General survey

• Frede, M., 1980, “The Original Notion of Cause,” in J. Barnes, M. F. Burnyeat, M. Schofield (eds.), Doubt and Dogmatism: Studies in Hellenistic Epistemology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 217–249; reprinted in M. Frede, Essays in Ancient Philosophy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989, 125–150. (Scholar)
• Hankinson, J. R., 1998, Cause and Explanation in Ancient Greek Thought, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Natali, C., 2013, “Aitia in Plato and Aristotle. From Everyday Language to Technical Vocabulary,” in C. Viano, C. Natali, and M. Zingano (eds.), Aitia I: Les quatres causes: origines et interpretation, Leuven: Peeters, 39–73. (Scholar)
• Shields, C., 2007, “Explaining Nature and Nature of Explanation,” in C. Shields, Aristotle, London/New York: Routledge, 36–97. (Scholar)

The Four Causes

• Annas, J., 1982, “Inefficient Causes,” Philosophical Quarterly, 32: 311–322; reprinted in T. Irwin (ed.), Classical Philosophy. Collected Papers, New York/London: Routledge, 1995, 11–27. (Scholar)
• Bogen, J., 1974, “Moravcsik on Explanation,” Synthese, 28: 19–25. (Scholar)
• Code, A., 1987, “Soul as Efficient Cause in Aristotle’s Embryology,” Philosophical Topics, 15: 51–59. (Scholar)
• –––, 1997, “The Priority of Final Causes over Efficient Causes in Aristotle’s Parts of Animals,” in W. Kullmann and S. Föllinger (eds.), Aristotelische Biologie, Stuttgart: Steiner, 127–143. (Scholar)
• Freeland, C., 1991, “Accidental Causes and Real Explanations,” in L. Judson (ed.), Aristotle’s Physics: A Collection of Essays, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 49–72. (Scholar)
• Gourinat, J.-B., 2013, “‘Origine du mouvement’ et ‘cause efficiente’ chez Aristote,” in C. Viano, C. Natali, and M. Zingano (eds.), Aitia I: Les quatres causes: origines et interpretation, Leuven: Peeters, 91–119. (Scholar)
• Henning, B., 2009, “The Four Causes,”Journal of Philosophy, 106: 137–160. (Scholar)
• Hocutt, M., 1974, “Aristotle’s Four Becauses,” Philosophy, 49: 385–399. (Scholar)
• Matthen, M., 1989, “The Four Causes in Aristotle’s Embryology,” Apeiron (Special Issue, Nature, Knowledge and Virtue, R. Kraut and T. Penner, eds.), 22(4): 159–180. (Scholar)
• Moravcsik, J. M., 1974, “Aristotle on Adequate Explanations,” Synthese, 28: 3–17. (Scholar)
• –––, 1991, “What Makes Reality Intelligible? Reflections on Aristotle’s Theory of Aitia,” in L. Judson (ed.) Aristotle’s Physics: A Collection of Essays, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 31–48. (Scholar)
• –––, 1995, “Philosophic Background of Aristotle’s Aitia,” in M. Sim (ed.), The Crossroads of Norm and Nature. Essays on Aristotle’s Ethics and Metaphysics, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 237–246. (Scholar)
• Mure, G. R. G., 1975, “Cause and Because in Aristotle,” Philosophy, 50: 356–357. (Scholar)
• Stein, N., 2011, “Aristotle’s Causal Pluralism,”Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie, 93: 121–147. (Scholar)
• –––, 2012a, “Causation and Explanation in Aristotle,” Philosophy Compass, 6(10): 699–707. (Scholar)
• –––, 2012b, “Causal Necessity in Aristotle,” British Journal for the History of Philosophy, 20(5): 855–879. (Scholar)
• –––, 2016, “Explanation and Hypothetical Necessity in Aristotle” Ancient Philosophy, 36: 353–382. (Scholar)
• –––, 2021, “The Supposed Material Cause in APost II 11,” Phronesis, 66: 27–51 (Scholar)
• –––, 2023, Causality and Causal Explanation in Aristotle. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Schofield, M., 1991, “Explanatory Projects in Physics 2.3 and 7,” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy (Supplementary Volume), 9: 29–40. (Scholar)
• Sprague, R. K., 1968, “The Four Causes: Aristotle’s Exposition and Ours,” Monist, 52: 298–300. (Scholar)
• Todd, R. B., 1976, “The Four Causes: Aristotle’s Exposition and the Ancients,” Journal of the History of Ideas, 37: 319–322. (Scholar)
• Tuozzo, Th. M., 2011, “How Dynamic is Aristotle’s Efficient Cause?” Epoché: A Journal for the History of Philosophy, 15: 447–464. (Scholar)
• –––, 2014, “Aristotle and the Discovery of Efficient Causation,” in T. M. Schmaltz (ed.), Efficient Causation: A History, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 23–47. (Scholar)
• van Fraassen, B., 1980, “A Re-examination of Aristotle’s Philosophy of Science,” Dialogue, 19: 20–45. (Scholar)

