Results for 'chemistry'

975 found
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  1.  56
    Has Chemistry Been at Least Approximately Reduced to Quantum Mechanics?Eric R. Scerri - 1994 - PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association 1994:160 - 170.
    Differing views on reduction are briefly reviewed and a suggestion is made for a working definition of 'approximate reduction'. Ab initio studies in quantum chemistry are then considered, including the issues of convergence and error bounds. This includes an examination of the classic studies on CH2 and the recent work on the Si2C molecule. I conclude that chemistry has not even been approximately reduced.
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  2.  30
    Biomimetic Chemistry and Synthetic Biology: A Two-way Traffic Across the Borders.Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent - 2009 - Hyle 15 (1):31 - 46.
    Crossing the boundaries - between nature and artifact and between inanimate and living matter - is a major feature of the convergence between nanotechnology and biotechnology. This paper points to two symmetric ways of crossing the boundaries: chemists mimicking nature's structures and processes, and synthetic biologists mimicking synthetic chemists with biological materials. However to what extent are they symmetrical and do they converge toward a common view of life and machines? The question is addressed in a historical perspective. Both biomimetic (...)
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  3.  88
    Bending Molecules or Bending the Rules? The Application of Theoretical Models in Fragrance Chemistry.Ann-Sophie Barwich - 2015 - Perspectives on Science 23 (4):443-465.
    What does it take for a scientific model to represent? Scientific models have received a great deal of attention in recent philosophical literature. Following Morgan and Morrison’s account of “Models as Mediators”, analysis of how models represent has changed from questioning what properties of models can be said to correlate with the world to asking how models are used to relate to an intended target-system. This turn to a practice-oriented approach of understanding models was a response to a general philosophical (...)
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  4. Reducing Chemistry to Physics: Limits, Models, Consequences.Hinne Hettema - 2012 - Createspace.
    Chemistry and physics are two sciences that are hard to connect. Yet there is significant overlap in their aims, methods, and theoretical approaches. In this book, the reduction of chemistry to physics is defended from the viewpoint of a naturalised Nagelian reduction, which is based on a close reading of Nagel's original text. This naturalised notion of reduction is capable of characterising the inter-theory relationships between theories of chemistry and theories of physics. The reconsideration of reduction also (...)
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  5.  23
    Physical Chemistry: neither Fish nor Fowl?Joachim Schummer - unknown
    The birth of a new discipline, called 'physical chemistry', is sometimes related to the names OSTWALD, ARRHENIUS and VAN'T HOFF and dated back to the year 1887, when OSTWALD founded the Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie.[1] But as many historians have pointed out, the phrase 'physical chemistry' was widely used before that and the topics under investigation partially go back to Robert BOYLE's attempts to connect chemistry with concepts of mechanical philosophy.[2] The idea of a sudden birth of (...)
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  6.  11
    The Philosophy of Chemistry: Practices, Methodologies, and Concepts.Jean-Pierre Llored (ed.) - 2013 - Cambridge Scholars Press.
    This volume connects chemistry and philosophy in order to face questions raised by chemistry in our present world. The idea is first to develop a kind of philosophy of chemistry which is deeply rooted in the exploration of chemical activities. We thus work in close contact with chemists. Following this line of reasoning, the first part of the book encourages current chemists to describe their workaday practices while insisting on the importance of attending to methodological, metrological, philosophical, (...)
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  7.  41
    Organic Synthesis and the Unification of Chemistry—A Reappraisal.John Hedley Brooke - 1971 - British Journal for the History of Science 5 (4):363-392.
    Proclaiming Louis Pasteur as the “Founder of Stereochemistry”, the distinguished Scottish chemist, Crum Brown, addressing a late nineteenth-century audience of Edinburgh savants, drew attention—as Pasteur had incessantly done—to the intimate relationship between living organisms and the optical activity of compounds sustaining them. It seemed to Crum Brown “that we must go very much further down in the scale of animate existence than Buridan's ass, before we come to a being incapable of giving practical expression to a distinct preference for one (...)
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  8.  25
    How in spite of the rhetoric, history of chemistry has been ignored in presenting atomic structure in textbooks.María A. Rodríguez & Mansoor Niaz - 2002 - Science & Education 11 (5):423-441.
  9.  37
    Chemistry, context and the objects of thought.Robert Prentner - 2017 - Foundations of Chemistry 19 (1):29-41.
