A. Aquinas’s Works

The definitive version of the original Latin, the Leonine edition, is slowly coming to completion:

Thomas Aquinas. Opera omnia, ed. Fratres Praedicatores (Rome: Commissio Leonina, 1882–), 50 vols.

Recent volumes are particularly useful for the extensive scholarly notes, which trace in detail the antecedents to Aquinas’s thought.

Readers satisfied with a roughly accurate Latin text may find it more convenient to consult online the searchable Corpus Thomisticum. This essential resource also provides electronic versions of many of the Leonine volumes, information on the best editions of works not yet available in the Leonine edition, and Schütz’s very useful Thomas-Lexikon.

Most of Aquinas is available in English translation, and is often available online. Thérèse Bonin maintains a comprehensive catalog. Listed here are only a few especially noteworthy translations.

Given the size and range of the corpus, no single-volume anthology can be adequate. Among the many attempts is

Thomas Aquinas. Basic Works, ed. Jeffrey Hause and Robert Pasnau (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2014).

This collection is based in part on a series of translations, the Hackett Aquinas, which offers a translation and commentary on key texts.

What follows lists the principal works and those minor works that have special philosphical interest. Not all of the dates are certain. For further details see the “Brief Catalogue” in Torrell 1993 [2022].

A1. Encyclopedic Theological Treatises

• Scriptum super libros Sententiarum (The Commentary on Peter Lombard’s Sentences) (1252–56)

  A massive and wide-ranging work, composed during Aquinas’s term as bachelor of theology and the first part of his first term as master of theology. Until the Leonine version is published, the best Latin text is the edition by Pierre Mandonnet and Maria F. Moos (Paris: P. Léthielleux, 1929–47), which is complete through book IV distinction 22. The Aquinas Institute (Wyoming) is producing an online English translation that is nearing completion and looks to be of high quality.

  (Scholar)
• Summa contra gentiles (1259–65)

  This is Aquinas’s second-most important work, after the Summa theologiae. Remarkably, the autograph manuscript has survived for much of this work and can be admired online (although Aquinas’s handwriting is notoriously difficult to read, even for experts). The best complete English translation, with the Latin text in a parallel column, is available online.

  (Scholar)
• Summa theologiae (1267–73, unfinished after 3a 90)

  Aquinas’s masterpiece, which he began in Rome and worked on until near the end his life. The Leonine volumes for this work, from the nineteenth century, are no longer considered adequate, and will eventually be reedited. The best (and now mostly complete) full English translation is that of Alfred Freddoso, available online.

  (Scholar)

A2. Disputed Questions

• On Truth (1256–59)

  Aquinas’s first and largest set of disputed questions, from his first term as master in Paris. The title refers to just the first of the 29 questions; the other 28 (making a total of 253 articles) take up many wide-ranging topics.

  (Scholar)
• On God’s Power (1265–66) (Scholar)
• On the Soul (1266–67)
• On Spiritual Creatures (1267–68)
• On Evil (De malo) (1270–71)
• On the Virtues (1271–72)
• On the Union of the Incarnate Word (1272)
• Quodlibetal Questions (1256–59, 1268–72)

  By tradition, masters at Paris participated in disputations during Advent and Lent at which audience members might propose any topic at all. Aquinas’s large and varied collection of Quodlibetal Questions is split between his two terms as master, with quodlibets 7–11 dating from his first term and quodlibets 1–6 and 12 dating from his second term. There is now an English translation by Nevitt and Davies (OUP 2019).

  (Scholar)

A3. Brief Works (Opuscula)

• On the Principles of Nature (De principiis naturae) (early 1250s)

  A rather conventional summary of medieval natural philosophy, written no later than Aquinas’s term in Paris as a bachelor and perhaps, judging from its content, even earlier than that. Its brevity and philosophical focus makes it useful for novices today. Stump and Chanderbhan translate it in the Hackett Basic Works volume.

