Primary Sources

Hume, David

Hume’s main works of moral philosophy are the following.

• [EPM] An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals, Tom L. Beauchamp (ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. [Originally published in 1751.] (Cited as according to section, part [if any], and paragraph number.) (Scholar)
• [T]A Treatise of Human Nature: A Critical Edition, David Fate Norton and Mary J. Norton (eds.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2007. [Originally published in 1739–1740.] (Cited according to book, part, section, and paragraph number.) (Scholar)

Many of Hume’s other works are also relevant to his moral philosophy. We cite or discuss the following.

• [DR]Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion in Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion and the Posthumous Essays “Of the Immortality of the Soul” and “Of Suicide”, Richard H. Popkin (ed.), Indianapolis: The Hackett Publishing Company, 1980. [Originally published in 1779.] (Cited according to part [in Roman numerals] or page number [in Arabic numerals].) (Scholar)
• [EHU]An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding, Tom L. Beauchamp (ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. [Originally published in 1748.] (Cited according to section, part [if any], and paragraph number.) (Scholar)
• [EMPL]Essays Moral, Political, and Literary, Eugene Miller (ed.), Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1985. Two essays are cited according to page number: “Of Superstition and Enthusiasm”, pp. 73–79 [Originally published in 1741] and “Of the Immortality of the Soul”, pp. 590–98. [Originally published in 1777.] (Scholar)
• [NHR]The Natural History of Religion in David Hume: A Dissertation on the Passions; The Natural History of Religion, Tom L. Beauchamp (ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2007. [Originally published in 1757.] (Cited according to page number.) (Scholar)

Kant, Immanuel

Unless noted otherwise, we cite the pagination (beginning with volume number) of the Akademie Ausgabe edition of Kants gesammelte Schriften, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1900–. This pagination can be found in the margins of most scholarly English translations, including The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant, Paul Guyer and Allen W. Wood (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992–.

Kant’s main works of moral philosophy are the following.

• [CPrR]Critique of Practical Reason, in Practical Philosophy, Mary J. Gregor (trans., ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. [Originally published in 1788.]
• [G]Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, in Practical Philosophy, Mary J. Gregor (trans., ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. [Originally published in 1785.]
• [MM]The Metaphysics of Morals, in Practical Philosophy, Mary J. Gregor (trans., ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. [Originally published in 1797.]

Many other works are also relevant to Kant’s moral philosophy. We cite or discuss the following.

• [I] Inquiry concerning the distinctness of the principles of natural theology and morality in Theoretical Philosophy: 1755-1770, David Walford and Ralf Meerbote (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. [Originally published in 1763.] (Scholar)
• [WS] M. Immanuel Kant’s Announcement of the Programme of His Lectures for the Winter Semester 1765-1766, in in Theoretical Philosophy: 1755-1770, David Walford and Ralf Meerbote (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. (Scholar)
• [Ant]Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View, Robert B. Louden (trans.), in Anthropology, History, and Education, Günter Zöller and Robert B. Louden (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. [Originally published in 1798.]
• [CPJ]Critique of the Power of Judgment, Paul Guyer (trans., ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. [Originally published in 1790.]
• [A], [B]Critique of Pure Reason, Paul Guyer and Allen W. Wood (trans., eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. ([A] citations refer to the pagination of the first edition of 1781 and [B] citations refer to the pagination of the second edition of 1787.)
• [H], [C], [M], [V]Lectures on Ethics, Peter Heath (trans., ed.) and J.B. Schneewind (ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. [Translation based on material published in the Akademie Ausgabe from 1974–1980.] ([H] citations refer to lecture transcriptions attributed to Herder, circa 1762–1764; [C] to Collins, circa 1774–1777; [M] to Mrongovius in 1784–1785; and [V] to Vigilantius, in 1793–1794. (Scholar)
• [LPDR]Lectures on the Philosophical Doctrine of Religion, Allen W. Wood (trans.), in Religion and Rational Theology, Allen W. Wood and George di Giovanni (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. [Originally published in 1817, second edition 1830, reflecting lectures most likely from 1783–1784.]
• [NF]Notes and Fragments, Curtis Brown (trans.), Frederick Rauscher (trans.), and Paul Guyer (trans., ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. [Translation based primarily on Kant’s handwritten remains from the 1750s through the 1790s, contained in Akademie Ausgabe volumes published 1913-1934.] (Citations include reflection number in addition to volume and page number.) (Scholar)
• [OFBS]Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime, Paul Guyer (trans.), in Anthropology, History, and Education, Günter Zöller and Robert B. Louden (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. [Originally published in 1764.]
• [OPA]The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God, David Walford (trans.), in Theoretical Philosophy: 1755-1770, David Walford and Ralf Meerbote (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. [Originally published in 1763.] (Scholar)
• [OP]Opus Postumum, Ekart Förster (trans., ed.) and Michael Rosen (trans.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. [Translation based on material written primarily circa 1796–1801 and published in the Akademie Ausgabe in 1936 and 1938.]
• [Prol]Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics That Will Be Able to Come Forward as a Science, Gary Hatfield (trans.), in Theoretical Philosophy after 1781, Henry Allison and Peter Heath (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. [Originally published in 1783.] (Scholar)
• [Rel]Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason, George di Giovani (trans.) in Religion and Rational Theology, Allen W. Wood and George di Giovanni (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. [Originally published in 1793.]
• [WOT]“What does it mean to orient oneself in thinking?”, Allen W. Wood (trans.) in Religion and Rational Theology, Allen W. Wood and George di Giovanni (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. [Originally published in 1786.] (Scholar)

