The article is dedicated to the history of developing highly effective catalysts in the leading scientific institutions of Ukraine and explores the prerequisites for developing theories in physical chemistry, in particular those related to kinetics and catalysis. It highlights the significance of scientific discoveries at the turn of the 19th and 20th century and their application by native scientists to advance theoretical development in the field of chemistry. Special attention is paid to the works of Lev Pisarzhevskii, focusing on his (...) advancements in electronic chemistry and, in particular, the electronic theory of catalysis. The article also outlines current challenges in creating highly efficient catalysts for the chemical and light industry, emphasizing the importance of such indicators of catalysts as activity and selectivity. Drawing on historical, scientific and patent data, the study investigates the process of creating a highly efficient catalyst for obtaining acrylic acid from acrolein. This catalyst holds a great ractical importance for the production of various polymers in industrial conditions. It is shown that, as a result of research conducted by native scientists of the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR and the Chemistry Department of Kyiv State University, the catalyst K-2-5 was developed. The catalyst has good indicators for the industrial production of acrylic acid from acrolein. The authors also highlight works studying the properties of the obtained catalyst, specifically its porous structure, which is an important factor in catalytic processes. They extensively focus on the kinetic indicators of catalytic reactions that occur when using this catalyst. The article also emphasizes the relevance of these developments for advancing research in catalysis and chemical industrial production. (shrink)

The philosophical influence is a concept, a methodological tool and a process worth inquiring, because it sets the frame for the philosopher's contribution into tradition. This study takes a close look at the philosophical influence on the dependence and inter-dependence between ideas and concepts, currents and tendencies and the experiences that every philosopher inherited from past tradition. It also presents four philosophers in order to identify the roots of influence: Arthur Schopenhauer, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Friedrich Nietzsche and Emil Cioran.

In this paper I propose to do the following: I will discuss the notions of intentionality and self-understanding of Dasein as developed in Heidegger's Basic Problems of Phenomenology. In doing so, I will try to show the interrelation of Dasein's always being intentionally directed towards something and its self-interpretation. As we will see, the everyday world has, for Heidegger, a character of "equipmental contexture." This means that Dasein returns to itself from out of things, equipment, tools, or - quite differently (...) - the work of art. In a word, Dasein is mirrored back toward itself from the things made, from the products of techne. From this will follow the important distinction between authenticity and inauthenticity. There is a sense in which the following pairings could be discerned: tools or pieces of equipment link up with inauthenticity, while the work of art links up with authenticity. I will say more on the subject of tools a bit later in the essay. Both kinds of things are things insofar as they are entrenched in techne. The common root seems almost inexplicable in the light of the vast difference between tools and the artwork. Moreover, both Dasein and techne seem to have another equally enigmatic common root: that of temporality. Temporality is the essential bond between Dasein and the double sense of techne, which suggests the double-sidedness of temporality itself. It is precisely this doublesidedness that I would like to have as the backdrop to my discussion as a whole. Finally, I will turn to a few pages of Heidegger's Being and Time and Bernard Stiegler's book Technics and Time I in order to complicate this notion of the two senses of temporality, the owned and disowned, originary and everyday, and its relation to work and techne. The overarching question here will be: Can the distinction between authenticity and inauthenticity be sustained? (shrink)

У статті досліджується вплив науково-технічних досягнень, зокрема, сучасних мережевих комунікативно-інформаційних технологій на формування сітьової організації суспільства. Мережа, як нова якість соціальної комунікації, трансформує інститути і практики сучасного суспільства, формує новий посткласичний підхід до аналізу суспільства. Мережева організація суспільного життя має певні переваги щодо попередніх форм організації (централізованих та ієрархічних структур). Вона більш мобільна, децентралізована, гнучка, дещо змінює методи і способи управління. Мережі – більш рухливі і адаптивні форми організації, здатні зростати разом із своїм оточенням. В таких системах з багатьма розгалуженими (...) вузлами, як точок перетину ліній зв’язку легше здійснюється координація. Нова техніка і технологія, втілені в практику суспільного та індивідуального життя, породжують нові соціальні явища та їх нові якості. Мережа стає основою просторової структури соціального життя. Сучасне суспільство вибудовується за моделями, що задаються технологіями системної інтеграції процесів обробки і передачі інформації. (shrink)