  (Scholar)
• On Being and Essence (De ente et essentia) (1252–56).

  A famous brief treatise on various foundational questions in metaphysics, dating from Aquinas’s time as bachelor in Paris. Peter King translates it in the Hackett Basic Works volume.

  (Scholar)
• Compendium theologiae (begun in the early 1260s, unfinished)

  A relatively brief digest of material found at much greater length in the Summa theologiae and elsewhere.

  (Scholar)
• On Kingship (De regno, or De regimine principum) (1266–67?, unfinished)
• On the Unity of the Intellect (De unitate intellectus contra Averroistas) (1270)
• On the Eternity of the World (1271)
• On Separate Substances (1271 or later, unfinished)
• On the Mixture of Elements (1269?)
• On the Hidden Workings of Nature (De occultis operationibus naturae) (1268–72?)
• On the Motion of the Heart (De motu cordis) (1273?)

A4. Philosophical Commentaries

Aquinas left many of his commentaries unfinished. Published versions sometimes incorporate material added by disciples, intended to complete the work.

• De anima (1267–68)
• De sensu et sensato (1268–69)
• Physics (1269–70)
• De interpretatione (Peri hermeneias) (1271, unfinished from ch. 10, 19b26)
• Posterior Analytics (1271–72)
• Nicomachean Ethics (1271–72)
• Politics (around 1269–72, unfinished after III.8, 1280a7)
• Metaphysics (around 1270–73)
• De caelo et mundo (1272–73, unfinished from III.4, 302b29)
• Meteorology (1273, unfinished after II.5, 363a20)
• On Generation and Corruption (1272–73, unfinished after I.5, 322a33)
• Boethius’s De trinitate (1257–59, unfinished) (Scholar)
• Boethius’s De hebdomadibus (1271–72?) (Scholar)
• Pseudo-Dionysius’s On the Divine Names (1266–68) (Scholar)
• Liber de causis (1272)

A5. Biblical Commentaries

• Isaiah (1251–52)
• Jeremiah (1251–53)
• Job (1263–65)
• Catena aurea (1263–1268) — a continuous exposition of the Gospels, interweaving Patristic glosses
• Matthew (1269–70)
• John (1270–72)
• Paul (1261?–73) — a sequence of commentaries covering all of the Pauline epistles
• Psalms (1272–73, unfinished after Psalm 54)

B. Secondary Sources

Listed here are only works cited in the entry, which deliberately focuses on English-language sources. There are of course rich bodies of scholarship in many other languages.

