Sources

Collections of Arcesilaus’ sources

• Inwood, Brad and Lloyd Gerson (eds.), 1997, Hellenistic Philosophy: Introductory Readings, second edition, Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.

  [English translation of several of the sources for Arcesilaus.]

  (Scholar)
• Mette, Hans Joachim, 1984, “Zwei Akademiker heute: Krantor von Soloi und Arkesilaos von Pitane,” Lustrum 26: 7–94.

  [The evidence on Arcesilaus in Greek and Latin, with German translations.]

  (Scholar)
• Long, A. A. and D. N. Sedley (eds.), 1987, The Hellenistic Philosophers, vol. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  [English translation of several of the sources for Arcesilaus.]

  (Scholar)
• Vezzoli, Simone, 2016, Arcesilao di Pitane: l’origine del Platonismo neoaccademico, Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 149–268.

  [The evidence on Arcesilaus in Greek and Latin, with Italian translations.]

  (Scholar)

Primary Sources

• Cicero, On Academic Scepticism, Charles Brittain (trans.), Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 2006.

  [English translation of Academica.]

• –––, On the Ideal Orator, James May and Jakob Wisse (trans.), Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

  [English translation of De oratore.]

• –––, On the Nature of the Gods, Academica (Loeb Classical Library 268/Cicero XIX), H. Rackham (trans.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1933.

  [Loeb edition with English translation.]

• –––, De finibus bonorum et malorum (Loeb Classical Library 40/Cicero XVII), H. Rackham (trans.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1914.

  [Loeb edition with English translation.]

• –––, De Oratore Book III, in On the Orator: Book 3. On Fate. Stoic Paradoxes. Divisions of Oratory (Loeb Classical Library 349/Cicero IV), H. Rackham (trans.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1942.

  [Loeb edition with English translation.]

• –––, On Moral Ends, Raphael Woolf (trans.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511803659

  [English translation of De finibus.]

• Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers, Tiziano Dorandi (ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511843440

  [Greek text of Diogenes Laertius.]

• –––, Lives of Eminent Philosophers I & II (Loeb Classical Library 184/5), R. Hicks (trans.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1925.

  [Loeb edition with English translation.]

• –––, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers, Pamela Mensch (trans.), Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.

  [English translation of Dorandi’s edition.]

• Numenius, Platonist Philosophy 80 BC to AD 250: An Introduction and Collection of Sources in Translation, George Boys-Stones (ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018, pp. 40–45.

  [1F = English translation of Numenius frs. 24–25 Des Places.]

• –––, Fragments, E. Des Places (ed.), Paris: Belles Lettres, 1973.

  [Greek text with French translation.]

• –––, 1903, Eusebii Pamphili Evangelicae Praeparationis Libri XV, 4 vols., E. H. Gifford (ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1903.

  [Greek text with English translation of Eusebius; book 14.4–9 contains Numenius’ fragments.]

  (Scholar)
• Philodemus, Storia dei filosofi [.] Platone e l’Academia, Tiziano Dorandi (ed.), Naples: Bibliopolis, 1991.

  [Greek text with Italian translation of Philodemus’ Index Academicorum.]

  (Scholar)
• –––, “Philodemus’ History of the Philosophers: Plato and the Academy (PHerc. 1021 and 164),” Paul Kalligas and Voula Tsouna (trans.), in Paul Kalligas, Chloe Balla, Effie Baziotopoulou-Valavani, and Vassilis Karasmanis (eds.), Plato’s Academy: Its Workings and Its History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020, pp. 276–383.

  [Greek text, adapted from Dorandi’s edition, with English translation of Philodemus’ Index Academicorum.]

  (Scholar)
• Plutarch, Moralia XIII Part 2: Stoic Essays (Loeb Classical Library 470), Harold Cherniss (trans.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976.

  [Loeb edition with English translation of Plutarch’s On Stoic Self-Contraditions and Common Conceptions.]

• –––, Moralia XIV (Loeb Classical Library 428), Benedict Einarson and Phillip De Lacy (eds.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967.

  [Loeb edition with English translation of Plutarch’s Against Colotes.]

• –––, Moralia XV: Fragments (Loeb Classical Library 429), F. H. Sandbach (trans.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1969.

  [Loeb edition with English translation of some of the testimonia for Arcesilaus.]

• Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Scepticism, Julia Annas and Jonathan Barnes (trans.), New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994, second edition 2000.

  [English translation of Outlines of Pyrrhonism.]

• –––, [M] Against the Logicians [Adversus Mathematicos 7–8], Richard Bett (trans.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
• –––, Outlines of Pyrrhonism (Loeb Classical Library 273/Sextus Empiricus I), R. G. Bury (trans.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1933.

