Primary Literature in Translation

• Albert of Saxony [Albert von Sachsen], [AS-I], “Insolubles”, in The Cambridge Translations of Medieval Philosophical Texts. Volume I: Logic and the Philosophy of Language, Norman Kretzmann and Eleonore Stump (trans.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988, pp. 337–68. Translated from the early printed text of Albert’s Perutilis Logica, Venice 1522, reprinted Hildesheim: Olms 1974. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139171557.013 (Scholar)
• –––, [AS-L], Logik: Lateinisch-Deutsch, Harald Berger (ed. and trans.), Hamburg: Felix Meiner Verlag, 2010. Critical edition of Albert’s Perutilis Logica from the manuscripts, with German translation. (Scholar)
• Anonymous, Treatise on Insolubles, in Peter of Spain: Tractatus syncategorematum and Selected Anonymous Treatises, (Mediaeval Philosophical Texts in Translation, vol. 13), Joseph P. Mullally (trans.) Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press, 1964, pp. 335–9. Among the “anonymous treatises” translated at the end of this volume, this is a late (probably fifteenth century) treatise on insolubles.
• Aristotle, On Interpretation [De Interpretatione], E.M. Edghill (trans.), in The Works of Aristotle, Sir David Ross (ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1928.
• –––, [A-SR], Sophistical Refutations [De Sophisticis Elenchis], W.A. Pickard-Cambridge (trans.), in The Works of Aristotle, Sir David Ross (ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1928.
• Athenaeus of Naucratis, The Deipnosophists, 7 volumes, (Loeb Classical Library), Charles Burton Gulick (trans.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1927–41.
• Bonaventure, “Quaestiones disputatae de mysterio Trinitatis”, in Medieval Philosophy: From St. Augustine to Nicholas of Cusa, (Readings in the history of philosophy), John F. Wippel and Allan B. Wolter (trans.), New York: Free Press, 1969. (Scholar)
• Bradwardine, Thomas, [B-I], Insolubilia, (Dallas Medieval Texts and Translations 10), Stephen Read (ed. and trans.), Leuven: Peeters, 2010.
• Buridan, John, [B-S], Sophisms on Meaning and Truth, Theodore Kermit Scott (trans.), New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1966. A translation of Buridan’s Sophismata, based on the edition published in Buridan [B-S2]. Chap. 8 is on insolubles. (Scholar)
• –––, [B-B], John Buridan on Self-Reference, G.E. Hughes (ed. and trans.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982. A translation, with philosophical commentary, of Chap. 8 of Buridan’s Sophismata, on insolubles. [Note: There are two versions of this book, with different pagination. The paperbound publication has the subtitle: Chapter Eight of Buridan’s “Sophismata”, translated with an Introduction and a philosophical Commentary. The hardbound publication includes a Latin edition, and has the slightly different subtitle: Chapter Eight of Buridan’s “Sophismata”, with a Translation, an Introduction, and a philosophical Commentary.] (Scholar)
• –––, [B-SD], Summulae de Dialectica, (Yale Library of Medieval Philosophy), Gyula Klima (trans.), New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001. Treatise 9 of the Summulae de Dialectica is Buridan’s Sophismata. Treatise 9, Chap. 8 is on insolubles—see Buridan [B-S] and [B-B]. (Scholar)
• Cervantes Saavandra, Miguel de, The Adventures of Don Quixote de la Mancha, Tobias Smollett (trans.), London: Deutsch, 1986. The original two volumes were published in 1605 and 1615. (Scholar)
• Heytesbury, William, [H-OI], On “Insoluble” Sentences: Chapter One of His Rules for Solving Sophisms, (Mediaeval Sources in Translation, 21), Paul Vincent Spade (trans.), Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1979. Translation of chapter 1 of Regulae solvendi sophismata, dated 1335. (Scholar)
• ––– [Guillaume Heytesbury], [H-SA], Sophismata Asinina, présentation, édition critique et analyse par F. Pironet, Paris: Vrin, 1994.
• Paul of Venice, Logica Parva, Alan Perreiah (trans.), Munich: Philosophia Verlag, 1984.
