Primary Sources

All references to Descartes are to

• [AT] Oeuvres de Descartes, 11 volumes, Charles Adam and Paul Tannery (eds), Paris: Vrin, 1996.
• [CSM or CSMK] The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, 3 volumes, John Cottingham, et al. (eds), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985–1991.
• [MOGM] Discourse on Method, Optics, Geometry, and Meteorology, Paul J. Olscamp (ed.), Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 2001.
• [ES] Regulae ad directionem ingenii: An Early Manuscript Version, Michael Edwards and Richard Serjeanston (eds), Oxford: Oxford University Press, forthcoming.
• [D1637] Discours de la méthode pour bien conduire sa raison et chercher la vérité dans les sciences , plus La dioptrique, Les météores et La géométrie qui sont des essais de cette méthode, Leyde: Jan Maire, 1637. Many of the images in this entry are pulled from the scanned version at the Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Réserve des livres rares, RESM-R-76, ark:/12148/btv1b86069594

Other primary sources include:

• Aristotle, 1984. The Complete Works of Aristotle, 2 vols., ed. Jonathan Barnes. Princeton: Princeton University Press. (Scholar)
• Arnauld, Antoine and Pierre Nicole, 1664 [1996], Logic, or, the Art of Thinking, fifth edition, Jill Vance Buroker (trans/ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Bacon, Francis, 1620 [2000], The New Organon, Lisa Jardine and Michael Silverthorne (eds), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Descartes, René, 1987, Discours de la méthode. Texte et commentaire par Étienne Gilson, Paris: Vrin. (Scholar)
• Descartes, René and Martin Schook, 1988, La Querelle d’Utrecht, Theo Verbeek (ed.), Paris: Les impressions Nouvelles. (Scholar)
• Empiricus, Sextus, 2005, Against the Logicians, Richard Bett (ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511815232 (Scholar)
• [Elements] Euclid, 1908, The Thirteen Books of Euclid’s Elements, 3 volumes, Thomas L. Heath (trans.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Euclid Elements available online] (Scholar)
• Gassendi, Pierre, 1658, Opera omnia, vol. I, Lyon: Laurent Anisson and Jean-Baptiste Devenet. (Scholar)
• Lipstorp, Daniel, 1653, Specimina philosophiæ cartesianæ. Quibus accedit ejusdem authoris Copernicus redivivus, Amsterdam: Elsevier. (Scholar)
• Poisson, Nicolas-Joseph, 1670, Commentaire ou Remarques sur la méthode de René Descartes où on établit plusiers Principes generaux, necessaires pour entendre toutes ses Oeuvres, Vandsome: Sebastian Hip. (Scholar)
• Pourchot, Edmond, 1695, Institutio philosophica ad faciliorem veterum ac recentiorum philosophorum intelligentiam comparatae, Paris: J.-B. Coignard. (Scholar)
• Schook[ius], Martin[us], et al., 1643, Admiranda methodus novae philosophiae Renati des Cartes, Utrecht: J. van Waesberge. (Scholar)

Secondary Sources

• Alanen, Lilli, 1999, “Intuition, Assent and Necessity: The Question of Descartes’s Psychologism”, Acta Philosophica Fennica 64: Norms and Modes of Thinking in Descartes, Tuomo Aho and Mikko Yrjönsuuri (eds), Helsinki: Philosophical Society of Finland, 99–125. (Scholar)
• Alanen, Lilli and Yrjönsuuri, Mikko, 1997, “Intuition, jugement et evidence chez Ockham et Descartes”, in Descartes et le moyen age, Joël Biard and Roshdi Rashed (eds), Paris: Vrin, 155–175. (Scholar)
• Alexandrescu, Vlad, 2013, “Descartes et le rêve (Baconien) de ‘le plus haute et plus parfaite science’”, Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai – Philosophia, 58(3): 11–35. (Scholar)
