie: von Aristoteles bis Habermas.Reinhard Brandt & Thomas Sturm (eds.) - 2002 - Leipzig: Reclam.
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  32. Kant and the Systematicity of the Sciences.Gabriele Gava, Thomas Sturm & Achim Vesper (eds.) - forthcoming - New York: Routledge.
    This book provides the first comprehensive discussion regarding the role that Kant ascribes to systematicity in the sciences. It considers not only what Kant has to say on systematicity in general, but also how the systematicity requirement for science is specified in different fields of knowledge. -/- The chapters are divided into three thematic sections. Part 1 is devoted to historical context. The chapters explore precursors of Kant’s account of the systematicity of the sciences. Part 2 addresses the application of (...)
     
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  33. "An Attractive Alternative to Empirical Psychologies Both in His Day and Our Own"? A Critique of Frierson’s Kant’s Empirical Psychology.Katharina Kraus & Thomas Sturm - 2017 - Studi Kantiani 30:203-223.
     
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  34.  16
    Guest editors’ introduction.Thomas Nickles & Thomas Sturm - 2019 - Theoria: Revista de Teoría, Historia y Fundamentos de la Ciencia 34 (3):317-320.
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  35. Christian Gottfried Schütz.Thomas Sturm - 2000 - In Heiner Klemme (ed.), The Dictionary of Eighteenth-Century German Philosophers. Thoemmes.
  36. Implicit Reasoning.Thomas Sturm & Uljana Feest - 2023 - In J. Robert Thompson (ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy and Implicit Cognition. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 377-388.
  37.  57
    How Can We Use the Distinction between Discovery and Justification? On the Weaknesses of the Strong Programme in the Sociology of Science.Thomas Sturm & Gerd Gigerenzer - 2006 - In Jutta Schickore & Friedrich Steinle (eds.), Revisiting Discovery and Justification: Historical and Philosophical Perspectives on the Context Distinction. Springer. pp. 133--158.
    We attack the SSK's rejection of the distinction between discovery and justification (the DJ distinction), famously introduced by Hans Reichenbach and here defended in a "lean" version. Some critics claim that the DJ distinction cannot be drawn precisely, or that it cannot be drawn prior to the actual analysis of scientific knowledge. Others, instead of trying to blur or to reject the distinction, claim that we need an even more fine-grained distinction (e.g. between discovery, invention, prior assessment, test and justification). (...)
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  38. Johann Gottlob Krüger.Thomas Sturm - 2000 - In Heiner Klemme (ed.), The Dictionary of Eighteenth-Century German Philosophers. Thoemmes.
  39. Johann Martin Chladenius.Thomas Sturm - 2000 - In Heiner Klemme (ed.), The Dictionary of Eighteenth-Century German Philosophers. Thoemmes.
  40.  26
    Kant über die dreifache Beziehung zwischen den Wissenschaften und der Philosophie.Thomas Sturm - 2011 - Internationales Jahrbuch des Deutschen Idealismus / International Yearbook of German Idealism 8:60-82.
  41.  60
    ‘Kant our Contemporary’? Kitcher on the Fruitfulness of Kant's Theory of the Cognitive Subject.Thomas Sturm - 2014 - Kantian Review 19 (1):135-141.
    In chapter 15 of Kant's Thinker, Patricia Kitcher claims that we can treat Kant as , and that his theory of apperception new. I question this with respect to two of her four chosen topics. First, I address her attempt to show that Kant's theory of apperceptive self-knowledge is immune to sceptical doubts of the sort Barry Stroud presents. Second, I turn to her argument that this theory is superior to current accounts of the special authority of self-knowledge. Over and (...)
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  42.  39
    Michael Friedman and the “marriage” of history and philosophy of science : Mary Domski and Michael Dickson : Discourse on a new method:Reinvigorating the marriage of history and philosophy of science; with a concluding essay by Michael Friedman. Chicago: Open Court, 2010, viii+852pp, $89.95 HB.Thomas Sturm - 2013 - Metascience 23 (2):225-232.
  43.  43
    Reasoning one’s way through the Cold War (and beyond).Thomas Sturm - 2018 - History of the Human Sciences 31 (3):131-138.
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  44.  11
    Scientific innovation.Thomas Sturm - 2019 - Theoria: Revista de Teoría, Historia y Fundamentos de la Ciencia 34 (3):321-341.
    I offer an analysis of the concept of scientific innovation. When research is innovated, highly novel and useful elements of investigation begin to spread through a scientific community, resulting from a process which is neither due to blind chance nor to necessity, but to a minimal use of rationality. This, however, leads to tension between two claims: (1) scientific innovation can be explained rationally; (2) no existing account of rationality explains scientific innovation. There are good reasons to maintain (1) and (...)
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  45.  69
    Self-Deception, Rationality, and the Self.Thomas Sturm - 2007 - Teorema: International Journal of Philosophy 26 (3):73-95.
    This essay is a plea for the view that philosophers should analyze the concept of self-deception more with the aim of having useful applications for empirical research. This is especially desirable because psychologists often use different, even incompat-ible conceptions of self-deception when investigating the factual conditions and con-sequences, as well as the very existence, of the phenomenon. At the same time, philosophers who exploit psychological research on human cognition and reasoning in order to better understand self-deception fail to realize that (...)
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  46. Selbsttäuschung: Wer ist hier rational und warum?Thomas Sturm - 2009 - Studia Philosophica: Jahrbuch Der Schweizerischen Philosoph Ischen Gesellschaft, Annuaire de la Société Suisse de Philosphie 68:229-254.
    I argue that both psychological and philosophical studies of selfdeception suffer from serious weaknesses, albeit different ones. On the one hand, psychologists often use varying and unreflective conceptions of selfdeception in their research. On the other hand, philosophers either ignore the necessity of paying attention to psychological research – or, if they do, they use empirical studies of human cognition and reasoning without realizing that theories and data are loaded with highly problematic assumptions. These weaknesses become centrally important in discussions (...)
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  47.  34
    The Self between Philosophy and Psychology: The Case of Self-Deception.Thomas Sturm - 2007 - In Mitchell G. Ash & Thomas Sturm (eds.), Psychology’s Territories: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives from Different Disciplines. Erlbaum.
  48.  99
    Why does history matter to philosophy and the sciences? Editor's introduction.Thomas Sturm, Wolfgang Carl & Lorraine Daston - 2005 - In Thomas Sturm, Wolfgang Carl & Lorraine Daston (eds.), Why does history matter to philosophy and the sciences? Editor's introduction.
  49.  75
    What Is the Foundation of Norms of Rationality?Thomas Sturm - 2008 - In Ansgar Beckermann, Holm Tetens & Sven Walter (eds.), Philosophie: Grundlagen und Anwendungen/Philosophy: Foundations and Applications. Mentis.
    An overview of debates about the relation between the psychology of human rationality and naturalized epistemology, introducing three papers by Michael Bishop, Gerd Gigerenzer, and Alvin Goldman.
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  50.  44
    What’s philosophical about Kant’s philosophy of the human sciences?Thomas Sturm - 2012 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 43 (1):203-207.
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