Results for 'protoplasm'

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  1.  62
    Protoplasm Feels”: The Role of Physiology in Charles Sanders Peirce’s Evolutionary Metaphysics.Trevor Pearce - 2018 - Hopos: The Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science 8 (1):28-61.
    This essay is an attempt to explain why Charles Sanders Peirce’s evolutionary metaphysics would not have seemed strange to its original 1890s audience. Building on the pioneering work of Andrew Reynolds, I will excavate the scientific context of Peirce’s Monist articles—in particular “The Law of Mind” and “Man’s Glassy Essence,” both published in 1892—focusing on the relationship between protoplasm, evolution, and consciousness. I argue that Peirce’s discussions should be understood in the context of contemporary evolutionary and physiological speculations, many (...)
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  2.  44
    Protoplasmic activity.L. V. Heilbrunn - 1941 - Philosophy of Science 8 (2):280-286.
    One of the most essential characteristics of living material—indeed, according to many, its most essential characteristic—is the fact that it is irritable. A living cell responds to sudden environmental changes, and typically a cell of a given sort responds in a definite and particular way no matter what the nature of the stimulation. Thus when a muscle cell is exposed to sudden heat, to sudden cold, to a sharp mechanical impact, to ultraviolet radiation, or to an electric current, it shortens. (...)
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  3. The Cell and Protoplasm as Container, Object, and Substance, 1835–1861.Daniel Liu - 2017 - Journal of the History of Biology 50 (4):889-925.
    (Recipient of the 2020 Everett Mendelsohn Prize.) This article revisits the development of the protoplasm concept as it originally arose from critiques of the cell theory, and examines how the term “protoplasm” transformed from a botanical term of art in the 1840s to the so-called “living substance” and “the physical basis of life” two decades later. I show that there were two major shifts in biological materialism that needed to occur before protoplasm theory could be elevated to (...)
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  4.  21
    From protoplasm to Umwelt.Tobias Cheung - 2004 - Sign Systems Studies 32 (1-2):139-166.
    For Uexküll, biology is the science of the organization of living beings. In the context of Entwicklungsmechanik, he refers to Driesch’s and Spemann’s experiments on the development of embryonic germ cells to prove that self-differentiating processes constitute organisms as natural objects. Uexküll focuses on the theory of such self-differentiating processes or organizations. The notion of organization implies for him a “technique of nature” that is capable of structuring organic and inorganic material according to plans and rules. These plans and rules (...)
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  5. Protoplasm and Life.Charles F. Cox - 1890 - The Monist 1:297.
     
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  6.  35
    The Protoplasmic Theory of Life and the Vitalist-Mechanist Debate.Gerald L. Geison - 1969 - Isis 60 (3):273-292.
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  7. La chimie colloïdale du protoplasme.L. V. Heilbrunn - 1932 - Scientia 26 (52):du Supplém. 178.
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  8. The Colloid Chemistry of Protoplasm.L. V. Heilbrunn - 1932 - Scientia 26 (52):356.
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  9. De la structure des protoplasmes.A. R. Moore - 1937 - Scientia 31 (62):du Supplém. 1.
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  10.  15
    Huxley, Pater, and Protoplasm.Charles S. Blinderman - 1982 - Journal of the History of Ideas 43 (3):477.
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  11.  7
    As Regards Protoplasm, in Relation to Professor Huxley's Essasy on the Physical Basis of Life.James Hutchison Stirling & Thomas Henry Huxley - 2016 - Palala Press.
    This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain (...)
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  12.  28
    The problem of asymmetry of protoplasm.G. F. Gause - 1938 - Acta Biotheoretica 4 (1):1-24.
    Das Problem der Asymmetrie des Protoplasmas bedarf einer kritischen Besprechung, die der Formulierung einer Reihe grundlegender Fragen, die in erster Linie einer weiteren experimentellen Bearbeitung bedürfen, förderlich sein kann. Vor allem muss hier mit der Terminologie begonnen werden. Man muss unterscheiden: die Dissymmetrie, als Eigenschaft des individuellen Moleküls ein sich mit dem Urbild nicht deckendes Spiegelbild zu besitzen, welche Eigenschaft bei einem bestimmten Niveau der Kompliziertheit der räumlichen Architektur des Moleküls eintritt, und, andererseits, die Asymmetrie als Eigenschaft der Gesamtheit der (...)