Art and Nature

• Broadie, S., 1990, “Nature and Craft in Aristotelian Teleology,” in D. Devereux and P. Pellegrin (eds.), Biologie, Logique et Métaphysique chez Aristote, CNRS: Paris, 389–403; reprinted in S. Broadie, Aristotle and Beyond: Essays in Metaphysics and Ethics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2010, 85–100. [This article is printed with the title “Nature, Craft, and Phronesis in Aristotle,” Philosophical Topics, 15 (1987): 35–50.] (Scholar)
• La Croce, E., 1976/1977,“El concepto aristotelico de tecnica,” Ethos, 4: 253–265. (Scholar)
• Jacobs, W., 1978, “Art and Biology in Aristotle,” in G. C. Simmons (ed.), Paideia (Special Aristotle Issue), Brockport/Buffalo: State University College, 16–29. (Scholar)
• Solmsen, F., 1963, “Nature as Craftsman in Greek Thought,” Journal of the History of Ideas, 24: 473–496; reprinted in F. Solmsen, Kleine Schriften, Hildesheim: Olms, 332–351. (Scholar)
• Witt, C., 2015, “In Defense of the Craft Analogy: Artifacts and Natural Teleology,” in M. Leunissen (ed.), Aristotle’s Phyiscs: A Critical Guide, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 107–120. (Scholar)