  [Loeb edition with English translation.]

• –––, Against Logicians (Loeb Classical Library 291/Sextus Empiricus II), R. G. Bury (trans.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1935.

  [Loeb edition with English translation.]

Arcesilaus’ life and philosophical activity

• Beghini, Andrea, 2016, “Arcesilao e Numenio: Note a Fr. 25 Des Places (= Eus. Praep. Ev. XIV, 5, 12–13 Des Places),” Studi Classici e Orientali 62: 297–314. (Scholar)
• Dorandi, Tiziano, 1989, “Arcesilas de Pitane,” in Dictionnaire des philosophes antiques, vol. 1, Richard Goulet (ed.), Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, pp. 326–30 (no. 302). (Scholar)
• Görler, Woldemar, 1994, “Älterer Pyrrhonismus – Jüngere Akademie, Antiochos aus Askalon, § 47 Arkesilaos,” in Die Philosophie der Antike 4: Die Hellenistische Philosophie, Helmut Flashar (ed.), Basel: Schwabe & Co., pp. 786–96. (Scholar)
• Habicht, Christian, 1994, “Hellenistic Athens and her philosophers,” in Athen in Hellenistischer Zeit, Christian Habicht, Munich: C.H. Beck, pp. 231–47. (Scholar)
• Long, A. A., 1986, “Diogenes Laertius, the Life of Arcesilaus,” Elenchos 7: 429–49. (Scholar)
• Lurie, Michael, 2014, “Der schiffbrüchige Odysseus oder: Wie Arkesilaos zum Skeptiker wurde,” Philologus 58: 183–6. (Scholar)
• Savalli-Lestrade, Ivana, 2017, “Le monde d’Arcésilas de Pitanè,” Revue des études anciennes 119: 521–50. (Scholar)
• von Arnim, Hans, 1895, “Arkesilaos von Pitane,” RE 2: 1164–68. (Scholar)