    In this paper we wish to raise the following question: which conceptual obstacles need to be overcome to arrive at a scientific and theoretical understanding of the mind? In the course of this examination, we shall encounter methodological and explanatory challenges and discuss them from the point of view of the philosophy of chemistry and quantum mechanics. This will eventually lead us to a discussion of emergence and metaphysics, thereby focusing on the status of objects. The question remains whether (...)
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  10.  91
    Chemistry, Green Chemistry, and the Instrumental Valuation of Sustainability.Nathaniel Logar - 2011 - Minerva 49 (1):113-136.
    Using the Public Value Mapping framework, I address the values successes and failures of chemistry as compared to the emerging field of green chemistry, in which the promoters attempt to incorporate new and expanded values, such as health, safety, and environmental sustainability, to the processes of prioritizing and conducting chemistry research. I document how such values are becoming increasingly public. Moreover, analysis of the relations among the multiple values associated with green chemistry displays a greater internal (...)
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  11.  40
    Chemistry as a practical science.Peeter Müürsepp - 2016 - Foundations of Chemistry 18 (3):213-223.
    This is an attempt to take a look at chemistry from the point of view of practical realism. Besides its social–historical and normative aspects, the latter involves a direct reference to experimental research. According to Edward Caldin chemistry depends on our being able to isolate pure substances with reproducible properties. Thus, the very basis of chemistry is practical. Even the laws of chemistry are not stable but are subject to correction. At the same time, these statements (...)
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  12.  32
    Chemistry and dynamics in the thought of G.W. Leibniz I.Miguel Escribano-Cabeza - 2020 - Foundations of Chemistry 23 (2):137-153.
    Chemistry and dynamics are closely related in G.W. Leibniz's thinking, from the corpuscularism of his youth to the theory of conspiracy movements that he proposes in his later years. Despite the importance of chemistry and chemical thought in Leibniz's philosophy, interpreters have not paid enough attention to this subject, especially in the recent decades. This work aims to contribute to filling this gap in Leibnizian studies. In this first part of the work I will expose the theory of (...)
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  13.  40
    Neither Physics nor Chemistry: A History of Quantum Chemistry.Kostas Gavroglu & Ana Simoes (eds.) - 2011 - MIT Press.
    In Neither Physics Nor Chemistry, Kostas Gavroglu and Ana Simoes examine the evolution of quantum chemistry into an autonomous discipline, tracing its development from the publication of early papers in the 1920s to the dramatic changes ...
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  14. Pauling's Defence of Bent-Equivalent Bonds: A View of Evolving Explanatory Demands in Modern Chemistry.Julia R. Bursten - 2012 - Annals of Science 69 (1):69-90.
    Summary Linus Pauling played a key role in creating valence-bond theory, one of two competing theories of the chemical bond that appeared in the first half of the 20th century. While the chemical community preferred his theory over molecular-orbital theory for a number of years, valence-bond theory began to fall into disuse during the 1950s. This shift in the chemical community's perception of Pauling's theory motivated Pauling to defend the theory, and he did so in a peculiar way. Rather than (...)
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  15. Whence chemistry?Robert C. Bishop - 2010 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 41 (2):171-177.
    Along with exploring some of the necessary conditions for the chemistry of our world given what we know about quantum mechanics, I will also discuss a different reductionist challenge than is usually considered in debates on the relationship of chemistry to physics. Contrary to popular belief, classical physics does not have a reductive relationship to quantum mechanics and some of the reasons why reduction fails between classical and quantum physics are the same as for why reduction fails between (...)
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  16.  25
    A Guide to the History of BiochemistryProteins, Enzymes, Genes: The Interplay of Chemistry and Biology. Joseph Fruton.Seymour S. Cohen - 2000 - Isis 91 (1):120-124.
  17.  26
    Essays on the History of Organic Chemistry. James G. Traynham.Albert Costa - 1988 - Isis 79 (1):153-154.
  18.  18
    Chemistry beyond the ‘positivism vs realism' debate.Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent - unknown
    It is often assumed that chemistry was a typical positivistic science as long as chemists used atomic and molecular models as mere fictions and denied any concern with their real existence. Even when they use notions such as molecular orbitals chemists do not reify them and often claim that they are mere models or instrumental artefacts. However a glimpse on the history of chemistry in the longue durée suggests that such denials of the ontological status of chemical entities (...)
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  19.  8
    Applications of artificial intelligence for organic chemistry: Analysis of C-13 spectra.Neil A. B. Gray - 1984 - Artificial Intelligence 22 (1):1-21.