The article aims to study of one of the relevant issues in the field of the modern post-history, namely, the virtualization of society. The latter is considered as a result of the postmodern worldview and the simulative nature of knowledge about social reality. The subject of the research involves the forms of virtual culture reflected in today’s Ukrainian society. Given the specifics of the identified issue, the author of the article draws attention to the specific methodological apparatus of the research. (...) The narrative background of the research, as well as the principle of historicism, allows one to consider virtualization as a process of modelling social reality using computer technologies, whose image or prototype is a historical reality. It is important to note that the virtualization of society has a historical conditionality, which makes it possible to consider it as the next stage of the historical and cultural development of society. At the same time, the modern type of culture is a virtual culture, whose main creator and consumer is human. Its main feature is a pronounced innovative character. The main forms of Ukrainian society virtualization are focused on virtual communities and virtual states. Importantly, each of them mimics the social reality, whose prototype is an image characterizing the cultural identity of society. (shrink)

"The article is devoted to the ethical aspects of artificial intelligence functioning. The problem of the safe coexistence of man and artificial intelligence is taking on increasing importance. The definition of artificial intelligence and the explanation of the difference between weak, strong artificial intelligence and super-intelligence are given. The first ethical problem of artificial intelligence functioning is the existential question of human redundancy due to the spread of artificial intelligence. The article emphasizes that artificial intelligence, on the one hand, frees (...) a person from certain areas of activity, facilitating their existence, on the other hand, it makes them superfluous in production and in personal life. The second is the problem of responsibility for the actions of artificial intelligence. The article argues for the necessity of human responsibility for the actions of artificial intelligence because artificial intelligence does not have consciousness. The third problem is the intensification of the phenomenon of stupidity in society. Artificial intelligence creates the conditions for the increasing cleverness of some segments of the population and stupidity of others, which can result in even greater mental and property inequality. Keywords: intelligence, artificial intelligence, ethics, responsibility, legal responsibility, human existential state, problem of redundancy, stupidity. ". (shrink)

Стаття присвячена аналізу політичної ситуації на Сході України, дослідженню причин військового конфлікту в даному регіоні. Проаналізована програма суспільно-політичного руху "Партія Новоросія". Досліджено стратегію консервативної модернізації в Росії, що включає в себе: по-перше, консолідацію еліт, по-друге, безкомпромісну боротьбу з моральним виправданням порушень писаного закону, по-третє, рух до реалістичного законодавства. Автор доходить висновку про існування реального протиріччя між політичними сподіваннями деяких жителів ДНР та ЛНР на реставрацію соціалізму й реальними перетвореннями в самій Росії, які не мають жодного відношення до соціалістичних.

The purpose of the article is the deployment of the philosophem of “death of man” in the films by M. Haneke. Such a statement of the problem is due to the understanding of art as the ground of philosophy that was to a certain extent already proclaimed by Nietzsche. The art provides such means of relation to the truth, which are deprived of rigid conceptualization and are working basing on the freedom of both the author and the recipient. This is (...) characteristic of the non-classical type of philosophy. In XX–XXI centuries special care is taken over the elimination of subjectivist excessive theorizing, while retaining the attention to the experience of consciousness, phenomenology provides its version of attention to the true meaning with its intention to the reduction of redundant constructions and the discovery of the face and voice of intentional objectivity. If verbal art certainly tends to verbalized judgment, then the cinema provides the possibility of holistic visual, auditory and semantic perception. Novelty is due to this approach, when the appeal to the cinema is carried out in the interests of philosophy: we get the opportunity to get into the advanced experience, avoiding verbal transcription. This provides the possibility of implementing a philosophical set on critical thinking in the Kantian sense of understanding of the primordial principles invisible in everyday life. Haneke builds his cinema as an open question without a direct answer, which has the purpose of excite the mind and consciousness of the viewer. The active agent of the events is the moral dimension of personal life. According to Haneke, it is in this that one can see the foundations of human existence, the ineffectiveness of the moral and ethical dimension eliminates human in man, which becomes identical with death. Haneke’s interest in truth and contradiction is realized as a radical inquiry about the principles of civilization, which is exacerbated when the usual way of life is destroyed and the system of values does not work. The idea of European civilization moving beyond its own limits possesses not always clearly identified foundations. Contrary to the technocratic variants of the Übermensch as a posthuman, philosophical cinema Haneke returns the significance of personality-existential ethical practices, which involve critique and analytical comprehension of the principles of their own existence. (shrink)

