Primary Literature: Fleck’s Epistemological Writings

• 1927, “O niektórych swoistych cechach myślenia lekarskiego”, Archiwum Historii i Filozofii Medycyny oraz Historii Nauk Przyrodniczych, 6: 55–64. (“Some Specific Features of the Medical Way of Thinking”, in Cognition and Fact. Materials on Ludwik Fleck, R. S. Cohen and Thomas Schnelle (eds.), Dordrecht: D. Reidel 1986, pp. 39–46). (Scholar)
• 1929, “Zur Krise der ‘Wirklichkeit’”, Die Naturwissenschaften, 17: 425–430. (“On the Crisis of ‘Reality’”, in R. S. Cohen and Th. Schnelle (eds.), 1986, pp. 47–58). (Scholar)
• 1934, “Jak powstał odczyn Bordet-Wassermanna i jak w ogóle powstaje odkrycie naukowe?”, Polska Gazeta Lekarska, 3: 181–182 and 202–205. (Scholar)
• 1935a, Entstehung und Entwicklung einer wissenschaftlichen Tatsache. Einführung in die Lehre vom Denkstil und Denkkollektiv, Basel: Benno Schwabe und Co.; Lothar Schäfer und Thomas Schnelle (Hrsg. und Vorwort), Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1980. (Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact, transl. by Fred Bradley and Thaddeus J. Trenn, Thaddeus J. Trenn and Robert K. Merton (eds.), “Foreword” by Thomas S. Kuhn, Chicago: Chicago University Press 1979). (Scholar)
• 1935b, “O obserwacji naukowej i postrzeganiu w ogóle”, Przegląd Filozoficzny, 38: 57–76. (“Scientific Observation and Perception in General”, in R. S. Cohen and Th. Schnelle (eds.), 1986, pp. 59–78). (Scholar)
• 1935c, “Zur Frage der Grundlagen der medizinischen Erkenntnis”, Klinische Wochenschrift, 14: 1255–1259. (“On the Questions of the Foundations of Medical Knowledge”, transl. by Thaddeus J. Trenn, The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 6 (1981): 237–255). (Scholar)
• 1936, “Zagadnienie teorii poznawania”, Przegląd Filozoficzny, 39: 3–37. (“The Problem of Epistemology”, in R. S. Cohen and Th. Schnelle (eds.), 1986, pp. 79–112). (Scholar)
• 1938, “W sprawie artykułu p. Izydory Dąbskiej w Przeglądzie Filozoficznym”, Przegląd Filozoficzny, 41: 192–195. (Scholar)
• 1939a, “Nauka a środowisko”, Przegląd Współczesny, no. 8–9: 149–156. (“Science and Social Context”, transl. by I. Löwy, in I. Löwy, 1990, pp. 249–256). (Scholar)
• 1939b, “Odpowiedź na uwagi Tadeusza Bilikiewicza”, Przegląd Współczesny, no. 8–9: 168–174. (“Rejoinder to the Comments of Tadeusz Bilikiewicz”, transl. by I. Löwy, in I. Löwy, 1990, pp. 267–273). (Scholar)
• 1946, “Problemy naukoznawstwa”, Życie Nauki. Miesięcznik Naukoznawczy, 1: 322–336 (“Problems of the Science of Science”, in R. S. Cohen and Th. Schnelle (eds.), 1986, pp. 113–128). (Scholar)
• 1947, “Patrzeć, widzieć, wiedzieć”, Problemy, no. 2: 74–84 (“To Look, To See, To Know” in R. S. Cohen and Th. Schnelle (eds.), 1986, pp. 129–152). (Scholar)
• 1986, “Crisis in Science. Towards a Free and More Human Science”, in R. S. Cohen and Th. Schnelle (eds.), 1986, pp. 153–158.
• 2006, Psychosocjologia poznania naukowego, Zdzisław Cackowski and Stefan Symotiuk (eds.), Maria Tuszkiewicz and W. A. Niemirowski and Wojciech Sady (transl.), Lublin: UMCS, 2006. (Fleck’s epistemological writings in Polish originals or translations). (Scholar)
• 2011, Erfahrung und Tatsache: gesammelte Aufsätze, Lothar Schäfer und Thomas Schnelle (Hrsg.), Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
• 2011, Denkstile und Tatsachen: gesammelte Schriften und Zeugnisse, Werner, Sylwia und Zittel, Claus (Hrsg.), Berlin: Suhrkamp.