  20.  17
    (1 other version)Essay Reviews: Claude Bernard and Animal Chemistry by FL Holmes; Durkheim, Bernard and Epistemology by PQ Hirst; and Claude.L. J. Jordanova - 1978 - History of Science 16 (3):214-221.
  21. Cognitive variables in problem solving in chemistry: A revisited study.Kam‐Wah Lucille Lee, Ngoh‐Khang Goh, Lian‐Sai Chia & Christine Chin - 1996 - Science Education 80 (6):691-710.
     
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  22. Problems and possibilities for learning in an introductory chemistry course from a conceptual change perspective.Martina Nieswandt - 2001 - Science Education 85 (2):158-179.
     
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  23.  61
    The Importance of History and Philosophy of Science in Correcting Distorted Views of ‘Amount of Substance’ and ‘Mole’ Concepts in Chemistry Teaching.Kira Padilla & Carles Furio-Mas - 2008 - Science & Education 17 (4):403-424.
  24. Conceptual understanding and problem solving in chemistry.M. Pickering - 1992 - Science Education 76:254-259.
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  25. From inert object to chemical substance: Students' initial conceptions and conceptual development during an introductory experimental chemistry sequence.Christina Solomonidou & Heleni Stavridou - 2000 - Science Education 84 (3):382-400.
     
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  26. A Proposal for Extending the Currently Employed Structural Formulae in Chemistry into Space, Together With a Related Remark on the Relationship Between Optical Activating Power and Chemical Constitution of Organic Compounds.; a paper on the history of the first publication of the pamphlet in Dutch is by PJ Ramberg and GJ Somsen.J. H. van‘T. Hoff - 2001 - Annals of Science 58:51.
     
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  27.  22
    Science and Civilisation in China. Volume V: Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 3: Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Historical Survey, from Cinnabar Elixirs to Synthetic Insulin.L. Carrington Goodrich & Joseph Needham - 1978 - Journal of the American Oriental Society 98 (4):536.
  28.  33
    Traces of the Past: Unraveling the Secrets of Archaeology through Chemistry. Joseph B. Lambert.Robert Gordon - 1999 - Isis 90 (4):787-787.
  29.  35
    Laws and Order in Eighteenth-Century Chemistry. Alistair Duncan.Jerry Gough - 1997 - Isis 88 (1):147-147.
  30.  37
    Selected Readings in the History of Chemistry. Aaron J. Ihde, William F. Kieffer.Frank Greenaway - 1966 - Isis 57 (3):397-398.
  31.  18
    Watch the colors: or about qualitative thinking in chemistry.Wojciech Grochala - 2020 - Foundations of Chemistry 23 (1):41-58.
    The importance of watching and understanding color of chemical compounds and linking it to diverse physical and chemical properties is illustrated here using transition metal oxides at the highest achievable oxidation state of a metal. Analyses are based on qualitative thinking supported by Molecular Orbital theory in its simplest implementation. Graphic abstract.
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  32.  94
    Chemistry in Kant’s Opus Postumum.Michael Bennett McNulty - 2016 - Hopos: The Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science 6 (1):64-95.
    In his Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Naturwissenschaft (MAN), Kant claims that chemistry is an improper, though rational science. The chemistry to which Kant confers this status is the phlogistic chemistry of, for instance, Georg Stahl. In his Opus Postumum (OP), however, Kant espouses a broadly Lavoiserian conception of chemistry. In particular, Kant endorses Antoine Lavoisier's elements, oxygen theory of combustion, and role for the caloric. As Lavoisier's lasting contribution to chemistry, according to some histories of the (...)
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  33. How chemistry shifts horizons: Element, substance, and the essential.Joseph E. Earley - 2008 - Foundations of Chemistry 11 (2):65-77.
    In 1931 eminent chemist Fritz Paneth maintained that the modern notion of “element” is closely related to (and as “metaphysical” as) the concept of element used by the ancients (e.g., Aristotle). On that basis, the element chlorine (properly so-called) is not the elementary substance dichlorine, but rather chlorine as it is in carbon tetrachloride. The fact that pure chemicals are called “substances” in English (and closely related words are so used in other European languages) derives from philosophical compromises made by (...)
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  34.  87
    Philosophy of chemistry and the image of science.Rein Vihalemm - 2007 - Foundations of Science 12 (3):223-234.