• Ariew, Roger, 2014, Descartes and the First Cartesians, Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199563517.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Azouvi, François, 2002, Descartes et la France. Histoire d’une passion nationale, Paris: Fayard. (Scholar)
• Bachelard, Gaston, 1934 [1985], Le Nouvel esprit scientifique, Paris: Félix Alcan, PUF. Translated as The New Scientific Spirit, Arthur Goldhammer (trans.), Boston: Beacon Press, 1985. (Scholar)
• Baillet, Adrien, 1691, La vie de Monsieur Descartes, vol. 1, Paris: Daniel Horthemels. [Baillet 1691 available online] (Scholar)
• Beck, John Leslie, 1952, The Method of Descartes: A Study of the Regulae, Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Scholar)
• Bos, Henk J., 2001, Redefining Geometrical Exactness: Descartes’ Transformation of the Early Modern Concept of Construction, New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0087-8 (Scholar)
• Buchwald, Jed Z., 2008, “Descartes’ Experimental Journey Past the Prism and through the Invisible World to the Rainbow”, Annals of Science 65(1): 1–46. doi:10.1080/00033790701406982 (Scholar)
• Brockliss, Lawrence, 1987, French Higher Education in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: A Cultural History, Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Scholar)
• Broughton, Janet, 2002, Descartes’s Method of Doubt, Princeton: Princeton University Press. (Scholar)
• Cassan, Elodie, 2015, Les chemins cartésien du jugement, Paris: Honoré Champion. (Scholar)
• Clagett, Marshall, 1959, The Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. (Scholar)
• Clarke, Desmond M., 1982. Descartes’ Philosophy of Science. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2003, Descartes’ Theory of Mind, Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/0199261237.001.0001 (Scholar)
• –––, 2006, Descartes: A Biography, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511498077 (Scholar)
• Crombie, A.C., 1961, Robert Grosseteste and the Origins of Experimental Science, 1100–1700, Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Scholar)
• Curley, Edwin, 1978, Descartes against the Skeptics, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• Damerow, Peter, Gideon Freudenthal, Peter McLaughlin, and Jürgen Renn, 1992, Exploring the Limits of Preclassical Mechanics: A Study of Conceptual Development in Early Modern Science: Free Fall and Compounded Motion in the Work of Descartes, Galileo and Beeckman, (Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences), New York, NY: Springer New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3994-7 (Scholar)
• Dear, Peter, 2000, “Method and the Study of Nature”, in The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy, vol. 1, Daniel Garber and Michael Ayers (eds), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 147­177. doi:10.1017/chol9780521307635.009 (Scholar)
• de Buzon, Frédéric, 2013, La science cartésienne et son objet: mathesis et phénomène, Paris: Honoré Champion. (Scholar)
• Des Chene, Denis, 1996, Physiologia: Natural Philosophy in Late Aristotelian and Cartesian Thought, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2000, Life’s Form: Late Aristotelian Conceptions of Soul, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. (Scholar)
• Dika, Tarek R., 2015, “Method, Practice, and the Unity of Scientia in Descartes’s Regulae”, Journal of Early Modern Studies, 4(2): 93–110. doi:10.5840/jems20154216 (Scholar)
