Texts

• Cicero, De natura deorum, Academica, H. Rackham (trans.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1933.
• –––, De finibus, H. Rackham (trans.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1914.
• –––, De senectute, De amicitia, De divinatione, W.A. Falconer (trans.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1923.
• –––, De oratore, Bk. III, De fato, Paradoxa stoicorum, De partitione oratoria, E.W. Sutton and H. Rackham (trans.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1942.
• –––, Über das Fatum, K. Bayer (ed. and trans.), Munich: Heimeran, 1963.
• –––, On Fate (De fato) & Boethius, The Consolation of Philosophy (Philosophiae Consalationis) IV. 5-7, 5, R. Sharples (ed. and trans.), Warminster: Aris & Phillips, 1991.
• –––, Akademische Abhandlungen, Lucullus, C. Schäublin (trans.), Hamburg: Meiner, 1995.
• –––, On Moral Ends, J. Annas (ed.), R. Woolf (trans.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
• –––, On Academic Scepticism, C. Brittain (trans.), Indianapolis: Hackett, 2006.
• Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, 2 vols., R.D. Hicks (trans.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1931, Bk. 4.62–6. (Scholar)
• –––, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, J. Miller (ed.), P. Mensch (trans.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.
• Long, A. A. and D. N. Sedley (eds. and trans.), The Hellenistic Philosophers, 2 vols., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, chs. 68–70.
• Mette, H. J., “Weitere Akademiker heute von Lakydes bis zu Kleitomachos,” Lustrum, 27 (1985): 39–148. (Scholar)
• Plutarch, Adversus Colotem (Moralia vol 14), B. Einarson, P.H. De Lacy (eds.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967.
• Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism, Against the Professors, 4 vols., R.G. Bury (trans.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1955.
• –––, Outlines of Scepticism, J. Annas, J. Barnes (trans.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
• –––, Against the Logicians, R. Bett (trans.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
• –––, Against the Physicists, R. Bett (trans.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