Translations

• 1983, Genesi e sviluppo di un fatto scientifico : per una teoria dello stile e del collettivodi pensiero, M. Leonardi & Stefano Poggi (trad.). Bologna: Il Mulino.
• 1986, La génesis y el desarrollo de un hecho cientifico : introducción a la theoría del estilo de pensamiento y del colectivo de pensamiento, Luis Meana & Angel de G. Pablo (trad.), Lothar Schäfer & Thomas Schnelle (prólogo), Madrid: Allanza.
• 1986, Powstanie i rozwój faktu naukowego : wprowadzenie do nauki o stylu myślowym i kolektywie myślowym, Maria Tuszkiewicz (tłum.), Zdzisław Cackowski (wstęp). Lublin : Wyd. Lubelskie.
• 1997, Uppkomsten och utvecklingen av ett vetenskapligt faktum : inledning till läran om tankestil och tankekollektiv, Bengt Liliequist (översättning). Stockholm: Östlings.
• 1999, Bозникновение и розвитие научного факта, Moscov: Idea-Press.
• 2005, Genèse et développement d’un fait scientifique, Nathalie Jas (Traduction), Ilana Löwy (Prèface), Bruno Latour (Postface). Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2005.
• 2010, Gênese e desenvolvimento de um fato científico, Mauro L. Condé (prefácio), George Otte e Mariana Camilo de Oliveira (trad.). Belo Horizonte: Fabrefactum. 2010.
• 2019, Stili di pensiero: La conoscenza scientifica come creazione sociale. Francesco Coniglione (ed.), Mimesis.
• 2019, Як постає та розвивається науковий факт. Bступ до вчення про мисленнєвий стиль і мисленнєвий колектив, Stefaniya Ptashnyk (Ukrainian translation), Czernowitz: Knyhy XXI.

Secondary Literature

• Anderson, G., 1984, “Problems in Ludwik Fleck’s Conception of Science”, Methodology and Science, 17: 25–34. (Scholar)
• Babich, B. E., 2003, “From Fleck’s ‘Denkstil’ to Kuhn’s Paradigm: Conceptual Schemes and Incommensurability”, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 29(1), 1–39. (Scholar)
• –––, 2015, “Calling Science Pseudoscience: Fleck’s Archeologies of Fact and Latour’s ‘Biography of Investigation’ in AIDS Denialism and Homeopathy”, 15. International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 17: 99–109. (Scholar)
• Baldamus, Wilhelm, 1977, “Ludwig Fleck and the Development of the Sociology of Science”, in Human Figurations. Essays for/Aufsätze für Norbert Elias, P. R. Gleichman, J. Goudsblum and H. Korte (eds.), Amsterdam: Amsterdams Sociologisch Tijdschrift, pp. 135–156. (Scholar)
• –––, 2016, “The Exoteric Paradox: A Contribution to Ludwik Fleck’s Theory of Science”, in M. Erickson & C. Turner (eds.), The Sociology of Wilhelm Baldamus, London: Routledge, pp. 101–120. (Scholar)
• Belt, Henk van den, 2011, “The Collective Construction of a Scientific Fact: A Re-Examination of the Early Period of the Wassermann Reaction (1906–1912)”, Social Epistemology, 25(4): 311–339. (Scholar)
• Bloor, David, 1983, Wittgenstein : a Social Theory of Knowledge, New York: Columbia University Press. (Scholar)
• Bonah, Ch., 2002, “‘Experimental Rage’, the Development of Medical Ethics and the Genesis of Scientific Facts. Ludwik Fleck: an Answer to the Crisis of Modern Medicine in Interwar Germany?”, Social History of Medicine, 15: 187–207. (Scholar)
• Brorson, S. and H. Andersen, 2001, “Stabilizing and Changing Phenomenal Worlds: Ludwik Fleck and Thomas Kuhn on Scientific Literature”, Journal for General Philosophy of Science, 32: 109–129. (Scholar)
• Cackowski, Zdzisław, 1982, “Ludwik Fleck’s Epistemology”, Dialectics and Humanism, 3: 11–23. (Scholar)