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  13. On the structural framework of Protoplasm.A. R. Moore - 1937 - Scientia 31 (62):7.
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  14.  15
    (1 other version)[Centrifugation and the cell: the deconstruction of protoplasm between 1880 and 1910].D. Ghesquier - 2001 - Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 55 (3):323-377.
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  15. La centrifugation et la cellule. La déconstruction du protoplasme entre 1880 et 1910.Daniele Ghesquier-Pourcin - 2002 - Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 55:323-377.
    The history of centrifugation and the cell begins in the 1880s, with the history of experimental embryology. This scientific branch and cytology, had spectacular development in Germany, in the second half of the 19th century.During the period 1880-1900, cytologists discovered some of the particulate components of the cell cytoplasm : mitochondria, ergastoplasm end the Golgi apparatus. Today, these are known as the structural bases of life mechanisms and are called subcellular organites. Durin the same period, embryologists centrifuged eggs of living (...)
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  16.  18
    The Scientific Origins of the Protoplasm Problem.Thomas S. Hall - 1950 - Journal of the History of Ideas 11 (1/4):339.
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  17. The Artificial Cell, the Semipermeable Membrane, and the Life that Never Was, 1864–1901.Daniel Liu - 2019 - Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 49 (5):504-555.
    Since the early nineteenth century a membrane or wall has been central to the cell’s identity as the elementary unit of life. Yet the literally and metaphorically marginal status of the cell membrane made it the site of clashes over the definition of life and the proper way to study it. In this article I show how the modern cell membrane was conceived of by analogy to the first “artificial cell,” invented in 1864 by the chemist Moritz Traube (1826–1894), and (...)
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  18.  35
    Amoebae as Exemplary Cells: The Protean Nature of an Elementary Organism. [REVIEW]Andrew Reynolds - 2008 - Journal of the History of Biology 41 (2):307 - 337.
    In the nineteenth century protozoology and early cell biology intersected through the nexus of Darwin's theory of evolution. As single-celled organisms, amoebae offered an attractive focus of study for researchers seeking evolutionary relationships between the cells of humans and other animals, and their primitive appearance made them a favourite model for the ancient ancestor of all living things. Their resemblance to human and other metazoan cells made them popular objects of study among morphologists, physiologists, and even those investigating animal behaviour. (...)
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  19.  25
    Claude Bernard’s non reception of Darwinism.Ghyslain Bolduc & Caroline Angleraux - 2023 - History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 45 (3):1-26.
    The aim of this paper is to explain why, while Charles Darwin was well recognized as a scientific leader of his time, Claude Bernard never really regarded Darwinism as a scientific theory. The lukewarm reception of Darwin at the Académie des Sciences of Paris and his nomination to a chair only after 8 years contrasts with his prominence, and Bernard’s attitude towards Darwin’s theory of species evolution belongs to this French context. Yet we argue that Bernard rejects the scientific value (...)
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  20.  32
    The reception of Eduard Buchner's discovery of cell-free fermentation.Robert E. Kohler - 1972 - Journal of the History of Biology 5 (2):327-353.
    What general conclusions can be drawn about the reception of zymase, its relation to the larger shift from a protoplasm to an enzyme theory of life, and its status as a social phenomenon?The most striking and to me unexpected pattern is the close correlation between attitude toward zymase and professional background. The disbelief of the fermentation technologists, Will, Delbrück, Wehmer, and even Stavenhagen, was as sharp and unanimous as the enthusiasm of the immunologists and enzymologists, Duclaux, Roux, Fernback, and (...)
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  21.  39
    Science as Receptor of Technology: Paul Ehrlich and the Synthetic Dyestuffs Industry.Anthony S. Travis - 1989 - Science in Context 3 (2):383-408.
    The ArgumentIn Germany during the 1870s and 1880s a number of important scientific innovations in chemistry and biology emerged that were linked to advances in the new technology of synthetic dyestuffs. In particular, the rapid development of classical organic chemistry was a consequence of programs in which chemists devised new theories and experimental strategies that were applicable to the processes and products of the burgeoning dye factories. Thereafter, the novel products became the means to examine and measure biological systems. This (...)
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  22.  28
    “Naked life”: the vital meaning of nutrition in Claude Bernard’s physiology.Cécilia Bognon-Küss - 2024 - History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 46 (2):1-29.