Arcesilaus’ skeptical position

• Allen, James, 2018, “Aporia and the New Academy,” in The Aporetic Tradition in Ancient Philosophy, George Karamanolis and Vasilis Politis (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 172–91. (Scholar)
• Annas, Julia, 1988, “The Heirs of Socrates,” Phronesis 33: 100–112. (Scholar)
• Bénatouïl, Thomas, 2011, “Anna Maria Ioppolo, La testimonianza di Sesto Empirico sull’ Accademia scettica,” Philosophie antique 11: 229–36. (Scholar)
• Bett, Richard, 1989, “Carneades’ Pithanon: A Reappraisal of its Role and Status,” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 7: 59–94. (Scholar)
• Brittain, Charles, 2005 [2008], “Arcesilaus,” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/arcesilaus/>. (Scholar)
• Cooper, John, 2004, “Arcesilaus: Socratic and Sceptic,” in Knowledge, Nature, and the Good, John Cooper, Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 81–103. (Scholar)
• Couissin, Pierre, 1929, “Le Stoicisme de la Nouvelle Adadémie,” Revue d’histoire de la philosophie 3: 241–76 [= “The Stoicism of the New Academy,” trans. Jonathan Barnes and Myles Burnyeat, in Myles Burnyeat (ed.), 1983, The Skeptical Tradition, London: University of California Press, pp. 31–63]. (Scholar)
• Frede, Michael, 1979, “Des Skeptikers Meinungen,” Neue Hefte für Philosophie, Aktualität der Antike 15/16: 102–29. Translated as “The Skeptic’s Beliefs,” in his, 1987, Essays in Ancient Philosophy, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 179–200; reprinted as “The Sceptic’s Beliefs” in Myles Burnyeat and Michael Frede (eds.), 1997, The Original Sceptics, Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, pp. 1–24.] (Scholar)
• –––, 1984, “The Sceptic’s Two Kinds of Assent and the Question of the Possibility of Knowledge,” in Philosophy in History, Richard Rorty, Jerome Schneewind and Quentin Skinner (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 255–278; reprinted as “The Skeptic’s Two Kinds of Assent and the Question of the Possibility of Knowledge,” in his, 1987, Essays in Ancient Philosophy, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 201–22; reprinted in Myles Burnyeat and Michael Frede (eds.), 1997, The Original Sceptics, Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, pp. 127–51. (Scholar)
• Friedman, Jane, 2013, “Suspended Judgment,” Philosophical Studies 162: 165–81. (Scholar)
• Görler, Woldemar, 1994, “Älterer Pyrrhonismus – Jüngere Akademie, Antiochos aus Askalon, § 47 Arkesilaos,” in Die Philosophie der Antike 4: Die Hellenistische Philosophie, Helmut Flashar (ed.), Basel: Schwabe & Co., pp. 796–824. (Scholar)
• Gourinat, Jean-Baptiste, 2014, “Comment se détermine le kathekon? Remarques sur la conformité à la nature et le raisonnable,” Philosophie antique 14: 13–39. (Scholar)
• Ioppolo, Anna-Maria, 1981, “Il concetto di ‘eulogon’ nella filosofia di Arcesilao,” in Lo scetticismo antico, Gabriele Giannantoni (ed.), vol. 1, Naples: Bibliopolis, pp. 143–61. (Scholar)
• –––, 1986, Opinione e scienza, Naples: Bibliopolis. (Scholar)
• –––, 2000, “Su alcune recenti interpretazioni dello scetticismo dell’Accademia,” Elenchos 21: 334–60. (Scholar)
• –––, 2008, “Arcésilas dans le Lucullus de Cicéron,” Revue de métaphysique et de morale 57: 21–44. (Scholar)
• –––, 2009, La testimonianza di Sesto Empirico sull’Accademia scettica, Naples: Bibliopolis. (Scholar)
• –––, 2011, “L’epochê chez Arcésilas: réponse à Thomas Bénatouïl,” Philosophie antique 11: 237–45.
• –––, 2018, “Arcesilaus,” in Skepticism: From Antiquity to the Present, Diego Machuca and Baron Reed (eds.), London: Bloomsbury, pp. 36–50. (Scholar)
• Lévy, Carlos, 1978, “Scepticisme et dogmatisme dans l’Académie: l’ésotérisme d’Arcésilas,” Revue des études latines 56: 335–348. (Scholar)
• Maconi, Henry, 1988, “Nova non philosophandi philosophia,” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 6: 231–53. (Scholar)
• Perin, Casey, 2010, “Scepticism and belief,” in The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Scepticism, Richard Bett (ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 145–64. (Scholar)
• –––, 2013, “Making Sense of Arcesilaus,” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 45: 313–40. (Scholar)
• Schofield, Malcolm, 1999, “Academic epistemology,” in The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy, Keimpe Algra, Jonathan Barnes, Jaap Mansfeld and Malcolm Schofield (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 323–51. (Scholar)
• Sedley, David, 1983, “The Motivation of Greek Skepticism,” in The Skeptical Tradition, Myles Burnyeat (ed.), London: University of California Press, pp. 9–29. (Scholar)
• Snyder, Charles, 2014, “The Socratic Benevolence of Arcesilaus’ Dialectic,” Ancient Philosophy 34: 341–63. (Scholar)
• Striker, Gisela, 1980, “Skeptical Strategies,” in Doubt and Dogmatism, Malcolm Schofield, Myles Burnyeat and Jonathan Barnes (eds.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 54–83; reprinted in Striker, Gisela, 1996, Essays on Hellenistic Epistemology and Ethics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 92–115. (Scholar)
• Stopper, M. R., 1983, “Schizzi Pirroniani,” Phronesis 28: 265–97, pp. 275–78. (Scholar)
• Thorsrud, Harold, 2009, Ancient Scepticism, Stocksfield: Acumen, pp. 36–58. (Scholar)
• –––, 2010, “Arcesilaus and Carneades,” in The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Scepticism, Richard Bett (ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 58–70. (Scholar)
• –––, 2018, “Arcesilaus: Socratic Skepticism in Plato’s Academy,” Lexicon Philosophicum 6: 195–220. (Scholar)
• Vezzoli, Simone, 2016, Arcesilao di Pitane: l’origine del Platonismo neoaccademico, Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 17–78. (Scholar)