• Adams, Marilyn McCord, 1987, William Ockham, 2 volumes, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. (Scholar)
• Amerini, Fabrizio, 2009 [2013], Tommaso d’Aquino: Origine e fine della vita umana, Pisa: Edizioni ETS. Translated as Aquinas on the Beginning and End of Human Life, Mark Henninger (trans.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• Angier, Tom, 2021, Natural Law Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108580793 (Scholar)
• Ashworth, E. Jennifer, 2014, “Aquinas on Analogy”, in Jeffrey Hause (ed.), Debates in Medieval Philosophy, New York: Routledge, 232–42. (Scholar)
• Băltuță [Baltuta], Elena, 2013, “Aquinas on Intellectual Cognition: The Case of Intelligible Species”, Philosophia, 41(3): 589–602. doi:10.1007/s11406-013-9481-y (Scholar)
• Bazán, Bernardo C., 1997, “The Human Soul: Form and Substance? Thomas Aquinas’s Critique of Eclectic Aristotelianism”, Archives d’histoire doctrinale et littéraire du moyen âge, 64: 95–126. (Scholar)
• Bradley, Denis J. M., 1997, Aquinas on the Twofold Human Good: Reason and Human Happiness in Aquinas’s Moral Science, Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. (Scholar)
• Brower, Jeffrey E., 2014, Aquinas’s Ontology of the Material World: Change, Hylomorphism, and Material Objects, New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198714293.001.0001 (Scholar)
• –––, 2016, “Aquinas on the Problem of Universals”, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 92(3): 715–35. doi:10.1111/phpr.12176 (Scholar)
• Brower, Jeffrey E., and Susan Brower-Toland, 2008, “Aquinas on Mental Representation: Concepts and Intentionality”, Philosophical Review, 117(2): 193–243. doi:10.1215/00318108-2007-036 (Scholar)
• Brown, Christopher M., 2007, “Souls, Ships, and Substances”, American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly, 81(4): 655–68. doi:10.5840/acpq20078147 (Scholar)
• –––, 2021, Eternal Life and Human Happiness: Philosophical Problems, Thomistic Solutions, Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. (Scholar)
• Cohoe, Caleb, 2013, “There Must Be a First: Why Thomas Aquinas Rejects Infinite, Essentially Ordered, Causal Series”, British Journal for the History of Philosophy, 21(5): 838–56. doi:10.1080/09608788.2013.816934 (Scholar)
• Cory, Therese Scarpelli, 2015, “Rethinking Abstractionism: Aquinas’s Intellectual Light and Some Arabic Sources”, Journal of the History of Philosophy, 53(4): 607–46. doi:10.1353/hph.2015.0074 (Scholar)
• –––, 2022, “The Nature of Cognition and Knowledge”, in Stump and White (eds) 2022: 153–83 (ch. 7). doi:10.1017/9781009043595.011">10.1017/9781009043595.011 (Scholar)
• Cross, Richard, 1998, The Physics of Duns Scotus: The Scientific Context of a Theological Vision, Oxford: Clarendon Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198269748.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Dales, Richard C., 1990, Medieval Discussions of the Eternity of the World, Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004246676 (Scholar)
• Davies, Brian, 2018, “The Summa Theologiae on What God Is Not”, in Hause (ed.) 2018: 47–67. (Scholar)
• Davies, Brian and Eleonore Stump (eds.), 2012, The Oxford Handbook of Aquinas, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195326093.001.0001 (Scholar)
• De Haan, Daniel, 2019, “Aquinas on Sensing, Perceiving, Thinking, Understanding, and Cognizing Individuals”, in E. Băltuță (ed.), Medieval Perceptual Puzzles: Theories of Sense Perception in the 13^th and 14^th Centuries, Leiden: Brill, 238–68. (Scholar)
• Dewan, Lawrence, 2007, “St. Thomas and Analogy: The Logician and the Metaphysician”, in R. E. Houser (ed.), Laudemus viros gloriosos: Essays in Honor of Armand Maurer, Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 132–45. (Scholar)
• DeYoung, Rebecca Konyndyk, Colleen McCluskey, and Christina Van Dyke, 2009, Aquinas’s Ethics: Metaphysical Foundations, Moral Theory, and Theological Context, Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. (Scholar)