• Peter of Ailly, Concepts and Insolubles: An Annotated Translation, (Synthese Historical Library, 19), Paul Vincent Spade (trans.), Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1980. Translation of Conceptus et Insolubilia dated 1372. (Scholar)

Primary Literature in the Original Languages

• Adam of Balsham, [AB], Adam Balsamiensis Parvipontani Ars Disserendi (Dialectica Alexandri), in Lorenzo Minio-Paluello (ed.) Twelfth Century Logic: Texts and Studies, vol. 1, Rome: Edizioni di storia e letteratura, 1956.
• Albert von Sachsen [Albert of Saxony], Logik, Harald Berger (ed. and trans.), Hamburg: Felix Meiner Verlag, 2010. (Critical edition of Albert’s Perutilis Logica from the manuscripts, with German translation.) Same as [AS-L] above. (Scholar)
• Anonymous, Insolubilia, in Paul Vincent Spade, “An Anonymous Tract on Insolubilia from Ms Vat. lat. 674: An Edition and Analysis of the Text”, Vivarium, 9: 1–18, 1971. The text comes from 1368. doi:10.1163/156853471x00019 (Scholar)
• Augustine, Contra academicos, De beata vita, De ordine, De magistro, De libero arbitrio, (Corpus Christianorum Series Latina, 29), W.M. Green and K.-D. Daur (eds.), Turnholt: Brepols, 1970.
• Bradwardine, Thomas, Insolubilia, (Dallas Medieval Texts and Translations 10), Stephen Read (ed. and trans.), Leuven: Peeters, 2010. Same as [B-I] above. (Scholar)
• Bricot, Thomas, Tractatus insolubilium, (Artistarium, 6), E.J. Ashworth (ed.) Nijmegen: Ingenium, 1986. Bricot was a very late fifteenth century author. (Scholar)
• Buridan, John, Questiones Elencorum, R. van der Lecq and H.A.G. Braakhuis (eds.), Nijmegen: Ingenium, 1994.
• –––, [B-S2], Sophismata, (Grammatica Speculativa, vol. 1), T.K. Scott (ed.), Stutgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann, 1977. The Latin edition that formed the basis for Scott’s translation in Buridan [B-S]. (Scholar)
• –––, [B-SD2], Summulae: De Practica Sophismatum, Fabienne Pironet (ed.), Turnhout: Brepols, 2004. Critical edition of the Latin text. Translated in Buridan [B-SD], Treatise 9. (Scholar)
• Cicero, Academica, James S. Reid (ed.), Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1966. (Photoreprint of the London 1885 edition.)
• Duns Scotus, John, [DS-Q], Quaestiones super librum elenchorum, in his Opera philosophica Vol. 2. Quaestiones in Libros Perihermenias Aristotelis , Opus & Opus II; Quaestiones Super Librum Elenchorum Aristotelis; and Theoremata, R. Andrews et al. (eds.), St. Bonaventure, NY: The Franciscan Institute; Washington: The Catholic University of America, 2004.
• Fland, Robert, Insolubilia, in Paul Vincent Spade, 1978, “Robert Fland’s Insolubilia: An Edition, with Comments on the Dating of Fland’s Works”, Mediaeval Studies, 40: 56–80. Read and Thakkar (2017) argue that the author’s real name was Robert Eland. He wrote between 1335 and about 1360. doi:10.1484/j.ms.2.306221 (Scholar)
• Gellius, Aulus, Noctes Atticae (Attic Nights), 2 volumes, (Oxford Classical Texts), P.K. Marshall (ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968. doi:10.1093/actrade/9780198146520.book.1 doi:10.1093/actrade/9780198146513.book.1
• Giraldus Odonis, Logica, volume 1 of L.M. De Rijk (ed.), Opera Philosophica, Leiden: Brill, 1997.
• Heytesbury, William [Guillaume Heytesbury], Sophismata Asinina, présentation, édition critique et analyse par F. Pironet, Paris: Vrin, 1994. (Same as [H-SA], above)
• John of Holland, Four Tracts on Logic: Suppositiones, Fallacie, Obligationes, Insolubilia, (Artistarium, 5), E.P. Bos (ed.), Nijmegen: Ingenium, 1985. Includes a Latin edition of a widely read text on insolubles. (Scholar)
• Laertius, Diogenes, Vitae philosophorum (Lives of the Philosophers), 2 volumes, (Oxford Classical Texts), H.S. Long (ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964.