Arcesilaus’ relation to other philosophers

• Annas, Julia, 1992, “Plato the Sceptic,” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy, suppl. vol.: 43–72. (Scholar)
• Barnes, Jonathan, 1997, Logic and the Imperial Stoa, Leiden: Brill. (Scholar)
• Beghini, Andrea, 2019, “Il caso ‘Crantore’: Contributo alla storia dell’Academia ellenistica,” Antiquorum Philosophia 13: 101–25. (Scholar)
• Bénatouïl, Thomas and Dimitri El Murr, 2010, “L’Académie et les géomètres: usages et limites de la géométrie de Platon à Carnéade,” Philosophie antique 10: 151–62.
• Bett, Richard, 1990, “Carneades’ Distinction between Assent and Approval,” The Monist 73.1: 3–20. (Scholar)
• Brennan, Tad, 1996, “Reasonable Impressions in Stoicism,” Phronesis 41: 318–34. (Scholar)
• Brittain, Charles, 2001, Philo of Larissa, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, and John Palmer, 2001, “The New Academy’s Appeals to the Presocratics,” Phronesis 46: 38–72. (Scholar)
• Burnyeat, Myles, 1980, “Can the Sceptic Live His Scepticism?”, in Doubt and Dogmatism, Malcolm Schofield, Myles Burnyeat and Jonathan Barnes (eds.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 20–53; reprinted in Myles Burnyeat (ed.), 1983, The Skeptical Tradition, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 117–48; reprinted in Myles Burnyeat and Michael Frede (eds.), 1997, The Original Sceptics, Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, pp. 25–57. (Scholar)
• Castagnoli, Luca, 2018, “Dialectic in the Hellenistic Academy,” in Dialectic after Plato and Aristotle, Thomas Bénatouïl and Katerina Ierodiakonou (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 168–217. (Scholar)
• Coope, Ursula, 2016, “Rational Assent and Self-Reversion: A Neoplatonist Response to the Stoics,” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 50: 237–88. (Scholar)
• Couissin, Pierre, 1929, “L’origine et l’évolution de l’epoche,” Revue des études grecs 42: 373–97.
• Decleva Caizzi, Fernanda, 1986, “Pirroniani ed Accademici nel III secolo a.c.,” in Aspects de la philosophie Hellénistique, Helmut Flashar and Olof Gigon (eds.), Entretiens sur l’antiquité classique 32, Geneva: Fondation Hardt, pp. 147–83. (Scholar)
• Frede, Michael, 1983, “Stoics and Skeptics on Clear and Distinct Impressions,” in The Skeptical Tradition, Myles Burnyeat (ed.), London: University of California Press, pp. 65–93; reprinted in his, 1987, Essays in Ancient Philosophy, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 151–76. (Scholar)
• –––, 1999, “Stoic Epistemology,” in The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy, Keimpe Algra, Jonathan Barnes, Jaap Mansfeld and Malcolm Schofield (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 295–322. (Scholar)
• Ioppolo, Anna-Maria, 1990, “Presentation and Assent: A Physical and Cognitive Problem in Early Stoicism,” Classical Quarterly 40: 433–49. (Scholar)
• –––, 2002, “Gli Accademici “neôteroi” nel secondo secolo d.C.,” Méthexis 15: 45–70. (Scholar)
• –––, 2013, “Elenchos socratico e genesi della strategia argomentativa dell’Accademia scettica”, in Argument und literarische Form in antiker Philosophie, Michael Erler and Jan Hessler (eds.), Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 355–69. (Scholar)
• Lévy, Carlos, 2007, “The New Academy and its Rivals,” in A Companion to Ancient Philosophy, Mary Louise Gill and Pierre Pellegrin (eds.), Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 448–64. (Scholar)
• Long, A. A., 1978, “Timon of Phlius: Pyrrhonist and Satirist,” PCPS 204 ns 24: 69–91. (Scholar)
• Reinhardt, Tobias, 2018, “Pithana and probabilia,” in Dialectic after Plato and Aristotle, Thomas Bénatouïl and Katerina Ierodiakonou (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 218–53. (Scholar)
• Sedley, David, 1977, “Diodorus Cronus and Hellenistic philosophy,” PCPS ns 23: 74–120. (Scholar)
• Snyder, Charles, 2018, “On the Teaching of Ethics from Polemo to Arcesilaus,” Études platoniciennes 14: 1–25. (Scholar)
• Striker, Gisela, 1981, “Über den Unterschied zwischen den Pyrrhoneern und den Akademikern,” Phronesis 26: 153–71. Translated as “On the difference between the Pyrrhonists and the Academics,” in Gisela Striker, 1996, Essays on Hellenistic Epistemology and Ethics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–49. (Scholar)
• Trabattoni, F., 2005, “Arcesilao platonico?” in L’eredità platonica: Studi sul platonismo da Arcesilao a Proclo, Mauro Bonazzi and Vincenza Celluprica (eds.), Naples: Bibliopolis, pp. 13–50. (Scholar)
• vander Waerdt, Paul, 1989, “Colotes and the Epicurean refutation of scepticism,” Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 30: 225–67. (Scholar)
• Vezzoli, Simone, 2016, Arcesilao di Pitane: l’origine del Platonismo neoaccademico, Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 79–147. (Scholar)
• von Staden, Heinrich, 1978, “The Stoic Theory of Perception and its ‘Platonic’ Critics,” in Studies in Perception, Peter Machamer and Robert Turnbull (eds.), Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press, pp. 96–136. (Scholar)
• Williams, Michael, 2004, “The Agrippan Argument and Two Forms of Skepticism,” in Pyrrhonian Skepticism, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong (ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 121–45. (Scholar)