Works Cited

• Babbage, C. (ed. by Campbell-Kelly, M.), 1994, Passages from the Life of a Philosopher, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press (Scholar)
• Bennett, S., 1976, ‘F.C. Williams: his contribution to the development of automatic control’, National Archive for the History of Computing, University of Manchester, England. (This is a typescript based on interviews with Williams in 1976.) (Scholar)
• Bowker, G., and Giordano, R., 1993, ‘Interview with Tom Kilburn’, Annals of the History of Computing, 15: 17–32. (Scholar)
• Copeland, B.J. (ed.), 2004, The Essential Turing Oxford University Press (Scholar)
• Copeland, B.J. (ed.), 2005, Alan Turing's Automatic Computing Engine: The Master Codebreaker's Struggle to Build the Modern Computer Oxford University Press (Scholar)
• Copeland, B.J. and others, 2006, Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Codebreaking Computers Oxford University Press (Scholar)
• Copeland, B.J., and Proudfoot, D., 1996, ‘On Alan Turing's Anticipation of Connectionism’ Synthese, 108: 361–377 (Scholar)
• Evans, C., 197?, interview with M.H.A. Newman in ‘The Pioneers of Computing: an Oral History of Computing’, London: Science Museum (Scholar)
• Fifer, S., 1961, Analog Computation: Theory, Techniques, Applications New York: McGraw-Hill (Scholar)
• Ford, H., 1919, ‘Mechanical Movement’, Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, October 7, 1919: 48 (Scholar)
• Goldstine, H., 1972, The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann Princeton University Press (Scholar)
• Huskey, H.D., 1947, ‘The State of the Art in Electronic Digital Computing in Britain and the United States’, in [Copeland 2005] (Scholar)
• Newman, M.H.A., 1948, ‘General Principles of the Design of All-Purpose Computing Machines’ Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, series A, 195 (1948): 271–274 (Scholar)
• Randell, B., 1972, ‘On Alan Turing and the Origins of Digital Computers’, in Meltzer, B., Michie, D. (eds), Machine Intelligence 7, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1972 (Scholar)
• Smith, B.C., 1991, ‘The Owl and the Electric Encyclopaedia’, Artificial Intelligence, 47: 251–288 (Scholar)
• Thomson, J., 1876, ‘On an Integrating Machine Having a New Kinematic Principle’ Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 24: 262–5 (Scholar)
• Turing, A.M., 1936, ‘On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem’ Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, Series 2, 42 (1936–37): 230–265. Reprinted in The Essential Turing (Copeland [2004]). (Scholar)
• Turing, A.M, 1945, ‘Proposed Electronic Calculator’, in Alan Turing's Automatic Computing Engine (Copeland [2005]) (Scholar)
• Turing, A.M., 1947, ‘Lecture on the Automatic Computing Engine’, in The Essential Turing (Copeland [2004]) (Scholar)
• Turing, A.M., and Wilkinson, J.H., 1946–7, ‘The Turing-Wilkinson Lecture Series (1946-7)’, in Alan Turing's Automatic Computing Engine (Copeland [2005]) (Scholar)
• von Neumann, J., 1945, ‘First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC’, in Stern, N. From ENIAC to UNIVAC: An Appraisal of the Eckert-Mauchly Computers Bedford, Mass.: Digital Press (1981), pp. 181–246 (Scholar)
• Williams, F.C., 1975, ‘Early Computers at Manchester University’ The Radio and Electronic Engineer, 45 (1975): 237–331 (Scholar)
• Wynn-Williams, C.E., 1932, ‘A Thyratron "Scale of Two" Automatic Counter’ Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, series A, 136: 312–324 (Scholar)

Further Reading

• Copeland, B.J., 2004, ‘Colossus — Its Origins and Originators’ Annals of the History of Computing, 26: 38–45 (Scholar)
• Metropolis, N., Howlett, J., Rota, G.C. (eds), 1980, A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century New York: Academic Press (Scholar)
• Randell, B. (ed.), 1982, The Origins of Digital Computers: Selected Papers Berlin: Springer-Verlag (Scholar)
• Williams, M.R., 1997, A History of Computing Technology Los Alamitos: IEEE Computer Society Press (Scholar)