Teleology and Necessity

• Balme, D., 1987, “Teleology and Necessity,” in A. Gotthelf and J. G. Lennox (eds.), Philosophical Issues in Aristotle Biology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 275–286. (Scholar)
• Bolton, R., 1997, “The Material Cause: Matter and Explanation in Aristotle’s Natural Science,” in W. Kullmann and S. Föllinger (eds.), Aristotelische Biologie, Stuttgart: Steiner, 97–126. (Scholar)
• Boylan, M., 1981, “Mechanism and Teleology in Aristotle’s Biology,” Apeiron, 15: 96–102. (Scholar)
• –––, 1984, “The Place of Nature in Aristotle’s Teleology,” Apeiron, 18: 126–140. (Scholar)
• Bradie, M., Miller, 1984, F. D., “Teleology and Natural Necessity in Aristotle,” History of Philosophy Quarterly, 1: 133–146.
• Byrne, C., 2002, “Aristotle on Physical Necessity and the Limits of Teleological Explanation,” Apeiron, 35: 20–46. (Scholar)
• Cameron, R., 2002, “The Ontology of Aristotle’s Final Cause,” Apeiron, 35: 153–179. (Scholar)
• Charles, D., 1988, “Aristotle on Hypothetical Necessity and Irreducibility,” Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 69: 1–53; reprinted in T. Irwin (ed.), Classical Philosophy. Collected Papers, New York/London: Routledge, 27–80. (Scholar)
• –––, 1991, “Teleological Causation in the Physics,” in L. Judson (ed.), Aristotle’s Physics: A Collection of Essays, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 101–128. (Scholar)
• –––, 2012, “Teleological Causation,” in C. Shields (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Aristotle, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 227–266. (Scholar)
• Cooper, J. M., 1982, “Aristotle on Natural Teleology,” in M. Schofield and M. Nussbaum (eds.), Language and Logos, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 197–222; reprinted in J. M. Cooper, Knowledge, Nature and the Good: Essays on Ancient Philosophy, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004, 107–129. (Scholar)
• –––, 1985, “Hypothetical Necessity,” in A. Gotthelf (ed.), Aristotle on Nature and Living Things, Pittsburgh: Mathesis Publications, pp. 150–167; reprinted in J. M. Cooper, Knowledge, Nature and the Good: Essays on Ancient Philosophy, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004, 130–147. (Scholar)
• –––, 1987, “Hypothetical Necessity and Natural Teleology,” in A. Gotthelf and J. G. Lennox (eds.), Philosophical Issues in Aristotle Biology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 243–274. (Scholar)
• Friedman, R., 1983, “Matter and Necessity in Physics B 9, 200 a 15–30,” Ancient Philosophy, 1: 8–12. (Scholar)
• Furley, D. J., 1999, “What Kind of Cause is Aristotle’ Final Cause?,” in M. Frede and G. Stricker (eds.), Rationality in Greek Thought, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 59–79. (Scholar)
• Gotthelf, A., 1976/1977,“Aristotle Conception of Final Causality,” Review of Metaphysics, 30: 226–254; reprinted with additional notes and a Postscript in A. Gotthelf and J. G. Lennox (eds.), Philosophical Issues in Aristotle’s Biology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, 204–242. The original paper with the 1986 Postscript is reprinted in A. Gotthelf, Teleology, First Principles, and Scientific Method in Aristotle’s Biology, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2012, 1–44 (Scholar)
• –––, 1988, “The Place of the Good in Aristotle’s Teleology,” in J. J. Cleary and D. C. Shartin (eds.), Proceedings of the Boston Colloquium in Ancient Philosophy, 4: 113–39; reprinted in A. Gotthelf, Teleology, First Principles, and Scientific Method in Aristotle’s Biology, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2012, 45–66 (Scholar)
• –––, 1997, “Understanding Aristotle’s Teleology,” in R. Hassing (ed.), Final Causality in Nature and Human Affairs, Washington D.C.: Catholic University Press, 71–82. A revised, updated, and expanded version of this article is reprinted in A. Gotthelf, Teleology, First Principles, and Scientific Method in Aristotle’s Biology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, 67–89. (Scholar)
• –––, 2012, “Teleology and Embryogenesis in Aristotle’s Generation of Animals II 6,” in A. Gotthelf, Teleology, First Principles, and Scientific Method in Aristotle’s Biology, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2012, 90–116. (Scholar)
• Henry, D., 2013, “Optimality and Teleology in Aristotle’s Natural Science,” in Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy, 37: 225–261. (Scholar)
• Johnson, M. R., 2005, Aristotle on Teleology, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Judson, L., 2005, “Aristotelian Teleology,”, Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy, 29: 341–365. (Scholar)
• Leunissen, M., 2010, Explanation and Teleology in Aristotle’s Science of Nature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2010, “Nature as a Good Houskeeper. Secondary Teleology and Material Necessity in Aristotle’s Biology,” in Apeiron, 43: 117–142. (Scholar)
• Leunissen, M., and A. Gotthelf, 2010, “What’s Teleology Got to Do with It? A Reinterpretation of Aristotle’s Generation of Animals,” Phronesis, 55: 325–356; reprinted in A. Gotthelf, Teleology, First Principles, and Scientific Method in Aristotle’s Biology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, 117–141. (Scholar)
• Lewis, F., 1988, “Teleology and Material/Efficient Causes in Aristotle,” Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 69: 54–98. (Scholar)
• Nussbaum, M., 1978, “Aristotle on Teleological Explanation,” in M. Nussbaum, Aristotle’s De motu animalium, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 59–99. (Scholar)
• Owens, J., 1968, “The Teleology of Nature,” Monist, 52: 159–173; reprinted J. R. Catan (ed.), Aristotle: The Collected Papers of J. Owens, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1981, 136–147. (Scholar)
• Pellegrin, P., 2002, “Les ruses de la nature et l’eternité du mouvement. Encore quelques remarques sur la finalité chez Aristote,” in M. Canto-Sperber and P. Pellegrin (eds.), Le Style de la pensée. Recueil des textes en hommage à Jacques Brunschwig, Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 296–323. (Scholar)
• Quarantotto, D., 2005, Causa finale, sostanza, essenza in Aristotele, Saggi sulla struttura dei processi teleologici naturali e sulla funzione dei telos, Napoli: Bibliopolis. (Scholar)
• Sauvé Meyer, S., 1992, “Aristotle, Teleology, and Reduction,” Philosophical Review, 101, 791–825; reprinted in T. Irwin (ed.), Classical Philosophy. Collected Papers, New York/London: Routledge, 1995, 81–116. (Scholar)
• Scharle, M., 2008, “Elemental Teleology in Aristotle’s Physics II 8,” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy, 34: 147–184. (Scholar)
• –––, 2008, “The Role of Material and Efficient Causes in Aristotle’s Natural Philosophy,” in Apeiron, 41 (Special Issue: Aristotle on Life, J. Mouracade, ed.): 27–46. (Scholar)
• Sorabji, R., 1980, Necessity, Cause and Blame, Ithaca: Cornell University Press. (Scholar)
• Wieland, W., 1975, “The Problem of Teleology,” in J. Barnes, M. Schofield, R. Sorabji (eds.), Articles on Aristotle, London: Duckworth, pp. 141–160; originally published as chapter 16, “Zum Teleologieproblem,” of Die aristotelische Physik, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1962. (Scholar)