• Neckham, Alexander, [N-NR], De naturis rerum libri duo, with the Poem of the Same Author, De laudibus divinae sapientiae, (Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores, or Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland during the Middle Ages [Rolls Series], 34), Thomas Wright (ed.), London: Longman, Green, 1863. Reprint Kraus reprints, 1967. (Scholar)
• Ockham, William of [Guillelmus de Ockham], [O-SL], Summa logicae, Gedeon Gál et al. (ed.), St. Bonaventure, NY: The Franciscan Institute, 1974.
• Ockham, William of [Guillelmus de Ockham], Expositio super libros Elenchorum, Franciscus del Punta (ed.), St. Bonaventure, NY: The Franciscan Institute, 1979.
• Paul of Venice, Sophismata Aurea, Pavia: Nicolaus Girardengus de Novis, 1483.
• Paul of Venice, Quadratura, Venice: Bonetus Locatellus for Octavianus Scotus, 1493.
• Paul of Venice, Logica Magna, Venice: Albertinus Vercellensis for Octavianus Scotus, 1499.
• Paul of Venice, Logica Parva, Alan Perreiah (ed.), Leiden: Brill, 2002.
• Roure, Marie Louise, 1970, “La problématique des propositions insolubles au XIIIe siècle et au début du XIVe, suivie de l’édition des traités de W. Shyreswood, W. Burleigh et Th. Bradwardine”, Archives d’histoire doctrinale et littéraire du moyen age, 37: 205–326. Latin editions of the treatises by Walter Burley and Thomas Bradwardine, as well as of a thirteenth century treatise sometimes attributed to William of Sherwood. Roure’s text of Bradwardine’s treatise is unreliable. See Bradwardine [B-I]. (Scholar)
• Seneca, [Epistle], Ad Lucilium Epistulae Morales, 2 volumes, (Oxford Classical Texts), L.D. Reynolds (ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965.
• Swyneshed, Roger, Insolubilia, in Paul Vincent Spade, 1979, “Roger Swyneshed’s Insolubilia: Edition and Comments”, Archives d’histoire doctrinale et littéraire du moyen age, 46: 177–220. Reprinted in Spade 1988. (Scholar)
• Wyclif, John, Tractatus de logica, 3 volumes, Michael Henry Dziewicki (ed.), London: Trübner & Co., for the Wyclif Society, 1893–99. Includes his Logicae continuatio. (Scholar)
• –––, [W-SI], Summa insolubilium, (Medieval and Renaissance Texts & Studies, 41), Paul Vincent Spade and Gordon Anthony Wilson (ed.), Binghamton, NY: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 1984.

Secondary Literature

• Alwishah, Ahmed and David Sanson, 2009, “The Early Arabic Liar: the Liar Paradox in the Islamic World from the Mid-Ninth to the Mid-Thirteenth Centuries CE”, Vivarium, 47(1): 97–127. doi:10.1163/156853408x3459090909 (Scholar)
• Bochenski, I.M., 1962, A History of Formal Logic, Ivo Thomas (trans.), New York: Chelsea Pub.Co. (Scholar)
• Bottin, Francesco, 1976, Le antinomie semantiche nella logica medievale, Padua: Antonore. (Scholar)
• –––, 1983, “The Mertonians’ Metalinguistic Science and the Insolubilia”, in The Rise of British Logic, (Papers in Mediaeval Studies, 7), P. Osmund Lewry (ed.), Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, pp. 235–48. (Scholar)
• Cesalli, Laurent, 2001, “Le réalisme propositionnel de Walter Burley”, Archives d’histoire doctrinale et littéraire du Moyen Age, 68: 155–221. doi:10.3917/ahdlm.068.0155 (Scholar)
• De Rijk, L.M., 1962–67, Logica Modernorum: A Contribution to the History of Early Terminist Logic, Assen: Van Gorcum. Also contains many Latin editions of primary texts.
  • Vol. 1: On the Twelfth Century Theories of Fallacy, (Scholar)
  • Vol. 2: The Origin and Early Development of the Theory of Supposition.