У статті розглянуто питання концептуалізації традиції викладання риторики в системі освіти США. Простежено зв'язок концепції "риторичної культури" та впровадження в процес навчання новітніх медіатехнологій. Зроблено висновок про важливість концепції "риторичної культури" для педагогічної доктрини США.

The thesis that Protestantism in general, and Calvinism in particular, are in some particularly close relationship with capitalism, just as it existed between capitalism and feudalism, has become a common accepted truth of historical interpretation, despite the modifications that this theory has undergone since Max Weber first formulated it.

Religious and moral ideas are the basis of those social, political and economic relations, with the apology of which stands for Catholicism.The ethic of social ideas, according to Catholic theorists, makes it possible to better perform the "presence" of the church in all social systems. John Paul II formulates this task in the following way: "Christians must spread the social doctrine that is based on the gospel, which the churches have proclaimed always, but even to a greater extent, over the (...) past hundred years. This doctrine relates above all to moral principles, because without them the so-called social question can never be resolved. ". (shrink)

The perception of reality by biosystems is based on different, and in certain respects more effective, principles than those utilized by the more formal procedures of science. As a result, what appears as random pattern to the scientific method can be meaningful pattern to a living organism. The existence of this complementary perception of reality makes possible in principle effective use by organisms of the direct interconnections between spatially separated objects shown to exist in the work of J. S. Bell.

Education is viewed as not merely a particular domain of social life. It is more a universal process than a mere learning of sciences and arts; it is richer than an individual's socialization. The educational democratization turns out to be a prerequisite of humanization of the entire social life. The orientation at the supreme humane values as a strategic direction of democratic evolution of education is opposed to the authoritarian tendencies as an “antivalue” of pedagogical relations.Being a significant step towards (...) a genuinely humane society, democratization is unable, however, to resolve the fundamental problem of human formation: that of alienation. The opportunity to resolve it is dependent upon proper conditions for a free self-determination of a personality in culture. (shrink)

The 2010 English-language edition of Christian Marazzi's The Violence of Financial Capitalism made a groundbreaking work on the global financial crisis available to an expanded readership. This new edition has been updated to reflect recent events, up to and including the G20 summit in July 2010 and the broad consensus to reduce government spending that emerged from it. Marazzi, a leading figure in the European postfordist movement, argues that the processes of financialization are not simply irregularities between the traditional categories (...) of wages, rent, and profit, but rather a new type of accumulation adapted to the processes of social and cognitive production today. The financial crisis, he contends, is a fundamental component of contemporary accumulation and not a classic lack of economic growth. Marazzi shows that individual debt and the management of financial markets are actually techniques for governing the transformations of immaterial labor, general intellect, and social cooperation. The financial crisis has radically undermined the very concept of unilateral and multilateral economico-political hegemony, and Marazzi discusses efforts toward a new geomonetary order that have emerged around the globe in response. Offering a radically new understanding of the current stage of international economics as well as crucial post-Marxist guidance for confronting capitalism in its newest form, The Violence of Financial Capitalism is a valuable addition to the contemporary arsenal of postfordist thought. This edition includes the glossary of the esoteric neolanguage of financial capitalism—"Words in Crisis," from "AAA" to "toxic asset"—written for the first English-language edition, and offers a new afterword by Marazzi. (shrink)