    The philosophical analysis of chemistry has advanced at such a pace during the last dozen years that the existence of philosophy of chemistry as an autonomous discipline cannot be doubted any more. The present paper will attempt to analyse the experience of philosophy of chemistry at the, so to say, meta-level. Philosophers of chemistry have especially stressed that all sciences need not be similar to physics. They have tried to argue for chemistry as its own (...)
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  35.  70
    Chemistry as a practical science: Edward Caldin revisited.Peeter Müürsepp - 2015 - Foundations of Chemistry 18 (2):113-123.
    This is an attempt to take a look at chemistry from the point of view of practical realism. Besides its social–historical and normative aspects, the latter involves a direct reference to experimental research. According to Edward Caldin chemistry depends on our being able to isolate pure substances with reproducible properties. Thus, the very basis of chemistry is practical. Even the laws of chemistry are not stable but are subject to correction. At the same time, these statements (...)
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  36.  40
    Mathematical Thinking in Chemistry.Guillermo Restrepo & José L. Villaveces - 2012 - Hyle 18 (1):3 - 22.
    Mathematical chemistry is often thought to be a 20th-century subdiscipline of chemistry, but in this paper we discuss several early chemical ideas and some landmarks of chemistry as instances of the mathematical way of thinking; many of them before 1900. By the mathematical way of thinking, we follow Weyl's description of it in terms of functional thinking, i.e. setting up variables, symbolizing them, and seeking for functions relating them. The cases we discuss are Plato's triangles, Geoffroy's affinity (...)
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  37.  66
    From Physical Chemistry to Quantum Chemistry: How Chemists Dealt with Mathematics.Kostas Gavroglu & Ana Simões - 2012 - Hyle 18 (1):45 - 69.
    Discussing the relationship of mathematics to chemistry is closely related to the emergence of physical chemistry and of quantum chemistry. We argue that, perhaps, the most significant issue that the 'mathematization of chemistry' has historically raised is not so much methodological, as it is philosophical: the discussion over the ontological status of theoretical entities which were introduced in the process. A systematic study of such an approach to the mathematization of chemistry may, perhaps, contribute to (...)
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  38.  51
    Logics for algorithmic chemistries.Ceth Lightfield - 2021 - Foundations of Chemistry 23 (2):225-237.
    Algorithmic chemistries are often based on a fixed formalism which limits the fragment of chemistry expressible in the domain of the models. This results in limited applicability of the models in contemporary mathematical chemistry and is due to the poor fit between the logic used for model construction and the system being modeled. In this paper, I propose a system-oriented methodology which selects a formalism through a mapping of chemical transformation rules to proof-theoretic structural rules. Using a formal (...)
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  39.  43
    Chemistry: What does one need to know?Allen R. Utke - 1996 - Zygon 31 (3):497-507.
    The general knowledge and understanding that every teacher of religion and science should have relative to chemistry can be found in the answers to three major questions. In my own response to the first question, How did chemistry emerge as a discipline? I trace the origins, establishment, and subsequent historical significance of cosmology. I contend that chemistry is “the obvious, oldest science” and, as such, has played a key role among the sciences in agelong human efforts to (...)
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  40.  20
    The Chemistry of Platonic Triangles.D. Robert Lloyd - 2007 - Hyle 13 (2):99 - 118.
    Plato's geometrical theory of what we now call chemistry, set out in the Timaeus, uses triangles, his stoicheia, as the fundamental units with which he constructs his four elements. A paper claiming that these triangles can be divided indefinitely is criticized; the claim of an error here in the commentary by F.M. Cornford is unfounded. Plato's constructions of the elements are analyzed using simple point group theory. His procedure generates fully symmetric polyhedra, but Cornford's 'simpler' alternatives generate polyhedra with (...)
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  41.  73
    Chemistry and the problem of pluralism in science: an analysis concerning philosophical and scientific disagreements.Rein Vihalemm - 2015 - Foundations of Chemistry 18 (2):91-102.
    Chemistry, especially its historical practice, has in the philosophy of science in recent decades attracted more and more attention, influencing the turn from the vision of science as a timeless logic-centred system of statements towards the history- and practice-centred approach. The problem of pluralism in science has become a popular topic in that context. Hasok Chang’s “active normative epistemic pluralism” manifested in his book Is water H2O? Evidence, realism and pluralism, pursuing an integrated study of history and philosophy of (...)
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  42.  33
    Correspondence and Reduction in Chemistry.Eric R. Scerri - 1993 - In S. French & H. Kamminga (eds.), Correspondence, Invariance and Heuristics: Essays in Honour of Heinz Post. Dordrecht: Reidel. pp. 45--64.