    The aim of this paper is to elucidate the vital meaning and strategic role that nutrition holds in Claude Bernard’s “biological philosophy”, in the sense Auguste Comte gave to this expression, _i.e._ the theoretical part of biology. I propose that Bernard’s nutritive perspective on life should be thought of as an “interfield” object, following Holmes’ category. Not only does nutrition bridge disciplines like physiology and organic chemistry, as well as levels of inquiry ranging from special physiology to the organism’s total (...)
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  23. (1 other version)Integrated Information Theory, Searle, and the Arbitrariness Question.Francis Fallon - 2018 - Review of Philosophy and Psychology:1-17.
    Integrated Information Theory posits a new kind of information, which, given certain constraints, constitutes consciousness. Searle objects to IIT because its appeal to information relies on observer-relative features. This misses the point that IIT’s notion of integrated information is intrinsic, the opposite of observer-relative. Moreover, Searle overlooks the possibility that IIT could be embraced as an extension of his theory. While he insists that causal powers of the brain account for consciousness, he maintains that these causal powers aren’t tied to (...)
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  24. Mad Speculation and Absolute Inhumanism: Lovecraft, Ligotti, and the Weirding of Philosophy.Ben Woodard - 2011 - Continent 1 (1):3-13.
    continent. 1.1 : 3-13. / 0/ – Introduction I want to propose, as a trajectory into the philosophically weird, an absurd theoretical claim and pursue it, or perhaps more accurately, construct it as I point to it, collecting the ground work behind me like the Perpetual Train from China Mieville's Iron Council which puts down track as it moves reclaiming it along the way. The strange trajectory is the following: Kant's critical philosophy and much of continental philosophy which has followed, (...)
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  25. 2020 Everett Mendelsohn Prize.Karen Rader & Marsha Richmond - 2020 - Journal of the History of Biology 53 (1):1-3.
    It is our great pleasure to announce that the recipient of the 2020 Everett Mendelsohn Prize is Daniel Liu, whose essay, “The Cell and Protoplasm as Container, Object, and Substance, 1835–1861,” appeared in the Journal of the History of Biology, Volume 50, 4 (2017), pp. 889–925.
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  26.  29
    The Contributions – and Collapse – of Lamarckian Heredity in Pasteurian Molecular Biology: 1. Lysogeny, 1900–1960.Laurent Loison, Jean Gayon & Richard M. Burian - 2017 - Journal of the History of Biology 50 (1):5-52.
    This article shows how Lamarckism was essential in the birth of the French school of molecular biology. We argue that the concept of inheritance of acquired characters positively shaped debates surrounding bacteriophagy and lysogeny in the Pasteurian tradition during the interwar period. During this period the typical Lamarckian account of heredity treated it as the continuation of protoplasmic physiology in daughter cells. Félix d’Hérelle applied this conception to argue that there was only one species of bacteriophage and Jules Bordet applied (...)
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  27. Pedagogía científica y normalidad en Montessori.Martha Soledad Montero González & Oliverio Moreno - 2011 - Logos: Revista de la Facultad de Filosofia y Humanidades 20:59-80.
    This article deals with Montessori’s scientific pedagogy and how his researches and the creation of houses for children become official, as well as how discourses and medical, biological, anthropological and psychological practices are installed in the pedagogy field in modern schools. Influenced by the theories of Lombroso and Darwin, he considered that human beings were no more than a cell composed by a protoplasm and nucleus the size of a tenth of a millimeter, from where individuals who are very (...)
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  28.  22
    A question without answers?: Mark A. Bedau and Carol E. Cleland : The nature of life: Classical and contemporary perspectives from philosophy and science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, 440pp, £86.00, $142.00 HB.Antonio Lazcano - 2013 - Metascience 23 (2):301-304.
    On Thursday, August 21, 1862, Edmond and Jules de Goncourt registered in their Journal a short entry on the nature of life: “Qu’est-ce que la vie? L’usufruit d’une agrégation de molecules”—What is life? The usufruct of an aggregation of molecules. Although the extraordinary chronicles of the social and cultural life of the Second French Empire written by the Goncourt brothers includes names of their most distinguished contemporaries, the writers, artists, politicians and socialites they befriended outnumber by far the scientists. It (...)
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  29.  37
    After the origin of life.Singo Nakazawa - 1961 - Acta Biotheoretica 14 (1-2):29-42.