• –––, forthcoming, “The Origins of Cartesian Dualism”, Journal of the American Philosophical Association. (Scholar)
• Dika, Tarek R. and Denis Kambouchner, forthcoming, “Descartes’ Method”, in The Cartesian Mind, Cecilia Wee and Jorge Secada (ed.), New York: Routledge. (Scholar)
• Dubouclez, Olivier, 2013, Descartes et la voie de l’analyse, Paris: Vrin. (Scholar)
• Duhem, Pierre, 1905–1906, Les origines de la statique, 2 volumes, Paris: Hermann. Translated as The Origins of Statics, Grant F. Leneaux, Victor N. Vagliente, and Guy H. Wagener (trans), Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1991. (Scholar)
• –––, 1906–1913, Études sur Léonard de Vinci, 3 volumes, Paris: Hermann. (Scholar)
• –––, 1913–1959, Le système du monde, histoire des doctrines cosmologiques de Platon à Copernic, 10 volumes, Paris: Hermann. (Scholar)
• Feyerabend, Paul, 1975, Against Method, London: New Left Books. (Scholar)
• Flage, Daniel E. and Clarence A. Bonnen, 1999, Descartes and Method: A Search for Method in Meditations, London: Routledge. (Scholar)
• Garber, Daniel, 1988, “Descartes, the Aristotelians, and the Revolution that did not Happen in 1637”, Monist, 71(4): 471–486. doi:10.5840/monist198871441 (Scholar)
• –––, 1992, Descartes’ Metaphysical Physics, Chicago: Chicago University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2001, Descartes Embodied: Reading Cartesian Philosophy through Cartesian Science, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511605994 (Scholar)
• Gaukroger, Stephen, 1989, Cartesian Logic: An Essay on Descartes’s Conception of Inference, Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1995, Descartes: An Intellectual Biography, Oxford: Clarendon Press. doi:10.1093/0198237243.001.0001 (Scholar)
• –––, 2006, “Knowledge, Evidence, and Method”, in The Cambridge Companion to Early Modern Philosophy, Donald Rutherford (ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 39–66. doi:10.1017/ccol0521822424.003 (Scholar)
• Gewirth, Alan, 1991. “Clearness and Distinctness in Descartes”, in Moyal 1991: 185–204. (Scholar)
• Gibson, A. Boyce, 1932, The Philosophy of Descartes, London: Methuen & Co. (Scholar)
• Gibson, W. R. Boyce, 1898, “The Regulae of Descartes”, Mind, 7(26): 145–158. doi:10.1093/mind/vii.26.145 (Scholar)
• Gilbert, Neal Ward, 1960, Renaissance Concepts of Method, New York: Columbia University Press. (Scholar)
• Gontier, Thierry, 2006, “Mathématiques et science universelle chez Bacon et chez Descartes”, Revue d’histoire des sciences, 59(2): 285–312. doi:10.3917/rhs.592.0285 (Scholar)
• Gueroult, Martial, 1984, Descartes’ Philosophy Interpreted According to the Order of Reasons, 2 volumes, Roger Ariew (trans.), Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. (Scholar)
• Hamou, Phillipe, 2014, “Sur les origines du concept de méthode à l’âge Classique: La Ramée, Bacon et Descartes”, Revue LISA, 12(5). doi:10.4000/lisa.6249 (Scholar)
• Humber, James. M., 1991, “Recognizing Clear and Distinct Perceptions”, in Moyal 1991: 204–222. (Scholar)
• Kambouchner, Denis, 1995, L’homme des passions. Commentaires sur Descartes I. Analytique, Paris: Albin Michel.
• –––, 2005, Les Méditations Métaphysiques de Descartes: Introduction Générale. Première Méditation, Paris: Vrin. (Scholar)
• Keeling, S.V., 1934, Descartes, London: E. Benn. (Scholar)
• Koyré, Alexandre, 1939 [1978], Études galiléennes, Paris: Hermann. Translates as Galileo Studies, John Mepham (trans.), Hassocks: Harvester Press.