The article justifies the need to involve philosophy in specific scientific research due to the ineffectiveness of verbal-and-figurative models and the inadequacy of character education. Indeed, philosophy can increase their theoretical and applied effectiveness in the long-term methodological perspective. The article shows the wrong side of limitations in specific scientific research imposed by an interdisciplinary methodology. It points out to the disadvantages of applying interdisciplinary methods in psycholinguistics, such as analysis synthesis, induction and deduction. The article expands the range of (...) their understanding to achieve a higher level of reliability. Besides, it proves the inadequacy of conclusions obtained mainly from superficial empirical studies without revealing and analyzing their main causes, it being a violation of the determinism principle. It substantiates the need to comply with methodological principles of objectivity and systematicity while analyzing the concepts of the humanities block. If one ignores these principles, it can lead to eсlecticity and, hence, the inefficiency of specific scientific research. The effectiveness of methodological principles in psycholinguistics is shown through a consistent analysis of freedom as a philosophical category, as well as a gradual analysis of the links between such concepts as freedom - responsibility, freedom - arbitrariness - responsibility, freedom - interest - arbitrariness. (shrink)

Study about the death ond rebirth according to Hindu philosophy and sacred literature.

A stereoscopic view on a particular historical event, in which contemporary assessments are combined with mental stereotypes of a medieval man, allows a slightly different assessment of the chronicle plot about the posthumous “baptism of bones” of Oleg and Yaropolk, Princes of Kyivan Rus, in 1044. While from theological positions it is perceived as an absurdity and a direct violation of the rules of the church, in the Middle Ages this act did not contradict the mass religious beliefs. From an (...) ethical point of view, the action of Yaroslav the Wise was regarded as concern for the souls of the ancestors who died pagans and therefore did not claim for the salvation. The soteriological optimism that prevailed in the eleventh century in countries of the late Christianization, including Kyivan Rus, gave hope that living people were able to influence the fate of the souls of the dead. From a political point of view, the baptism of the ashes of the ancestors and their reburial in the family tomb of the Princes of Kyiv in the Church of the Tithes was aimed at expanding the circle of heavenly patrons and protectors of the princely dynasty, expanding the period of the Christian history of Kyivan Rus, and, as a result, legitimizing the power of Yaroslav the Wise. (shrink)

The relevance of the work is determined, first of all, by a new perspective on the speech variability analysis depending on the influence of selected extralingual factors: gender, ethnicity, social status and age, which, of course, corresponds to the current state of the linguistic development and growing interest in disclosure of the influence of social factors on the functioning of language in different territories, as well as the application of an ecolinguistic approach to the analysis of Pittsburgh dialect sociolinguistic differentiation. (...) Second, our study is quite interesting in response about the sociocultural role importance of the Pittsburgh dialect in the overall linguistic picture of the United States of America. The aim of the work is to determine the main parameters of the concept of “language behaviour of Pittsburgh residents” and to establish patterns of language unit’s variation of the Pittsburgh dialect in accordance with the impact on their functioning of extralingual factors: gender, ethnicity, social status and age. The language behaviour of Pittsburgh residents is due to the influence of non-linguistic factors. The functioning of speech in this area, the implementation of phonetic processes and lexical units in communication directly depends on the social impact on speech. The novelty of the study is that for the first time on the material of the modern Pittsburgh dialect the regularities of variation of language mean of phonetic and lexical levels from the point of view of ecolinguistic approach to studying sociolinguistic differentiation of speech of Pittsburgh dialects speakers are determined. An analytical study was conducted and the variation of certain language tools used by Pittsburgh speakers according to their social affiliation was established. (shrink)

У статті ідеться про відродження національної держави у добу глобальних і регіональних криз, послаблення міжнародних інституцій на тлі кардинальних геополітичних викликів. Одними з головних цілей наукової розвідки є осмислення ідеї національної держави у політичному дискурсі сьогодення, аналіз культурно-історичного підгрунтя міфу держави як такої. У центрі уваги авторів перебуває теорія наступального реалізму як основа розуміння сучасних тенденцій міжнародного розвитку. Чільне місце серед наукових сюжетів статті посідає історія такої вікопомної події у житті Європи, як Брекзит. Глобальні і регіональні кризи, як епідемія коронавірусу, (...) рівночасно як і кризи регіональні - Брекзит, сприяють відживленню такої культурно-історичної форми як національна держава, так само як відживлення міфу держави як такої. Будь-який універсалізм по суті є лише експансіоністською ідеологією, покликаною утверджувати партикулярні соціальні, політичні і культурні цінності, прикладом чого є національна держава. (shrink)