• –––, 1966, “Some Notes on the Mediaeval Tract De insolubilibus, with the Edition of a Tract Dating from the End of the Twelfth Century”, Vivarium, 4: 83–115. doi:10.1163/156853466x00051 (Scholar)
• Dutilh Novaes, Catarina, 2008a, “A comparative taxonomy of medieval and modern approaches to liar sentences”, History and Philosophy of Logic, 29(3): 227–61. doi:10.1080/01445340701614464
• –––, 2008b, “Logic in the 14th Century after Ockham”, in Gabbay and Woods 2008: 433–504. (Scholar)
• –––, 2009, “Lessons on sentential meaning from medieval solutions to the liar paradox”, Philosophical Quarterly, 59(237): 682–704. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9213.2008.598.x (Scholar)
• Dutilh Novaes, Catarina and Stephen Read, 2008, “Insolubles and the Fallacy Secundum Quid et Simpliciter”, Vivarium, 46(2): 175–91. doi:10.1163/004275408x311258 (Scholar)
• Dutilh Novaes, Catarina and Sara Uckelman, 2016, “Obligationes”, in The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Logic, Catarina Dutilh Novaes and Stephen Read (ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 370–95. doi:10.1017/cbo9781107449862.016 (Scholar)
• El-Rouayheb, Khaled, 2020, “The liar paradox in fifteenth-century Shiraz: the exchange between Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Dashtakī and Jalāl al-Dīn al-Dawānī”, British Journal for the History of Philosophy, 28(2): 251–75. doi:10.1080/09608788.2019.1616156 (Scholar)
• Gabbay, Dov M. and John Woods (ed.), 2008, Handbook of the History of Logic, volume 2 of Medieval and Renaissance Logic, Amsterdam: Elsevier. (Scholar)
• Gerogiorgakis, Stamatios, 2009, “The Byzantine Liar”, History and Philosophy of Logic, 30(4): 313–30. doi:10.1080/01445340902970269 (Scholar)
• Goldstein, Laurence, 2008, “Doubting Thomas”, in Rahman, Tulenheimo, & Genot 2008: 65–85. (Scholar)
• Klima, Gyula, 2009, John Buridan, Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195176223.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Martin, Christopher J., 1993, “Obligations and Liars”, in Stephen Read (ed.), Sophisms in Medieval Logic and Grammar, (Nijhoff International Philosophy Series, 48), Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp. 357–81. (Scholar)
• Mates, Benson, 1961, Stoic Logic, Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press. Originally published in 1953 as vol. 26 of the series “University of California Publications in Philosophy”. (Scholar)
• Panaccio, Claude, 2004, Ockham on Concepts, (Ashgate Studies in Medieval Philosophy), Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing. Contains much information on the theory of “mental language”. (Scholar)
• Pironet, Fabienne, 1993, “John Buridan on the Liar Paradox: Study of an Opinion and Chronology of the Texts”, in Argumentationstheorie, Klaus Jacobi (ed.), Leiden: Brill, pp. 293–300. (Scholar)
• –––, 2008, “William Heytesbury and the treatment of Insolubilia in 14th-century England”, in Rahman, Tulenheimo, & Genot 2008: 251–327. (Scholar)
• Prior, A.N., 1958, “Epimenides the Cretan”, The Journal of Symbolic Logic, 23(3): 261–66. (Scholar)
• Read, Stephen, 2001, “Self-Reference and Validity Revisited”, in Medieval Formal Logic: Obligations, Insolubles and Consequences, M. Yrjönsuuri (ed.), Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp. 183–196. (Scholar)
• –––, 2002, “The Liar Paradox from John Buridan back to Thomas Bradwardine”, Vivarium, 40(2): 189–218. doi:10.1163/156853402320901812 (Scholar)
• –––, 2006, “Symmetry and Paradox”, History and Philosophy of Logic, 27(4): 307–18. doi:10.1080/01445340600593942 (Scholar)
• –––, 2008a, “The Truth-Schema and the Liar”, in Rahman, Tulenheimo, & Genot 2008: 3–17. (Scholar)
• –––, 2008b, “Further Thoughts on Tarski’s T-scheme and the Liar”, in Rahman, Tulenheimo, & Genot 2008: 205–25. (Scholar)
• –––, 2009, “Plural Signification and the Liar Paradox”, Philosophical Studies, 145(3): 363–75. doi:10.1007/s11098-008-9236-y (Scholar)
• –––, 2014, “Concepts and Meaning in Medieval Philosophy”, in Gyula Klima (ed.), Intentionality, New York: Fordham University Press, 9–28. (Scholar)
• –––, 2016, “Paradoxes of Signification”, Vivarium, 54(4): 335–55. doi:10.1163/15685349-12341325 (Scholar)
• –––, 2020, “Swyneshed, Aristotle and the Rule of Contradictory Pairs”, Logica Universalis, 14(1): 27–50. doi:10.1007/s11787-020-00246-1 (Scholar)
• Read, Stephen and Mark Thakkar, 2016, “Robert Fland or Elandus Dialecticus?”, Mediaeval Studies, 78: 167–80. (Scholar)
• Ryle, Gilbert, 1951, “Heterologicality”, Analysis, 11(3): 61–69. doi:10.1093/analys/11.3.61 (Scholar)
• Rahman, Shahid, Tero Tulenheimo, and Emmanuel Genot (eds.), 2008, Unity, Truth and the Liar: The Modern Relevance of Medieval Solutions to the Liar Paradox, Berlin: Springer-Verlag. (Scholar)
• Spade, Paul Vincent, 1973, “The Origins of the Mediaeval Insolubilia-Literature”, Franciscan Studies, 33: 292–309. Reprinted in Spade 1988. (Scholar)
• –––, 1974, “Ockham on Self-Reference”, Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, 15(2): 298–300. Reprinted in Spade 1988. doi:10.1305/ndjfl/1093891306 (Scholar)
• –––, 1975, The Mediaeval Liar: A Catalogue of the Insolubilia-Literature, (Subsidia Mediaevalia, 5), Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. (Scholar)
• –––, 1976, “William Heytesbury’s Position on ‘Insolubles’: One Possible Source”, Vivarium, 14: 114–20. Reprinted in Spade 1988. doi:10.1163/156853476x00078 (Scholar)
• –––, 1978, “John Buridan on the Liar: A Study and Reconstruction”, Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, 19(4): 579–90. Reprinted in Spade 1988. doi:10.1305/ndjfl/1093888504 (Scholar)
• –––, 1981, “Insolubilia and Bradwardine’s Theory of Signification”, Medioevo: Revista di storia della filosofia medievale, 7: 115–34. Reprinted in Spade 1988. (Scholar)
• –––, 1982a, “Insolubilia”, in Norman Kretzmann, et al. (eds.), The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Chap. 12, pp. 246–53. doi:10.1017/chol9780521226059.014 (Scholar)
• –––, 1982b, “Three Theories of Obligationes: Burley, Kilvington and Swyneshed on Counterfactual Reasoning”, History and Philosophy of Logic, 3(1): 1–32. doi:10.1080/01445348208837028 (Scholar)
• –––, 1983, “Roger Swyneshed’s Theory of Insolubilia: A Study of Some of his Preliminary Semantic Notions”, in History of Semiotics, (Foundations of Semiotics, 7), Achim Eschbach and Jürgen Trabant (eds.), Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 105–114. Reprinted in Spade 1988. (Scholar)
• –––, 1987, “Five Early Theories in the Mediaeval Insolubilia-Literature”, Vivarium, 25: 24–46. (Scholar)
• –––, 1988, Lies, Language and Logic in the Later Middle Ages, (Variorum Collected Studies Series), London: Routledge. A collection of seventeen previously published papers, seven of them on insolubles. (Scholar)
• –––, 1991, “Richard Brinkley’s De insolubilibus: A Preliminary Assessment”, Rivista di storia della filosofia, 46(2): 245–56. Brinkley was a contemporary of Wyclif. (Scholar)
• Stock, St. George, 1908, Stoicism, London: Archibald Constable. (Scholar)
• Strobino, Riccardo, 2012, “Truth and Paradox in Late XIVth Century Logic: Peter of Mantua’s Treatise on Insoluble Propositions”, Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale, 23: 475–519. (Scholar)
• Yrjönsuuri, Mikko, 2008, “Treatments of the Paradoxes of Self-Reference”, in Gabbay and Woods 2008: 579–608. (Scholar)
• Zarepour, Mohammad Saleh, 2020, “Abharī’s Solution to the Liar Paradox: A Logical Analysis”, History and Philosophy of Logic, 42(1): 1–16. doi:10.1080/01445340.2020.1793291 (Scholar)
• Zupko, Jack, 2003, John Buridan: Portrait of a Fourteenth-Century Arts Master, Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2003. Chap. 9 is on Buridan’s theory of insolubles. (Scholar)