Secondary literature

• Algra, K., 1997, “Chrysippus, Carneades, Cicero: the ethical divisiones in Cicero’s Lucullus,” in Inwood and Mansfeld 1997. (Scholar)
• –––, Barnes, J., Mansfeld, J. and Schofield, M. (eds.), 1999, The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Allen, J., 1994, “Academic probabilism and Stoic epistemology,” Classical Quarterly (N.S.), 44: 85–113. (Scholar)
• –––, 1997, “Carneadean argument in Cicero’s Academic books,” in Inwood and Mansfeld 1997. (Scholar)
• –––, 2014, “Why there are ends of both goods and evils in ancient ethical theory,” in Strategies of Argument: Essays in Ancient Ethics, Epistemology and Logic, M. Lee (ed.), New York: Oxford University Press, 231–54. (Scholar)
• Annas, J., 2007, “Carneades’ Classification of Ethical Theories,” in Pyrrhonists, Patricians, Platonizers: Hellenistic Philosophy in the Period 155-86 B.C., A. M. Ioppolo, D. N. Sedley (eds.), Naples: Bibliopolis. (Scholar)
• Arnim, H. von, 1919, “Karneades” in G. Wissowa et al. (eds.), Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, Volume X, Part 2, Columns 1964–1985. (Scholar)
• Barnes, J., 1997, “Logic in Academica I and Lucullus,” in Inwood and Mansfeld 1997. (Scholar)
• Bett, R., 1989, “Carneades’ Pithanon: A reappraisal of its Role and Status,” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy, 7: 59–94. (Scholar)
• –––, 1990, “Carneades’ Distinction between Assent and Approval,” Monist 73: 3–20. (Scholar)
• –––, (ed.), 2010, The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Scepticism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Bobzien, S., 1998, Determinism and Freedom in Stoic Philosophy, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Brittain, C., 2001, Philo of Larissa: The Last of the Academic Sceptics, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Brochard, V., 1887, Les Sceptiques Grecs, Paris: Vrin. (Scholar)
• Burnyeat, M., 1982, “Gods and Heaps,” in Language and Logos: Studies in ancient Greek philosophy presented to G.E.L Owen, Malcolm Schofield and Martha Craven Nussbaum, (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Citti, V. and Mastandrea, P. (eds.), 2007, Cicerone ‘De fato’ (Seminario Internationzionale, Venezia 10-12 Luglio 2006 a cura di S. Maso), Lexis, 25. (Scholar)
• Couissin, P., 1929a, “L’Origine et l’evolution de l’epoché,” Revue des études grecques, 42: 373–97.
• –––, 1929b, “The Stoicism of the New Academy”, repr. and trans. in The Skeptical Tradition, M. Burnyeat (ed.), 1983, Berkeley: University of California Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1941, “Les Sorites de Carnéade contre le polythéisme,” Revue des Etudes Grecques, 54: 43–57. (Scholar)
• Drecoll, C. 2004 “Die Karneadesgesandschaft und ihre Auswirkungen in Rom: Bemerkungen zur Darstellung der Karneadesgesandschaft in den Quellen,” Hermes, 132: 82–91. (Scholar)
• Ferrary, J.-L. 1977, “Le Discours de Philus (Cicéron, De republica III, 8–31) et la philosophie de Carnéade,” Revue des Etudes Latines, 55: 129–56. (Scholar)
• Frede, 1987, “The sceptic’s two kinds of assent and the question of the possibility of knowledge,” in Philosophy in History, Richard Rorty, J. B. Schneewind and Quentin Skinner (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Repr. in M. Frede, 1987, Essays in Ancient Philosophy, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1999, “Stoic Epistemology,” in Algra, Barnes, Mansfeld and Schofield 1999. (Scholar)
• Glucker, J., 2001, “Carneades in Rome: Some Unsolved Problems,” in Cicero’s Republic, J. Powell, J. North (eds.), Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies (Supplementary Volume), 76: 57–82. (Scholar)
• Hankinson, R.J., 1995, The Sceptics, London: Routledge. (Scholar)
• Inwood, B. and J. Mansfeld (eds.), 1997, Assent and Argument: Studies in Cicero’s Academic Books, Utrecht: Brill. (Scholar)
• Ioppolo, A. M., 2007, “La Critica di Carneade al concetto stoico di causa in Cic. de fato 31–37,” in Citti and Mastandrea 2007. (Scholar)
• –––, 2017, “Clitomachus on what it means to follow the ‘probable’,” in For a Skeptical Peripatetic: Festschrift in Honour of John Glucker, Y. Z. Lieversohn, I. Ludlam (eds.), Sankt Augustin: Academia Verlag, 190–217. (Scholar)
• Long, A.A., 1967, “Carneades and the Stoic Telos,” Phronesis, 12: 59–90. (Scholar)
• Obdrzalek, S., 2006, “Living in Doubt: Carneades’ Pithanon Reconsidered,” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy, 31: 243–80. (Scholar)
• Powell, J., 2013, “The Embassy of the Three Philosophers to Rome in 155 BC,” in Hellenistic Oratory: Continuity and Change, C. Kremmydas, K. Tempest (eds.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 219-48. (Scholar)
• Reinhardt, T. 2018, “Pithana and Probabilia,” in Dialectic after Plato and Aristotle, T. Benatouil, K. Ierodiakonou (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 218–53. (Scholar)
• Schofield, M., 1999, “Academic Epistemology,” in Algra, Barnes, Mansfeld and Schofield 1999. (Scholar)
• Sedley, D., 2002, “Zeno’s Definition of Kataleptike Phantasia,” in The Philosophy of Zeno, T. Scaltsas, A. Mason (eds.), Larnaca: the municipality of Larnaca, 133–54. (Scholar)
• –––, 2005, “Verità futura e causalità nel De fato di Cicerone,” in La Catena delle Cause: Determinismo e antideterminismo nel pensiero antico e contemporaneo, C. Natali and S. Maso (eds.), Amsterdam: Hakkert, 241–54. (Scholar)
• –––, 2020, “Carneades theological arguments,” in Plato’s Academy: Its workings and its history, P. Kalligas, C. Balla, E. Baziotoulou, V. Karasmanis (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 220–41. (Scholar)
• Striker, G., 1980, “Sceptical Strategies,” in Doubt and Dogmatism: Studies in Hellenistic Epistemology, M. Schofield, M. Burnyeat and J. Barnes (eds.), Oxford: Oxford University Press; reprinted in Striker 1996. (Scholar)
• –––, 1991, “Following nature: A study in Stoic ethics,” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy, 9: 1–73; reprinted in Striker 1996. (Scholar)
• –––, 1996, Essays on Hellenistic Epistemology and Ethics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Tarrant, H. 1985, Scepticism or Platonism? The Philosophy of the Fourth Academy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Thorsrud, H. 2010, “Arcesilaus and Carneades,” in Bett 2010. (Scholar)
• Vander Waerdt, P. 2019, “Carneades’ Challenge to the Stoic Theory of Natural Law,”Politeia, 1: 123–57. (Scholar)
• Zeller, E., 1923, Die Philosophie der Griechen in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung, Leipzig: Reisland, 3 volumes, III. 1, 514–46. (Scholar)