    The article discusses some of Heinz Post's views on correspondence and whether revolutions occur in science a la Kuhn. For example Post points out that the periodic table of the chemical elements has withstood any revolutions. Specific issues examined include the Paneth-Fajans controversy, the extent to which quantum mechanics provides an explanation for the periodic table and ab initio calculations in quantum chemistry.
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  43.  15
    Green Chemistry as Social Movement?Steve Breyman & Edward J. Woodhouse - 2005 - Science, Technology, and Human Values 30 (2):199-222.
    Are there circumstances under which scientists and engineers doing their ordinary jobs can be thought of as participants in a social movement? The technoscientists analyzed in this article are at the forefront of a new way of doing chemistry; they are attempting to redesign chemical products and synthesis pathways to significantly reduce health effects and environmental damage from industrial chemicals. Green chemistry practitioners and entrepreneurs now constitute a small minority of chemists and chemical engineers in the university, government, (...)
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  44.  67
    Reduction and Emergence in Chemistry.Vanessa A. Seifert - 2019 - Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
    The aim of this article is to present a different perspective through which to examine reduction and emergence; namely, the perspective of chemistry’s relation to physics.
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  45.  25
    Chemistry and Physiology in Their Historical and Philosophical Relations.Eduard Glas - 1979 - Delft University Press.
    On the whole our study has made a plea for the combined research into the history, methodology and philosophy of science. There is an intricate communication between these aspects of science, philosophy being both a fruit of scientific developments and a higher-level frame of reference for discussion on the inevicable metaphysical issues in science.As such philosophy can be very useful to science, but should never impose its ideas on the conduct of scientists . ... Zie: Summary.
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  46.  32
    Chemistry laboratories, and how they might be studied.Robert G. W. Anderson - 2013 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 44 (4):669-675.
    Chemistry laboratories, as buildings, have been surprisingly little studied by historians of science; interest has been focused on them more as sites of specific scientific activity, with particular emphasis on the personalities who worked within them. This has overshadowed aspects of laboratories such as their specification, design, construction, fitting-out, adaptation, replacement, status as civic and academic structures, and so on. Systematic study of them would be aided by an agreed taxonomy of laboratory types, according to their purpose, and a (...)
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  47. Kant on Chemistry and the Application of Mathematics in Natural Science.Michael Bennett McNulty - 2014 - Kantian Review 19 (3):393-418.
    In his Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Naturwissenschaft, Kant claims that chemistry is a science, but not a proper science (like physics), because it does not adequately allow for the application of mathematics to its objects. This paper argues that the application of mathematics to a proper science is best thought of as depending upon a coordination between mathematically constructible concepts and those of the science. In physics, the proper science that exhausts the a priori knowledge of objects of the outer (...)
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  48.  18
    Chemistry and industrial and environmental governance in France, 1770–1830.Thomas Le Roux - 2016 - History of Science 54 (2):195-222.
    This article examines how chemists contributed to the technological reorganization in France at the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century, how they justified using potentially harmful or polluting processes by stating that this would contribute to national prosperity, and how the idea of improvement helped to legally and rhetorically build a production regime that disqualified traditional precautionary attitudes to certain artisanal and industrial processes. This resulted in the establishment of a new environmental governance regime (...)
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  49.  70
    Aristotelian chemistry: A prelude to Duhemian metaphysics.Paul Needham - 1996 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 27 (2):251-269.
    In 1904 Joachim published an influential paper dealing with 'Aristotle's Conception of Chemical Combination' which has provided the basis of much more recent studies. About the same time, Duhem developed what he regarded as an essentially Aristotelian view of chemistry, based on his understanding of phenomenological thermodynamics. He does not present a detailed textual analysis, but rather emphasises certain general ideas. Joachim's classic paper contains obscurities which I have been unable to fathom and theses which do not seem to (...)
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  50.  31
    Incompatible models in chemistry: the case of electronegativity.Hernán Lucas Accorinti - 2019 - Foundations of Chemistry 21 (1):71-81.
    During the second half of the nineteenth century, electronegativity has been one of the most relevant chemical concepts to explain the relationships between chemical substances and their possible reactions. Specifically, EN is a property of the substances that allows them to attract external electrons in bonding situations. The problem arises because EN cannot be measured directly. Indeed, the only way to measure it is through different properties that do can be directly measured, for instance enthalpy, ionization energies or electron affinities. (...)
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