    As to the primary morphogenesis which occurred after the origin of life, two conditions are considered. It must be a non-specific pattern. It must be one of the simplest patterns.The above conditions are satisfied by the morphogenetic polarity. Actually, the simplest polar pattern is divided into two classes. The first of these is represented by a regional protrusion of the surface of a sphere , and the second by a regional inversion . That means that the first morphogenesis might take (...)
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  30.  23
    Revisiting Julius Sachs’s “Physiological Notes: II. Contributions to the Theory of the Cell. a) Energids and Cells” (1892).Karl J. Niklas & Ulrich Kutschera - 2022 - Biological Theory 17 (3):181-185.
    Julius Sachs (1832–1897), who has been quite rightly called “the father of plant physiology,” was a German physiologist of international standing, whose research interests contributed to virtually every branch of the plant sciences, and whose work presaged plant molecular biology and systems biology. Here, we focus on one of his last publications, from 1892, wherein he argued that the term “cell” (_Zelle_) is misleading and should be replaced by “energid” (_Energide_), which he defined as “a nucleus together with the corresponding (...)
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  31.  18
    Physiological Notes: II. Contributions to the Theory of the Cell. a) Energids and Cells.Julius Sachs - 2022 - Biological Theory 17 (3):231-233.
    The concept of the energid (which refers to “energy,” or “vital force”; in modern terms, adenosine triphosphate, ATP) is that the smallest unity of life is the nucleus and the amount of protoplasm the nucleus can “control” metabolically. The concept of the cell as a nucleus-protoplasm “unit” confined by either a cell membrane or cell wall (e.g., mammalian or land plant cells) is rejected. Examples of multinucleate organisms such as coenocytic algae are presented as “proof of concept” of (...)
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  32.  35
    Cartesian Skepticism from Bare Possibility.Robert Edward Wachbrit - 1996 - Journal of the History of Ideas 57 (1):109-129.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Cartesian Skepticism from Bare PossibilityRobert WachbritIn making his case for skepticism, Peter Unger offers the following exotic case as one which “conforms to a familiar, if not often explicitly artic-ulated pattern or form” of skeptical reasoning: 1 imagine that there is an evil scientist who deceives subjects into falsely believing that there are rocks. Living in a world bereft of rocks, he induces belief in their existence using electrodes (...)
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  33.  32
    General Physiology, Experimental Psychology, and Evolutionism.Judy Johns Schloegel & Henning Schmidgen - 2002 - Isis 93 (4):614-645.
    This essay aims to shed new light on the relations between physiology and psychology in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by focusing on the use of unicellular organisms as research objects during that period. Within the frameworks of evolutionism and monism advocated by Ernst Haeckel, protozoa were perceived as objects situated at the borders between organism and cell and individual and society. Scholars such as Max Verworn, Alfred Binet, and Herbert Spencer Jennings were provoked by these organisms to (...)
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  34.  3
    The Schema and Organization of the Cell: An Introduction to Ernst Brücke’s Die Elementarorganismen (1861).Daniel Liu - 2024 - Journal of the History of Biology 57 (2):281-304.
    Ernst Brücke’s 1861 essay Die Elementarorganismen has often been cited as a watershed in the history of physiology as well as in the history of cell theory. In its time it was widely read as a reform of animal cell theory, shifting the concept of the cell away from Schleiden and Schwann’s original cell schema of a membranous vesicle with a nucleus, and towards the protoplasm theory that had developed in botany, centered on the cell’s living contents. It was (...)
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  35.  24
    Postmodern Obscurantism and 'the Muslim Question'.Aziz al-Azmeh - 2003 - Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies 2 (5):21-47.
    The all-too-human proclivity to short-sightedness colludes with political perspectives of the moment, to project a fragmentary image of the present instant into the essence of eternity, and to postu- late Islam as the trans-historical protoplasm in the life of all Muslims. I shall propose to you that this construal of Islam as a culture which in itself explains the affairs of Muslim collectivities and overdetermines their economies, societies, and non-religious cultures, is the fundamental element in the culture of misrecognition (...)
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  36.  11
    (2 other versions)Es schleimt, es lebt, es denkt.Gabriele Gramelsberger - 2016 - Zeitschrift für Medien- Und Kulturforschung 7 (2):155-169.