• Cohen, R. S. and Thomas Schnelle (eds.), 1986, Cognition and Fact. Materials on Ludwik Fleck, (Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, v. 87), Dordrecht: D. Reidel. (Contains complete bibliography of Fleck’s medical and epistemological papers, pp. 445–457.) (Scholar)
• Condé, Mauro L., 2012, “Science and Language: Ludwik Fleck and Ludwig Wittgenstein”, in Ludwik Fleck: estilos de pensamento na ciência, Condé, M. L. (ed.), Belo Horizonte: Fino Traço. (Scholar)
• –––, 2016, “Ludwik Fleck’s reception in Brazil: from an anonymous visitor to a renowned thinker”, Transversal: International Journal for the Historiography of Science, 1: 46–51. (Scholar)
• Egloff, Rainer and Johannes Fehr (eds.), 2011, Vérité Widerstand, Development: At Work with / Arbeiten mit / Travailler avec Ludwik Fleck, (Collegium Helveticum, Heft 12), Zürich: Collegium Helveticum 2011. (Scholar)
• Fagan, Melinda B., 2009, “Fleck and the Social Constitution of Scientific Objectivity”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 40C: 272–85. (Scholar)
• Fehr, Johannes, Nathalie Jas, and Ilona Löwy (eds.), 2009, Penser avec Fleck—Investigating a Life Studying Life Sciences (Collegium Helveticum, Heft 7), Zurich: Collegium Helveticum. (Scholar)
• Fehr, Johannes, 2012, “‘… the art of shaping a democratic reality and being directed by it …’ – philososophy of science in turbulent times”, Studies in East European Thought, 64(1–2): 81–89.
• Forstner, Christian, 2008, “The Early History of David Bohm’s Quantum Mechanics Through the Perspective of Ludwik Fleck’s Thought-Collectives”, Minerva, 46(2): 215–229. (Scholar)
• Freudenthal, G. and I. Löwy, 1988, “Ludwik Fleck’s Roles in Society: A Case Study Using Joseph Ben-David’s Paradigm for a Sociology of Knowledge”, Social Studies of Science, 18: 625–651. (Scholar)
• Ginev, Dimitri (ed.), 2015, Critical Science Studies after Ludwik Fleck, Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski Univ. Pr. (Scholar)
• –––, 2015, “Ways and dynamics of reception of Ludwik Fleck’s work in the social sciences”, Social Science Information, 54(2): 192–210. (Scholar)
• Glück, G., 2005, “Ludwik Fleck’s Ideas in Science: Compared to Similar Concepts of Michael Polanyi with Some Consequences for Teacher Education”, Appraisal: The Journal of the Society for Post-Critical and Personalist Studies, 5: 117–122. (Scholar)
• Gonzalez, R. J., L. Nader, and C.J. Ou, 1995, “Between Two Poles: Bronislaw Malinowski, Ludwik Fleck, and the Anthropology of Science”, Current Anthropology, 36: 866–869. (Scholar)
• Graf, Erich Otto, Martin Schmid, and Johannes Fehr (eds.), 2016, Fleck and the hermeneutics of science, Zürich: Collegium Helveticum. (Scholar)
• Griesecke, Birgit and Erich Otto Graf (eds.), 2008, Ludwik Flecks vergleichende Erkenntnistheorie. Die Debate in Przegląd Filozoficzny 1936–1937, Berlin: Parerga. (Scholar)
• Grzybowski, Andrzej & Maria Ciesielska, 2014, “Lesser Known Aspects of Ludwik Fleck’s (1896–1961) Heroic Life During World War II”, Journal of Medical Biography, 24(3): 402–408. (Scholar)
• Hacking, Ian, 1999, The Social Construction of What? Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• Harwood, J., 1986, “Ludwik Fleck and the Sociology of Knowledge”, Social Studies of Science, 16: 173–187. (Review of L. Fleck, Genesis and Development…; Enstehung und Entwicklung…; L. Fleck, Erfahrung und Tatsache…, Th. Schnelle, Ludwik Fleck: Leben und Denken; Cognition and Fact….) (Scholar)
• Hedfors, Eva, 2006, “The Reading of Ludwik Fleck: Questions of Sources and Impetus”, Social Epistemology, 20: 131–161. (Scholar)