• Dougherty, Michael V., 2004, “On the Alleged Subalternate Character of Sacra Doctrina in Aquinas”, Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophical Association, 77: 101–10. doi:10.5840/acpaproc20037716 (Scholar)
• Elders, Leo, 2009, “The Aristotelian Commentaries of St. Thomas Aquinas”, Review of Metaphysics, 63(1): 29–53. (Scholar)
• Finnis, John, 1998, Aquinas: Moral, Political, and Legal Theory, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Frost, Gloria, 2022, Aquinas on Efficient Causation and Causal Powers, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009225403 (Scholar)
• Gallagher, David M., 1994, “Free Choice and Free Judgment in Thomas Aquinas”, Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie, 76(3): 247–77. doi:10.1515/agph.1994.76.3.247 (Scholar)
• Glorieux, Palémon, 1927, Les premières polémiques Thomistes: le Correctorium Corruptorii “Quare”, Kain: Le Saulchoir. (Scholar)
• Goris, Harm J. M. J., 1997, Free Creatures of an Eternal God: Thomas Aquinas on God’s Infallible Foreknowledge and Irresistible Will, Leuven: Peeters. (Scholar)
• Goris, Harm J. M. J and Henk J. M. Schoot, 2017, The Virtuous Life: Thomas Aquinas on the Theological Nature of Moral Virtues, Leuven: Peeters. (Scholar)
• Grisez, Germain, 1965, “The First Principle of Practical Reason: A Commentary on the Summa Theologiae, 1–2, Question 94, Article 2”, Natural Law Forum, 10: 168–201. (Scholar)
• Hause, Jeffrey, 1997, “Thomas Aquinas and the Voluntarists”, Medieval Philosophy and Theology, 6(2): 167–82. doi:10.5840/medievalpt1997628 (Scholar)
• –––, 2007, “Aquinas on the Function of Moral Virtue”, American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly, 81(1): 1–20. doi:10.5840/acpq200781145 (Scholar)
• ––– (ed.), 2018, Aquinas’s Summa Theologiae: A Critical Guide, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316271490 (Scholar)
• Hissette, Roland, 1977, Enquête sur les 219 articles condamnés à Paris le 7 mars 1277, Louvain: Publications universitaires. (Scholar)
• Hobbes, Thomas, 1651 [1994], Leviathan, E. Curley (ed.), Indianapolis: Hackett. (Scholar)
• Hochschild, Joshua P., 2019, “Aquinas’s Two Concepts of Analogy and a Complex Semantics for Naming the Simple God”, Thomist, 83(2): 155–84. doi:10.1353/tho.2019.0013 (Scholar)
• Hoffman, Paul, 2014, “Aquinas on Spiritual Change”, in Robert Pasnau (ed.), Oxford Studies in Medieval Philosophy, volume 2, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 98–103. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198718468.003.0005 (Scholar)
• Hoffmann, Tobias, 2022, “Grace and Free Will”, in Stump and White (eds.) 2022: 233–56 (ch. 10). doi:10.1017/9781009043595.015 (Scholar)
• Hoffmann, Tobias and Cyrille Michon, 2017, “Aquinas on Free Will and Intellectual Determinism”, Philosophers’ Imprint, 17(10): 1–36. [Hoffmann and Michon 2017 available online] (Scholar)
• Irwin, Terence, 2007, The Development of Ethics: A Historical and Critical Study (Volume 1: From Socrates to the Reformation), Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198242673.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Jenkins, John I., 1996, “Expositions of the Text: Aquinas’s Aristotelian Commentaries”, Medieval Philosophy and Theology, 5(1): 39–62. [Jenkins 1996 available online] (Scholar)
• Jensen, Steven J., 2015, Knowing the Natural Law: From Precepts and Inclinations to Deriving Oughts, Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. (Scholar)
• Jordan, Mark D., 1982, “The Controversy of the Correctoria and the Limits of Metaphysics”, Speculum, 57(2): 292–314. doi:10.2307/2847458 (Scholar)
• Kenny, Anthony, 1969, The Five Ways: St. Thomas Aquinas’s Proofs of God’s Existence, London: Routledge. (Scholar)
• –––, 1993, Aquinas on Mind, London/New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203004944 (Scholar)
• –––, 1998, “Aquinas on Aristotelian Happiness”, in MacDonald and Stump (eds) 1998: 15–27. (Scholar)