• Kuhn, Thomas, 1977, The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Scholar)
• Lalande, André, 1911, “Sur quelques textes de Bacon et de Descartes”, Revue de métaphysique et de morale, 11(3): 296–311. (Scholar)
• Laird, Walter Roy and Sophie Roux, 2008, Mechanics and Natural Philosophy before the Scientific Revolution, Dordrecht: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5967-4 (Scholar)
• Larmore, Charles, 1980, “Descartes’ Empirical Epistemology”, in Descartes: Philosophy, Mathematics and Physics, Stephen Gaukrgoer (ed.), Sussex: Harvester Press, 6–22. (Scholar)
• Maier, Analeise, 1949–1958, Studien zur Naturphilosophie der Spätscholastik, 5 volumes, Rome: Editione di storia e letteratura. (Scholar)
• Mancosu, Paolo, 2008, “Descartes’ Mathematics”, in A Companion to Descartes, Janet Broughton and John Carriero (eds), Oxford: Blackwell, 103–124. doi:10.1002/9780470696439.ch7 (Scholar)
• Marion, Jean-Luc, 1992, “Cartesian metaphysics and the role of the simple natures”, in The Cambridge Companion to Descartes, John Cottingham (ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 115–140. (Scholar)
• –––, 1975, Sur l’ontologie grise de Descartes: science cartésienne et savoir aristotelicien dans les Regulae, Paris: Vrin. (Scholar)
• Markie, Peter, 1991, “Clear and Distinct Perception and Metaphysical Certainty”, in RenRené Descartes: Critical Assessments, J.D. Moyal (ed.), London: New York, 177–185. (Scholar)
• Martinet, M., 1975, “Science et hypothèses chez Descartes”, Archives internationale d’histoire des sciences, 24: 319–338. (Scholar)
• Mikkeli, Heikki, 2010, “The Structure and Method of Scientific Knowledge”, in Paul Richard Blum (ed.), Philosophers of the Renaissance, Washington DC: The Catholic University of America Press, pp. 181–191 (Scholar)
• Moyal, George J. D. (ed.), 1991, René Descartes: Critical Assessments, volume 1, London: Routledge. (Scholar)
• Newman, Lex, 2019, “Descartes on the Method of Analysis”, in The Oxford Handbook of Descartes and Cartesianism, Steven Nadler, Tad M. Schmaltz, and Delphine Antoine-Mahut (eds), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 64–88. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198796909.013.4 (Scholar)
• Normore, Calvin, 1993. “The Necessity in Deduction: Cartesian Inference and its Medieval Background”, Synthese, 96(3): 437–454. doi:10.1007/bf01064011 (Scholar)
• Randall, J.H., 1961, The School of Padua and the Emergence of Modern Science, Padova: Editrice Antenore. (Scholar)
• Reiss, Timothy J., 2000, “Neo-Aristotle and Method: between Zabarella and Descartes”, in Descartes’ Natural Philosophy, Stephen Gaukroger, John Schuster, and John Sutton (eds), New York: Routledge, 195–227. (Scholar)
• Robinet, André, 1996, Aux sources de l’ésprit cartésien: l’axe La Ramée-Descartes: de la Dialectique des 1555 aux Regulae, Paris: Vrin. (Scholar)
• Rodis-Lewis, Geneviève, 1998, Descartes: His Life and Thought, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. (Scholar)
• Schmaltz, Tad M., 2017, Early Modern Cartesianisms: Dutch and French Constructions, Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190495220.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Schuster, John, 2013. Descartes-Agonistes: Physico-mathematics, Method & Corpuscular Mechanism, 1618–1633, Dordrecht: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4746-3 (Scholar)
• Schuster, John and Richard Yeo (eds), 1986, The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method: Historical Studies, Dordrecht: D. Reidel. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-4560-9 (Scholar)
• Schouls, Peter, 1980, The Imposition of Method: A Study of Descartes and Locke, Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Scholar)
• Shea, William R., 1991, The Magic of Numbers and Motion: The Scientific Career of René Descartes, New York: Science History Publications. (Scholar)
• Slowik, Edward, 2002, Cartesian Spacetime: Descartes’ Physics and the Relational Theory of Space and Motion, Dordrecht: Kluwer. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-0975-0 (Scholar)
• Smith, Kurt, 2010, Matter Matters: Metaphysics and Methodology in the Early Modern Period, Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199583652.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Sylla, Edith Dudley, 1991, The Oxford Calculators and the Mathematics of Motion, 1320–1350: Physics and Measurements by Latitudes, New York: Garland. (Scholar)
• Verbeek, Theo, 1992, Descartes and the Dutch: Early Reactions to Cartesian Philosophy 1637–1650, Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. (Scholar)
• Weber, J.P., 1964, La constitution du texte des “Regulae”, Paris: Société d’édition d’enseignement supérieur. (Scholar)