• –––, 2007, “The Reading of Scientific Texts: Questions on Interpretation and Evaluation, with Special Reference to the Scientific Writings of Ludwik Fleck”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 38: 136–158. (Scholar)
• –––, 2008a, “Medical Science in the Light of the Holocaust: Departing from a Post-war Paper by Ludwik Fleck”, Social Studies of Science, 38: 259–283. (See also a comment on Hedfor’s paper by Olga Amsterdamska et. al., Social Studies of Science, 38: 937–944 and Hedfor’s “Reply to a Biased Reading”, Social Studies of Science, 38: 945–950.) (Scholar)
• Jacobs, S., 2002, “The Genesis of ‘Scientific Community’”, Social Epistemology, 16: 157–168. (Scholar)
• Janik, A., 2006, “Notes on the Origin of Fleck’s Concept of ‘Denkstill’”, in Cambridge and Vienna: Frank P. Ramsey and the Vienna Circle, M. C. Galavotti (ed.), Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook, 12: 179–188. (Scholar)
• Jarnicki, Paweł, 2021, “Stimmung/Nastrój as Content of Modern Science: On Musical Metaphors in Ludwik Fleck’s Theory of Thought Styles and Thought Collectives”, Foundations of Science, published online 5 April 2021. doi:10.1007/s10699-021-09792-3 (Scholar)
• Kardela, Henryk, 2011, ‘Ludwik Fleck’s Thought Style Revisited. Where Do Facts in Linguistics Come From?’, in Turning points in the philosophy of language and linguistics, Piotr Stalmaszczyk (ed.), Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, pp. 129–146. (Scholar)
• Kuhn, Thomas S., 1962, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1979, “Foreword”, in Fleck, L., The Genesis and Development…, pp. VII–XI. (Scholar)
• Latour, Bruno, 2005, Reassembling the Social : An Introduction to Actor–Network Theory, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Leszczyńska, K., 2009, “Ludwik Fleck: a Forgotten Philosopher”, in J. Fehr, N. Jas, and I. Löwy (eds.), 2009, pp. 23–39. (Scholar)
• Lindenmann, J., 2001, “Siegel, Schaudinn, Fleck and the Etiology of Syphilis”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 32: 435–455. (See also 33: 751–752.) (Scholar)
• Löwy, Ilana, 1988, “Ludwik Fleck on the Social Construction of Medical Knowledge”, Sociology of Health and Illness, 10: 133–155. (Scholar)
• –––, 1990, The Polish School of Philosophy of Medicine: From Tytus Chalubinski (1820–1889) to Ludwik Fleck (1896–1961), Dordrecht, Boston: Kluwer. (The books contains a good selection from the works of the main representatives of the School.) (Scholar)
• ––– (ed.), 2004, Ludwik Fleck: Epistemology and Biomedical Sciences, in Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Volume 35C, Number 3. (Scholar)
• –––, 2008, “Ways of Seeing: Ludwik Fleck and Polish Debates on the Perception of Reality, 1890–1947”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 39: 375–83. (Scholar)
• –––, 2016, “Fleck the Public Health Expert: Medical Facts, Thought Collectives, and the Scientist’s Responsibility”, Science, Technology, and Human Values, 41(3): 509–533. (Ludwik Fleck, On Medical Experiments on Human Beings, 534–546). (Scholar)
• –––, 2020, “Typhus in Buchenwald: Can the Story Be Told?”, Ethics in Progress, 11(1): 4–19. (Scholar)
• Milosavljević, Monika, 2016, “Ludwik Fleck’s concepts slicing through the Gordian Knot of Serbian Archaeology”, Transversal: International Journal for the Historiography of Science, 1: 88–100. (Scholar)
• Mößner, Nicola, 2011, “Thought styles and paradigms–a comparative study of Ludwik Fleck and Thomas S. Kuhn”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science (Part A), 42(2): 362–371. (Scholar)