The article reveals the Ukrainian experience of the transition from an exclusive to a democratic model of the implementation of the right to philosophical education. While the first model provides limited access to philosophy in the interests of the ruling state-party groups, in the second one, citizens are guaranteed an equal right to study philosophy as potential subjects of philosophizing. The coverage of this transition is conducted in the light of research and recommendations of UNESCO and relevant international experience. The (...) current state of Ukrainian philosophical education is analyzed and evaluated. Existing obstacles in ensuring equal access to philosophy are identified and, accordingly, conceptual guidelines for the formation of a democratic model of the implementation of the right to philosophical education in contemporary Ukraine are determined. (shrink)

Measuring psychological attributes, such as motivation, typically involves rating scales, assuming that an attribute can be ordered, and that ratings represent this order. Previously, only the first assumption had been tested, albeit limited. First, we checked the ordinal structure of motivation, looking at whether people can establish transitive relations between motivation levels in pairwise comparisons; and we found different ordering patterns: strict transitive, weak transitive, changing order, and intransitivity. The rate of intransitivity was similar to that found previously and was (...) somewhat higher than we obtained when we asked participants to compare definitely quantitative attributes. Second, we checked if specific ordering patterns were related to individual interpretations of the statements that deviated from expected motivation types. Indeed, about a third of participants miscategorized statements, and these deviant interpretations were related to intransitivity as well as weak transitivity. Third, we checked whether Likert ratings represent the order of motives obtained from pairwise comparisons. We found rather homomorphic representation: ratings correlated with the order, but they did not differentiate between different ordering patterns and hierarchies of motives. We conclude that the Likert rating scale provides less information about respondents than pairwise ordering. The findings question the mainstream practice of using rating scales without testing underlying assumptions. (shrink)

A nation cannot exist without national culture and national self-consciousness. These concepts are decisive in the development of the nation. Values are the priorities of any nation, determined by its culture and self-awareness. The national cool is the basis for the formation and development of national self-consciousness. The aim is to analyze the influence of national culture on the formation of national consciousness. Justify their objective and subjective factors of formation, which are based on the motivational core of personality behavior. (...) National culture and national self-consciousness are the main features of a nation, without which it cannot exist and develop as a whole. National culture and national self-consciousness are one whole of the spiritual world of nations and nationalities. The development of national culture and national self-consciousness is an objective regularity. Naturally, contradictions in this process will exist and demand their resolution or escalate into conflicts. With a timely solution, they will play the role of an indicator of national development. (shrink)

The article pays special attention to the identification of the heuristic potential of theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of spiritual culture, which has a pronounced ethnoregional specificity. In this case, we mean the spiritual culture of the Greater Altai. A value-normative approach and a systematic approach are considered, and other research perspectives are evaluated. The key point is to assess the possibilities of applying an interiorization approach that allows us to present a specific ethno-regional culture in its integrity (...) and unity of meanings. This approach is proposed to be used to study the processes of sacralization and symbolization of human individual and collective existence, occurring through the experience of cultural bearers. This perspective of the study is aimed at conceptualizing experience, but also involves an appeal to traditions, rituals, religion and mythology. However, their analysis is carried out precisely through an assessment of experience. The main methodology of the research is related to the need to present the ethnoregional culture of the Greater Altai in its value-semantic and holistic development. The main results of the study are the following provisions formulated in the article: 1) the problematization of the study of ethnoregional culture unfolds in the direction of its value-semantic reception, which implies the use of an appropriate angle of study; 2) the specificity of ethnoregional culture is formed not only in the ratio of its traditional values and norms, but also in establishing the foundations of its integrity and consistency, therefore, for analysis, such an approach is important, which allows you to reveal these points; 3) to assess the identity of culture, its systemic integrity, it is necessary to use an interiorization approach aimed at identifying the trinity of God - World - Man in the spiritual culture of the Greater Altai; 4) the social and existential experience of cultural bearers, and not only, for example, religion and mythology, should be the subject of research within the framework of the proposed interiorization the approach. (shrink)

Basic concepts of Vaiśesika philosophy in the context of Hindu theist ontology; includes hymns to Hindu deities.

Concept of Mokṣa (liberation) in Indian philosophy with reference to Hindu pilgrims.