    "Viel ist über Medien geschrieben worden, und doch ist dem Medium aller Medien bislang keinerlei Abhandlung gewidmet. Die Rede ist vom Schleim. Nicht irgendein Schleim, sondern der Urschleim jeglichen Lebens, dem Rätsel der Wissenschaft, das bis heute als ungelöst gilt. Und noch ein Rätsel gilt es zu lösen, nämlich von der eigenartigen Koalition von Schleim und technischen Medien. Schleim, so die Wissenschaft, ist nicht nur Beginn der Menschwerdung sondern auch die Zukunft der Technologie. Much has been written about media, but (...)
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  37.  32
    (1 other version)Der Stoff, aus dem das Leben ist.Martin Lindner - 2000 - NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin 8 (1):11-21.
    Between 1900 and 1930 colloid chemistry, a branch of physical chemistry, gained crucial importance for the understanding of vital phenomena. To many it seemed that the properties of colloids would differ from those of ordinary matter, paralleling the specific properties of protoplasm, the living substance . The application of theoretical concepts and experimental models of colloid chemistry to biological problems shaped Biocolloidology as a new research program, which appeared promising for the exploration of organic processes such as mitotic cell (...)
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  38.  13
    Concepts of nerve fiber development, 1839?1930.Susan M. Billings - 1971 - Journal of the History of Biology 4 (2):275-305.
    It was thus the combination of observational and experimental approaches that ultimately led to confirmation of the outgrowth theory. The observational method was essential for defining various possible methods of nerve fiber development. The multicellular, protoplasmic bridge and outgrowth theories were each postulated to explain purely observational evidence. However, the lack of truly suitable equipment and techniques to study the developing nervous system made it impossible to agree on a single theory on this basis alone. The experimental method provided a (...)
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  39.  21
    Peter Chalmers Mitchell and antiwar evolutionism in Britain during the Great War.D. P. Crook - 1989 - Journal of the History of Biology 22 (2):325-356.
    It may be concluded that Mitchell's peace evolutionism incorporated most of the features of the cooperationist and Novicovian traditions. He questioned the conflict paradigm that underpinned biological militarism, and reinforced a holistic and more peaceful model of nature by reference to the emerging discipline of ecology. His “restrictionist” objections to the deterministic tendencies of much prevailing biosocial thought combined philosophical with biological arguments to assert that human history was sui generis, based upon the unique development of human consciousness and the (...)
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  40.  17
    Complexity According to Peirce.Jaime Nubiola - 2000 - The Commens Encyclopedia: The Digital Encyclopedia of Peirce Studies.
    In a world of ever-growing specialization, the issue of complexity attracts a good amount of attention from cross-disciplinary points of view. Charles S. Peirce’s thought may help not only to shoulder once again philosophical responsibility which has been largely abdicated by much of 20th century philosophy, but also to tackle some of the most stubborn contemporary problems. The founder of pragmatism identified one century ago most of these problems, and he also mapped out some paths that may be followed to (...)
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  41.  53
    T. H. Huxley's Criticism of German Cell Theory: An Epigenetic and Physiological Interpretation of Cell Structure. [REVIEW]Marsha L. Richmond - 2000 - Journal of the History of Biology 33 (2):247 - 289.
    In 1853, the young Thomas Henry Huxley published a long review of German cell theory in which he roundly criticized the basic tenets of the Schleiden-Schwann model of the cell. Although historians of cytology have dismissed Huxley's criticism as based on an erroneous interpretation of cell physiology, the review is better understood as a contribution to embryology. "The Cell-theory" presents Huxley's "epigenetic" interpretation of histological organization emerging from changes in the protoplasm to replace the "preformationist" cell theory of Schleiden (...)
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  42.  6
    (1 other version)Nutritious cell centers and microscopic foams as elementary forms of living beings.Mauricio De Carvalho Ramos - 2019 - Humanities Journal of Valparaiso 14:171-185.
    In this paper I will compare two conceptions of basic elements or units of living organisms from the second half of the nineteenth century: Goodsir’s cellular centers and Bütschli’s protoplam. The comparison will be made from the proposition of a nucleoplasmic form, and the referred conceptions are historical expressions of this general form. The nutrition center is a form that combines the functions of nutrition, germination and reproduction, responsible for the production of tissues, organs, tumors and the whole organism from (...)
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