Secondary Sources

• Allison, Henry E., 1983, Kant’s Transcendental Idealism: An Interpretation and Defense, New Haven and London: Yale University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1990, Kant’s Theory of Freedom, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139172295 (Scholar)
• –––, 1996, Idealism and Freedom: Essays on Kant’s Theoretical and Practical Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139172875 (Scholar)
• –––, 2008, Custom and Reason in Hume: A Kantian Readiing of the First Book of the ‘Treatise’, Oxford: Clarendon Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199532889.001.0001 (Scholar)
• –––, 2011, Kant’s ‘Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals’: A Commentary, New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199691531.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Ameriks, Karl, 2006, Kant and the Historical Turn: Philosophy as Critical Interpretation, Oxford: Clarendon Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199205349.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Anderson, Elizabeth, 2008, “Emotions in Kant’s Later Moral Philosophy: Honour and the Phenomenology of Moral Value”, Kant’s Ethics of Virtue, Monika Betzler (ed.), Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 123–145. (Scholar)
• Baier, Annette, 1991, A Progress of the Sentiments: Reflections on Hume’s ‘Treatise’, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1994, Moral Prejudices, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• Baillie, James, 2000, Hume on Morality, London and New York: Routledge. (Scholar)
• Baxley, Anne Margaret, 2010, Kant’s Theory of Virtue: The Value of Autocracy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511779466 (Scholar)
• Beck, Lewis White, 1960, A Commentary on Kant’s Critique of Practical Reason, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1969, Early German Philosophy: Kant and His Predecessors, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1978, Essays on Kant and Hume, New Haven and London: Yale University Press. (Scholar)
• Bennett, Jonathan, 1984, “Kant’s Theory of Freedom”, Self and Nature in Kant’s Philosophy, Allen W. Wood (ed.), Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp 102–112. (Scholar)
• Bielefeldt, Heiner, 2001, Symbolic Representation in Kant’s Practical Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511498022 (Scholar)
• Bramhall, John, c. 1645 [1999], “Discourse of Liberty and Necessity”, reprinted in Hobbes and Bramhall on Liberty and Necessity, (Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy), Vere Chappell (ed.), New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–14. (Scholar)
• Bricke, John, 1996, Mind and Morality: An Examination of Hume’s Moral Psychology John Bricke, Oxford: Clarendon Press. doi:0.1093/acprof:oso/9780198250111.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Brown, Charlotte, 1988, “Is Hume an Internalist?”, Journal of the History of Philosophy, 26(1): 69–87. doi:10.1353/hph.1988.0021 (Scholar)
• Caygill, Howard, 1995, A Kant Dictionary, Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. (Scholar)
• Cohon, Rachel, 2008, Hume’s Morality: Feeling and Fabrication, Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199268443.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Darwall, Stephen, 1995, The British Moralists and the Internal ‘Ought’, 1640–1740, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511608957 (Scholar)
• –––, 2013, “Morality’s Distinctiveness”, in his Morality, Authority, and Law: Essays in Second-Personal Ethics I, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 3–19. (Scholar)
• Denis, Lara, 2006, “Kant’s Conception of Virtue” in The Cambridge Companion to Kant and Modern Philosophy, Paul Guyer (ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 505–37. doi:10.1017/ccol052182303x.016 (Scholar)
• –––, 2010a, “Freedom, Primacy, and Perfect Duties to Oneself”, in Denis 2010b: 170–191. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511763250.010">10.1017/cbo9780511763250.010 (Scholar)
• ––– (ed.), 2010b, Kant’s ‘Metaphysics of Morals’: A Critical Guide, New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511763250 (Scholar)
• –––, 2014, “Love of Honor as a Kantian Virtue”, Kant on Emotion and Value, Alix Cohen (ed.), Palgrave MacMillan: 191–209. (Scholar)
• Engstrom, Stephen, 2009, The Form of Practical Knowledge, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• Föster, Eckart, 2000, Kant’s Final Synthesis: An Essay on the Opus Postumum, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• Frierson, