Primary Literature

• Brandolini, Aurelio Lippo [c.1454–1497], c. 1490 [2009], Republics and Kingdoms Compared (De comparatione reipublicae et regni), James Hankins (trans.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
• Bruni, Leonardo [1369–1444], 1401 [1978], Panegyric to the City of Florence (Laudatio Florentinae Urbis), Benjamin G. Kohl (trans.), in Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt (eds.), The Earthly Republic: Italian Humanists on Government and Society, Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 135–176. (Scholar)
• –––, 1987 The Humanism of Leonardo Bruni: Selected Texts, Gordon Griffiths, James Hankins and David Thompson (eds. and trans.), Binghamton, NY: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies. (Scholar)
• Latini, Brunetto [d. 1294], 1993, The Book of the Treasure (Li Livres dou Tresor), Paul Barette and Spurgeon Baldwin (trans.), New York: Garland Press. (Scholar)
• Machiavelli, Niccolò [1469–1527], 1965, The Chief Works and Others, 3 volumes, Alan Gilbert (ed. and trans.), Durham, NC: Duke University Press. (Scholar)
• Piccolomini, Aeneas Silvius [1405–1464], 1446 [2000], On the Origin and Authority of the Roman Empire (De ortu et auctoritate imperii Romani), in Thomas M. Izbicki and Cary J. Nederman (eds. and trans.), Three Tracts on Empire, Bristol: Thoemmes. (Scholar)
• Ptolemy of Lucca [c. 1236–1327], 1997, On the Government of Princes: De regimine principum, James M. Blythe (ed. and trans.), Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. (Scholar)
• Salutati, Caluccio [1331–1406], 1400 [1927], De tyranno, in Ephraim Emerton (ed. and trans.), Humanism and Empire, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)

Secondary Literature

• Baron, Hans, 1955, The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance: Civic Humanism and Republican Liberty in an Age of Classicism and Tyranny, 2 volumes, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; revised edition, 1966. (Scholar)
• –––, 1968, From Petrarch to Leonardo Bruni: Studies in Humanistic and Political Literature, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1988, The Search of Florentine Civic Humanism. Essays on the Transition from Medieval to Modern Thought, 2 volumes, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. (Scholar)
• Bock, Gisela, Quentin Skinner, and Maurizio Viroli (eds.), 1990. Machiavelli and Republicanism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511598463 (Scholar)
• Fubini, Riccardo, 1992, “Renaissance Historian: The Career of Hans Baron”, The Journal of Modern History, 64(3): 541–574. doi:10.1086/244516 (Scholar)
• Blythe, James, 2009, The Worldview and Thought of Tolomeo Fiadoni (Ptolemy of Lucca), Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. (Scholar)
• Garin, Eugenio, 1952 [1965], Der italienische Humanismus, Bari: Laterza. L’Umanesimo italiano. Translated as Italian Humanism: Philosophy and the Civic Life in the Renaissance, Peter Munz (trans.), Oxford: Blackwell. (Scholar)
• –––, 1954, Medioevo e risascimento, Bari: Laterza. (Scholar)
• Hankins, James, 1995, “The ‘Baron Thesis’ after Forty Years and Some Recent Studies of Leonardo Bruni”, Journal of The History of Ideas, 56(2): 309–338. doi:10.2307/2709840 (Scholar)
• –––, 2016, “Europe’s First Democrat? Cyriac of Ancona and Book 6 of Polybius”, in For the Sake of Learning: Essays in Honor of Anthony Grafton, Ann Blair and Anja-Silvia Goering (eds.), Leiden: Brill. (Scholar)
• –––, 2019, Virtue Politics: Soulcraft and Statecraft in Renaissance Italy, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• –––(ed.), 2000, Renaissance Civic Humanism: Reappraisals and Reflections, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511558474 (Scholar)
• Hörnqvist, Mikael, 2004, Machiavelli and Empire, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511490576 (Scholar)
• Jurdjevic, Mark, 2001, “Virtue, Commerce and the Enduring Florentine Republican Moment: Reintegrating Italy into the Atlantic Republican Tradition”, Journal of the History of Ideas, 62(4): 721–744. (Scholar)
• Kallendorf, Craig, 1996, “The Historical Petrarch”, The American Historical Review, 101(1): 130–141. doi:10.2307/2169228 (Scholar)
• Lee, Alexander, Humanism and Empire: The Imperial Ideal in Fourteenth-Century Italy, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Monfasani, John, 2016, “Machiavelli, Polybius, and Janus Lascaris: The Hexter Thesis Revisited”, Italian Studies, 71(1): 39–48. (Scholar)
• Najemy, John M., 1996, “Baron’s Machiavelli and Renaissance Republicanism”, The American Historical Review, 101(1): 119–129. doi:10.2307/2169227 (Scholar)
• Nederman, Cary J., 2009, Lineages of European Political Thought: Explorations along the Medieval/Modern Divide from John of Salisbury to Hegel, Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2016, “Polybius as Monarchist? Receptions of Histories VI before Machiavelli, c.1490–c.1515”, History of Political Thought, 37(3): 461–479. (Scholar)
• –––, 2023, The Rope and the Chains: Machiavelli’s Early Thought and Its Tranformations, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books/Rowman & Littlefield. (Scholar)
• Nederman, Cary J., and Mary Elizabeth Sullivan, 2012, “The Polybian Moment: The Transformation of Republican Thought from Ptolemy of Lucca to Machiavelli”, The European Legacy: Toward New Paradigms, 17(7): 867–881. (Scholar)
• Pettit, Phillip, 1999, Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government, Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Scholar)
• Pocock, J.G.A., 1975, The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. (Scholar)
• Seigel, Jerrold E., 1966, “‘Civic Humanism’ or Ciceronian Rhetoric? The Culture of Petrarch and Bruni”, Past and Present, 34: 3–48. doi:10.1093/past/34.1.3 (Scholar)
• Skinner, Quentin, 1978, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, Volume 1: The Renaissance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511817878 (Scholar)
• –––, 1998, Liberty before Liberalism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139197175 (Scholar)
• –––, 2002, Visions of Politics, Volume II: Renaissance Virtues, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511613777 (Scholar)
• Witt, Ronald G., 1996, “The Crisis after Forty Years”, The American Historical Review, 101(1): 110–118. doi:10.2307/2169226 (Scholar)
• –––, 2003, ‘In the Footsteps of the Ancients’: The Origins of Humanism from Lovato to Bruni, Leiden, Brill. (Scholar)
• Yoran, Hanan. 2007, “Florentine Civic Humanism and the Emergence of Modern Ideology”, History and Theory, 46: 326–344. (Scholar)
• Yun, Bee, 2008, “Ptolemy of Lucca – A Pioneer of Civic Republicanism? A Reassessment”, History of Political Thought, 29(3): 417–439. (Scholar)