• Kent, Bonnie, 1995, Virtues of the Will: The Transformation of Ethics in the Late Thirteenth Century, Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. (Scholar)
• King, Peter, 1994, “Scholasticism and the Philosophy of Mind: The Failure of Aristotelian Psychology”, in Tamara Horowitz and Allen I. Janis (eds.), Scientific Failure, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 109–38. (Scholar)
• –––, 1998, “Aquinas on the Passions”, in MacDonald and Stump (eds) 1998: 101–32. (Scholar)
• –––, 2000, “The Problem of Individuation in the Middle Ages”, Theoria, 66: 159–84. doi:10.1111/j.1755-2567.2000.tb01161.x (Scholar)
• Klima, Gyula, 1997 [2002], “Man = Body + Soul: Aquinas’s Arithmetic of Human Nature”, in Timo Koistinen and Tommi Lehtonen (eds.), Philosophical Studies in Religion, Metaphysics, and Ethics: Essays in Honour of Heikki Kirjavainen, Helsinki: Luther Agricola Society. Reprinted in Brian Davies (ed.), Thomas Aquinas: Contemporary Philosophical Perspectives, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002, 257–73 (ch. 10). (Scholar)
• –––, 2000, “Aquinas on One and Many”, Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale, 11: 195–215. (Scholar)
• –––, 2001, “Aquinas’ Proofs of the Immateriality of the Intellect from the Universality of Thought”, Proceedings of the Society for Medieval Logic and Metaphysics, 1: 19–28. (Scholar)
• Knobel, Angela, 2021, Aquinas and the Infused Moral Virtues, Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. (Scholar)
• Kretzmann, Norman, 1997, The Metaphysics of Theism: Aquinas’s Natural Theology in Summa Contra Gentiles I, Oxford: Clarendon Press. doi:10.1093/019924653x.001.0001 (Scholar)
• –––, 1999, The Metaphysics of Creation: Aquinas’s Natural Theology in Summa Contra Gentiles II, Oxford: Clarendon Press. doi:10.1093/0199246548.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Leftow, Brian, 1990, “Aquinas on Time and Eternity”, American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly, 64(3): 387–99. doi:10.5840/acpq199064315 (Scholar)
• –––, 2003, “Aquinas on Attributes”, Medieval Philosophy and Theology, 11(1): 1–41. doi:10.1017/s105706080300001x (Scholar)
• Legge, Dominic, 2022, “Thomas Aquinas: A Life Pursuing Wisdom”, in Stump and White (eds) 2022: 7–28 (ch. 1). doi:10.1017/9781009043595.003 (Scholar)
• Levering, Matthew and Marcus Plested (eds), 2021, The Oxford Handbook of the Reception of Aquinas, Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198798026.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Lisska, Anthony J., 1996, Aquinas’s Theory of Natural Law: An Analytic Reconstruction, Oxford: Clarendon Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198269670.001.0001 (Scholar)
• –––, 2016, Aquinas’s Theory of Perception: An Analytic Reconstruction, Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198777908.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Loughran, Thomas J., 1999, “Aquinas, Compatibilist”, in F. Michael McLain and W. Mark Richardson (eds), Human and Divine Agency: Anglican, Catholic, and Lutheran Perspectives, New York: University Press of America, 1–39. (Scholar)
• MacDonald, Scott, 1991a, “Aquinas’s Parasitic Cosmological Argument”, Medieval Philosophy and Theology, 1: 119–55. [MacDonald 1991a available online] (Scholar)
• –––, 1991b, “Ultimate Ends in Practical Reasoning”, Philosophical Review, 100(1): 31–66. doi:10.2307/2185514 (Scholar)
• –––, 1993, “Theory of Knowledge”, in Norman Kretzmann and Eleonore Stump (eds.), Cambridge Companion to Aquinas, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 160–95. doi:10.1017/ccol0521431956.007 (Scholar)
• MacDonald, Scott and Eleonore Stump (eds), 1998, Aquinas’s Moral Theory: Essays in Honor of Norman Kretzmann, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. (Scholar)
• Marmodoro, Anna and Ben Page, 2016, “Aquinas on Forms, Substances and Artifacts”, Vivarium, 54(1): 1–21. doi:10.1163/15685349-12341310 (Scholar)