Special Topics

• Bodnár, I., 2005, “Teleology across Natures,” Rhizai, 2: 9–29. (Scholar)
• Boeri, M. D., 1995, “Change and Teleology in Aristotle Physics,” International Philosophical Quarterly, 34: 87–96. (Scholar)
• Code, A., 2015, “The Matter of Sleep,” in D. Ebrey, Theory and PRactice in Aristotle’s Natural Science, Cambrdige: Cambridge University Press, 11–45. (Scholar)
• Fine, G., 1987, “Forms as Causes: Plato and Aristotle,” in A. Graeser (ed.), Mathematics and Metaphysics in Aristotle, Bern: Haupt, 69–112. (Scholar)
• Furley, D. J., 1985,“The Rainfall Example in Physics II 8,” in A. Gotthelf (ed.), Aristotle on Nature and Living Things, Pittsburgh: Mathesis Publications, 177–182; reprinted in D. J. Furley, Cosmic Problems, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, 115–120. (Scholar)
• –––, 2004, “Aristotle and the Atomists on Forms and Final Causes,” in R. W. Sharples, Perspectives on Greek Philosophy, Aldershot: Ashgate, 70–84. (Scholar)
• Gaiser, K., 1969, “Das zweifache Telos bei Aristoteles”, in I. Düring (ed.), Naturphilosophie bei Aristoteles und Theophrast (4^th Simposium Aristotelicum), Heidelberg: Stiehm, 97–113. (Scholar)
• Gotthelf, A., 1989, “Teleology and Spontaneous Generation: A Discussion,” Apeiron (Special Issue, Nature, Knowledge and Virtue, R. Kraut and T. Penner, eds.), 22 (4): 181–193; reprinted in A. Gotthelf, Teleology, First Principles, and Scientific Method in Aristotle’s Biology, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2012, 142–150. (Scholar)
• Kullmann, W., 1985, “Different Concepts of the Final Cause in Aristotle,” in A. Gotthelf (ed.), Aristotle on Nature and Living Things, Pittsburgh: Mathesis Publications, 170–175. (Scholar)
• Lennox, J. G., 1984, “Aristotle on Chance,” Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie, 66: 52–60; reprinted in J. G. Lennox, Aristotle’s Philosophy of Biology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, 250–258. (Scholar)
• –––, 1982, “Teleology, Chance, and Aristotle’s Theory of Spontaneous Generation,” The Journal of History of Philosophy, 20: 219–238; reprinted in J. G. Lennox, Aristotle’s Philosophy of Biology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, 229–249. (Scholar)
• –––, 1999, “Material and Formal Natures in Aristotle’s De Partibus Animalium,” in J. G. Lennox, Aristotle’s Philosophy of Biology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, 182–204. (Scholar)
• Pavlopoulos, M., 2003, “Aristotle’s Natural Teleology and Metaphysics of Life”, Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy, 24: 133–181. (Scholar)
• Sedley, D., 1991, “Is Aristotle’s Teleology Anthropocentric?” Phronesis, 36: 179–197. (Scholar)
• –––, 2010, “Teleology, Aristotle and Plato,” in R. Bolton and J. G. Lennox (eds.), Being, Nature, and Life. Essays in Honor of Allan Gotthelf, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 5–29. (Scholar)
• Turnbull, R. G., 1958, “Aristotle’s Debt to the ‘Natural Philosophy’ of the Phaedo,” Philosophical Quarterly, 8: 131–143. (Scholar)
• Wardy, R., 1993,“Aristotelian Rainfall or the Lore of Averages,” Phronesis, 38, 18–30. (Scholar)