• –––, 2016, “Scientific Images as Circulating Ideas: An Application of Ludwik Fleck’s Theory of Thought Styles”, Journal for General Philosophy of Science, 47: 307–329. (Scholar)
• Peine, Alexander, 2011, “Challenging Incommensurability: What We Can Learn from Ludwik Fleck for the Analysis of Configurational Innovation”, Minerva, 49(4): 489–508. (Scholar)
• Rheinberger, Hans-Jörg, 2010, “On the Historicity of Scientific Knowledge: Ludwik Fleck, Gaston Bachelard, Edmund Husserl”, in Science and the Life-World: Essays on Husserl’s ‘Crisis of European Sciences’, D. Hyder and H.-J. Rheinberger (eds.), Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 164–76. (Scholar)
• Reichenbach, Hans, 1938, Experience and Prediction, Chicago, University of Chicago Press. (Scholar)
• Sady, Wojciech, 2001, “Ludwik Fleck—Thought Collectives and Thought Styles”, in Polish Philosophers of Science and Nature in the 20th Century, Władysław Krajewski (ed.), Amsterdam: Rodopi, pp. 197–205. (Scholar)
• Schäfer, L., 1993, “On the Scientific Status of Medical Research: Case Study and Interpretation According to Ludwik Fleck”, in Science, Technology and the Art of Medicine, C. Delkeskamp-Hayes and G. Cutler (eds.), Philosophy of Medicine, 44: 23–38. (See also a reply to Schäfer by N. Tsouyopoulos, ibid.: 39–46, and a commentary by R. K. Lie, ibid.: 47–54.) (Scholar)
• Schnelle, Thomas, 1982, Ludwik Fleck— Leben und Denken : Zur Entstehung und Entwicklung des soziologischen Denkstils in der Wissenschaftsphilosophie, Freiburg: Hochschulverlag. (Scholar)
• –––, 1986, “Microbiology and Philosophy of Science, Lwów and the German Holocaust: Stations of Life—Ludwik Fleck 1896–1961”, in R. S. Cohen, T. Schnelle (eds.), 1986, pp. 3–36. (Scholar)
• Sciortino, Luca, 2021, “The Emergence of Objectivity: Fleck, Foucault, Kuhn and Hacking”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science (Part A), 88(1): 128–137. (Scholar)
• Stuckey, Marc, and Peter Heering, Rachel Mamlok-Naaman, Avi Hofstein, and Ingo Eilks, 2015, “The Philosophical Works of Ludwik Fleck and Their Potential for Teaching and Learning Science”, Science and Education, 24(3): 281–298. (Scholar)
• Stump, D., 1988, “The Role of Skill in Experimentation: Reading Ludwik Fleck’s Study of the Wassermann Reaction as Example of Ian Hacking’s Experimental Realism”, PSA: Proceedings of the Biennal Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, 302–308. (Scholar)
• Symotiuk, Stefan, 1983, “Two Sociologies of Knowledge L. Fleck—T. Bilikiewicz”, Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki, 3–4: 569–582. (Scholar)
• Van Den Belt, H. and Gremmen, B., 1990, “Specificity in the Era of Koch and Ehrlich: A Generalized Interpretation of Ludwik Fleck’s ‘Serological’ Thought Style”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 21: 463–479. (Scholar)
• Van den Belt, H., 2002, “Ludwik Fleck and the Causative Agent of Syphilis: Sociology or Pathology of Science? A Rejoinder to Jean Lindenmann”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 33: 733–750. (Scholar)
• Verhoeff, Berend, 2014, “Stabilizing Autism: A Fleckian Account of the Rise of a Neurodevelopmental Spectrum Disorder”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 46(1): 65–78. (Scholar)
• Wettersten, J., 1991, “The Fleck Affair: Fashions v. Heritage”, Inquiry, 34: 475–498. (Scholar)
• White, K., 1993, “Ludwik Fleck and the Foundations of the Sociology of Medical Knowledge”, Explorations in Knowledge, 10: 1–21. (Scholar)
• Zittel, Claus, 2012, “Ludwik Fleck and the concept of style in the natural sciences”, Studies in East European Thought, 64(1–2): 53–79. (Scholar)