• Martin, C. F. J., 1997, Thomas Aquinas: God and Explanations, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. (Scholar)
• Massey, Gerald J., 1999, “Medieval Sociobiology: Thomas Aquinas’s Theory of Sexual Morality”, Philosophical Topics, 27(1): 69–86. doi:10.5840/philtopics199927117 (Scholar)
• Mattison, William C., 2011, “Can Christians Possess the Acquired Cardinal Virtues?” Theological Studies, 72(3): 558–85. doi:10.1177/004056391107200304 (Scholar)
• Maurer, Armand, 1986, “Introduction”, in Thomas Aquinas, The Division and Methods of the Sciences: Questions V and VI of his Commentary on the De Trinitate of Boethius, 4th revised edition, Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, VII–XLI. (Scholar)
• McCluskey, Colleen, 2017, Thomas Aquinas on Moral Wrongdoing, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316796917 (Scholar)
• McInerny, Ralph, 1996, Aquinas and Analogy, Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1997, Ethica Thomistica: The Moral Philosophy of Thomas Aquinas, revised edition, Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. (Scholar)
• Miner, Robert C., 2009, Thomas Aquinas on the Passions: A Study of Summa theologiae 1a2ae 22–48, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511576560 (Scholar)
• Montagnes, Bernard, 1963 [2004], La Doctrine de l’analogie de l’être d’après Saint Thomas D’Aquin, Louvain: Publications universitaires. Translated as The Doctrine of the Analogy of Being according to Thomas Aquinas, E. M. Macierowski and Pol Vandevelde (trans), Andrew Tallon (ed.), Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2004. (Scholar)
• Murphy, Mark C., 2001, Natural Law and Practical Rationality, Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Nevitt, Turner C., 2014, “Survivalism, Corruptionism, and Intermittent Existence in Aquinas”, History of Philosophy Quarterly, 31(1): 1–19. (Scholar)
• Oberman, Heiko A. (ed.), 1966, Forerunners of the Reformation: The Shape of Late Medieval Thought, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. (Scholar)
• Ogden, Stephen R., 2022, Averroes on Intellect: From Aristotelian Origins to Aquinas’ Critique, Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780192896117.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Oliva, Adriano, 2015, Amours: L’église, les divorcés remariés, les couples homosexuels, Paris: Cerf. (Scholar)
• Osborne, Thomas M., Jr., 2005, Love of Self and Love of God in Thirteenth-Century Ethics, Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. (Scholar)
• Panaccio, Claude, 2001, “Aquinas on Intellectual Representation”, in Dominik Perler (ed.) Ancient and Medieval Theories of Intentionality, Leiden: Brill, 185–202. doi:10.1163/9789004453296_012 (Scholar)
• Pasnau, Robert, 1997, Theories of Cognition in the Later Middle Ages, Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2002, Thomas Aquinas on Human Nature: A Philosophical Study of Summa theologiae 1a 75–89, New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511613180 (Scholar)
• –––, 2011, Metaphysical Themes 1274–1671, Oxford: Clarendon Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567911.001.0001 (Scholar)
• –––, 2018, “On What There Is in Aquinas”, in Hause (ed.) 2018: 10–28. (Scholar)
• Pawl, Timothy, 2012, “The Five Ways”, in Davies and Stump (eds.) 2012: 115–31 (ch. 9). doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195326093.013.0010 (Scholar)
• Perler, Dominik, 2000, “Essentialism and Direct Realism. Some Late Medieval Perspectives”, Topoi, 19(2): 111–22. doi:10.1023/a:1006425008627 (Scholar)
• Pini, Giorgio, 2012, “The Development of Aquinas’s Thought”, in Davies and Stump (eds) 2012: 491–510 (ch. 37). doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195326093.013.0038 (Scholar)
• Pope, Stephen J. (ed.), 2002, The Ethics of Aquinas, Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. (Scholar)
