References Cited

• Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School, 1968, “A Definition of Irreversible Coma—Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to Examine the Definition of Brain Death,” Journal of the American Medical Association 205 (6): 337–40. (Scholar)
• Baker, L. R., 2000, Persons and Bodies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Bartlett, E. and S. Youngner 1988, “Human Death and the Destruction of the Neocortex,” in R. Zaner (ed.), 1988, Death: Beyond Whole-Brain Criteria, Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer. (Scholar)
• Becker, L., 1975, “Human Being: The Boundaries of the Concept,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, 4: 334–59. (Scholar)
• Bernat, J., 2006, “The Whole-Brain Concept of Death Remains Optimum Public Policy,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 34 (1): 35–43. (Scholar)
• –––, 1998, “A Defense of the Whole-Brain Concept of Death,” Hastings Center Report, 28 (2): 14–23. (Scholar)
• –––, 1992, “How Much of the Brain Must Die on Brain Death,” Journal of Clinical Ethics, 3 (1): 21–26. (Scholar)
• Bernat, J., C. Culver, and B. Gert, 1981, “On the Definition and Criterion of Death,” Annals of Internal Medicine, 94: 389–94. (Scholar)
• Brody, B. 1999, “How Much of the Brain Must be Dead?” in S. Youngner, R. Arnold, and R. Shapiro (eds.), The Definition of Death: Contemporary Controversies, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press: 71–82. (Scholar)
• Canadian Congress Committee on Brain Death, 1988, “Death and Brain Death: A New Formulation for Canadian Medicine,” Canadian Medical Association Journal, 138: 405–406. (Scholar)
• Capron, A. M., 1999, “The Bifurcated Legal Standard for Determining Death,” in S. Youngner, R. Arnold, and R. Shapiro (eds.), The Definition of Death: Contemporary Controversies, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press: 117–136. (Scholar)
• Chiong, W., 2005, “Brain Death without Definitions,” Hastings Center Report, 35 (6): 20–30. (Scholar)
• Cranford, R., 1995, “Criteria for Death,” in W. Reich (ed.), Encyclopedia of Bioethics, 2^nd ed. (New York: Macmillan): 529–534. (Scholar)
• DeGrazia, D., 2005, Human Identity and Bioethics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1999, “Persons, Organisms, and Death: A Philosophical Critique of the Higher-Brain Approach,” Southern Journal of Philosophy, 37: 419–40. (Scholar)
• Engelhardt, H. T., 1996, The Foundations of Bioethics, 2^nd ed., New York: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1975, “Defining Death: A Philosophical Problem for Medicine and Law,” Annual Review of Respiratory Disease, 112: 312–24. (Scholar)
• Gervais, K., 1986, Redefining Death, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. (Scholar)
• Green, M. and D. Wikler, 1980, “Brain Death and Personal Identity,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, 9: 105–33. (Scholar)
• Griffin, J., 1986, Well-Being: Its Meaning, Measurement, and Moral Importance, Oxford: Clarendon. (Scholar)
• Halevy, A. and B. Brody, 1993, “Brain Death: Reconciling Definitions, Criteria, and Tests,” Annals of Internal Medicine, 119: 519–25. (Scholar)
• Hare, R. M., 1981, Moral Thinking, Oxford: Clarendon. (Scholar)
• Institute of Medicine, 2000, Non-Heart-Beating Organ Transplantation (Washington, DC: National Academy Press). (Scholar)
• Kripke, S., 1970, Naming and Necessity, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• Law Reform Commission of Canada, 1981, Criteria for the Determination of Death, Ottawa: Law Reform Commission of Canada. (Scholar)
• McMahan, J., 2002, The Ethics of Killings: Problems at the Margins of Life, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Millikan, R., 1999, “Historical Kinds and the ‘Special Sciences’,” Philosophical Studies, 95: 45–65. (Scholar)
• Olson, E., 2001, “Thinking Animals and the Constitution View,” Symposium on Persons and Bodies. A Field Guide to Philosophy of Mind, Spring: 1–9. (Scholar)
• –––, 1997, The Human Animal: Personal Identity without Psychology, New York: Oxford University Press (Scholar)
• Pallis, C., 1999, “On the Brainstem Criterion of Death,” in S. Youngner, R. Arnold, and R. Shapiro (eds.), The Definition of Death: Contemporary Controversies, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press: 93–100. (Scholar)
• Pernick, M., 1999, “Brain Death in a Cultural Context: The Reconstruction of Death, 1967–1981,” in in S. Youngner, R. Arnold, and R. Shapiro (eds.), The Definition of Death: Contemporary Controversies, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press: 3–33. (Scholar)
• Persson, I., 2002, “Human Death—A View from the Beginning of Life,” Bioethics, 16: 20–32. (Scholar)
• Potts, M., 2001, “A Requiem for Whole Brain Death,” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 26: 479–92. (Scholar)
• President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, 1981, Defining Death: Medical, Legal and Ethical Issues in the Determination of Death, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. (Scholar)
• President's Council on Bioethics (PCB), 2008, Controversies in the Determination of Death, Washington, DC: PCB. (Scholar)
• Puccetti, R., 1988, “Does Anyone Survive Neocortical Death,” in R. Zaner (ed.), 1988, Death: Beyond Whole-Brain Criteria, Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer: 75–90. (Scholar)
• Rich, B., 1997, “Postmodern Personhood: A Matter of Consciousness,” Bioethics, 11: 206–16. (Scholar)
• Sade, R. M., 2011, “Brain Death, Cardiac Death, and the Dead Donor Rule,” Journal of the South Carolina Medical Association, 107: 146–149. (Scholar)
• Schechtman, M., 2014, Staying Alive: Personal Identity, Practical Concerns, and the Unity of a Life, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Shewmon, D. A., 2001, “The Brain and Somatic Integration: Insights into the Standard Biological Rationale for Equating ‘Brain Death’ with Death,” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 26: 457–78. (Scholar)
• Thomas, A. G., 2012, “Continuing the Definition of Death Debate: The Report of the President's Council on Bioethics on Controversies in the Determination of Death,” Bioethics, 26: 101–107. (Scholar)
• Tomlinson, T., 1993, “The Irreversibility of Death: Reply to Cole,” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 3 (2): 157–165. (Scholar)
• Truog, R. D. and W. M. Robinson, 2003, “Role of Brain Death and the Dead-Donor Rule in the Ethics of Organ Transplantation,” Critical Care Medicine, 31: 2391–2396. (Scholar)
• van Inwagen, 1990, Material Beings (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press). (Scholar)
• Veatch, R., 1993, “The Impending Collapse of the Whole-Brain Definition of Death,” Hastings Center Report, 23 (4): 18–24. (Scholar)
• –––, 1975, “The Whole-Brain-Oriented Concept of Death: An Outmoded Philosophical Formulation,” Journal of Thanatology, 3: 13–30. (Scholar)
• Wijdicks, E., 2002, “Brain Death Worldwide: Accepted Fact But No Global Consensus on Diagnostic Criteria,” Neurology, 58 (January 2002): 20–5. (Scholar)
• Wittgenstein, L., 1953, Philosophical Investigations, New York: Macmillan. (Scholar)