• Porro, Pasquale, 2012 [2016], Tommaso d’Aquino: Un Profile storic-filosofico, Roma: Carocci editore. translated as Thomas Aquinas: A Historical and Philosophical Profile, Joseph G. Trabbic and Roger W. Nutt (trans.), Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2016. (Scholar)
• Porter, Jean, 2018, “The Natural Law”, in Hause (ed.) 2018: 170–87. (Scholar)
• –––, 2019, “Moral Virtues, Charity, and Grace: Why the Infused and Acquired Virtues Cannot Co-Exist”, Journal of Moral Theology, 8(2): 40–66. (Scholar)
• Rhonheimer, Martin, 1987 [2000], Natur als Grundlage der Moral: die personale Struktur des Naturgesetzes bei Thomas von Aquin: eine Auseinandersetzung mit autonomer und teleologischer Ethik, Innsbruck: Tyrolia-Verlag. Translated as Natural Law and Practical Reason: A Thomist View of Moral Autonomy, Gerald Malsbary (trans.), (Moral Philosophy and Moral Theology 1), New York: Fordham University Press, 2000. (Scholar)
• Rota, Michael W., 2004, “Substance and Artifact in Thomas Aquinas”, History of Philosophy Quarterly, 21(3): 241–59. (Scholar)
• Shanley, Brian J., 2007, “Beyond Libertarianism and Compatibilism: Thomas Aquinas on Created Freedom”, in Richard Velkley (ed.), Freedom and the Human Person, Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 70–89. (Scholar)
• Shields, Christopher and Robert Pasnau, 2016, The Philosophy of Aquinas, 2^nd edition, New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199301232.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Stenberg, Joseph, 2016a, “Aquinas on the Relationship Between the Vision and Delight in Perfect Happiness”, American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly, 90(4): 665–80. doi:10.5840/acpq201691499 (Scholar)
• –––, 2016b, “Considerandum est quid sit beatitudo: Aquinas on What Happiness Really Is”, Res Philosophica, 93(1): 161–84. doi:10.11612/resphil.2016.93.1.11 (Scholar)
• Stump, Eleonore, 2003, Aquinas, London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203928356 (Scholar)
• –––, 2010, Wandering in Darkness: Narrative and the Problem of Suffering, Oxford: Clarendon Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199277421.001.0001 (Scholar)
• –––, 2011, “The Non-Aristotelian Character of Aquinas’s Ethics: Aquinas on the Passions”, Faith and Philosophy, 28(1): 29–43. doi:10.5840/faithphil201128114 (Scholar)
• –––, 2018, Atonement, Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198813866.001.0001 (Scholar)
• –––, 2022, “The Nature of Human Beings”, in Stump and White (eds) 2022: 126–50 (ch. 6). doi:10.1017/9781009043595.009 (Scholar)
• Stump, Eleonore and Thomas Joseph White (eds.), 2022, The New Cambridge Companion to Aquinas, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009043595 (Scholar)
• Toner, Patrick, 2009, “Personhood and Death in St. Thomas Aquinas”, History of Philosophy Quarterly, 26(2): 121–38. (Scholar)
• Torrell, Jean-Pierre, 1993 [2022], L’Initiation à Saint Thomas d’Aquin: Sa personne et son oeuvre, Paris: Cerf. Translated as Saint Thomas Aquinas (Volume 1: The Person and His Work), Matthew K. Minerd and Robert Royal (trans), 3^rd edition, Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2022. (Scholar)
• –––, 1996 [2003], Saint Thomas d’Aquin, Maître Spirituel, Paris: Cerf; translated as Saint Thomas Aquinas (Volume 2: Spiritual Master), Robert Royal (trans.), Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2003. (Scholar)
• Van Dyke, Christina, 2012, “The End of (Human) Life as We Know It: Thomas Aquinas on Persons, Bodies, and Death”, Modern Schoolman, 89(3): 243–57. doi:10.5840/schoolman2012893/416 (Scholar)
• Wawrykow, Joseph P., 2012, “The Theological Virtues”, in Davies and Stump (eds.) 2012: 287–307 (ch. 22). doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195326093.013.0023 (Scholar)
• Westberg, Daniel, 1994, Right Practical Reason: Aristotle, Action, and Prudence in Aquinas, Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Scholar)
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