Other Important Works

• Bagheri, A., 2007, “Individual Choice in the Definition of Death,” Journal of Medical Ethics, 33: 146–149. (Scholar)
• Bernat, J.L., 2010, “How the Distinction between ‘Irreversible’ and ‘Permanent’ Illuminates Circulatory-Respiratory Death Determination,” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 35: 242–255. (Scholar)
• –––, J.L., 2006, “Are Organ Donors after Cardiac Death Really Dead?” Journal of Clinical Ethics 17: 122–32. (Scholar)
• Culver, C. and B. Gert, 1982, Philosophy in Medicine, New York: Oxford University Press, ch. 10. (Scholar)
• DeGrazia, D., 2014, “The Nature of Human Death,” in S. Luper (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Life and Death, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 80–100. (Scholar)
• Gardiner, D., et al., 2012, “International Perspective on the Diagnosis of Death,” British Journal of Anaesthesia, 108 (S1): i14–i28. (Scholar)
• Halevy, A., 2001, “Beyond Brain Death?” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 26: 493–501. (Scholar)
• Institute of Medicine, 2006, Organ Donation: Opportunities for Action, Washington, DC: National Academy Press. (Scholar)
• Jonas, H., 1974, “Against the Stream,” in H. Jonas, Philosophical Essays: From Ancient Creed to Technological Man, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. (Scholar)
• KIEJ, 1993, “Ethical, Psychosocial, and Public Policy Implications of Procuring Organs from Non-Heart-Beating Cadavers,” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 3 (2): 103–278. (Scholar)
• Lizza, J., 2007, Persons, Humanity, and the Definition of Death (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007) (Scholar)
• Magnus, D. C., B. S. Wilfond, and A. L. Caplan, 2014, “Accepting Brain Death,” New England Journal of Medicine, 370: 891–894. (Scholar)
• McMahan, J., 2006, “An Alternative to Brain Death,” Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics, 34: 44–48. (Scholar)
• Miller, F. G. and R. D. Truog, 2010, “Decapitation and the Definition of Death,” Journal of Medical Ethics, 36: 1–6. (Scholar)
• Pallis, C., 1983, The ABC of Brain Death, London: British Medical Journal Publishers. (Scholar)
• Shaw, S., R. D. Truog, and F. G. Miller, 2011, “Death and Legal Fictions,” Journal of Medical Ethics, 37: 719–722. (Scholar)
• Shemie, S. D., et al., 2014, “International Guideline Development for the Determination of Death,” Intensive Care Medicine, 40: 788–797. (Scholar)
• Shewmon, D. A., 2004, “The ‘Critical Organ’ for the Organism as a Whole: Lessons from the Lowly Spinal Cord,” Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 550: 23–42. (Scholar)
• –––, 1998, “Chronic ‘Brain Death’: Meta-Analysis and Conceptual Consequences,” Neurology 51: 1538–45. (Scholar)
• Thompson, H., 2014, “Suspended between Life and Death,” New Scientist, (March 29): 8-9. (Scholar)
• Truog, M.D. and F.G. Miller, 2012, Death, Dying, and Organ Transplantation: Reconstructing Medical Ethics at the End of Life, New York: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2008, “The Dead Donor Rule and Organ Transplantation,” New England Journal of Medicine, 359: 674–675. (Scholar)
• Veatch, R., 1976, Death, Dying, and the Biological Revolution, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. (Scholar)
• Youngner, S., R. Arnold, and R. Shapiro (eds.), 1999, The Definition of Death: Contemporary Controversies, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. (Scholar)
• Zaner, R. (ed.), 1988, Death: Beyond Whole-Brain Criteria, Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer. (Scholar)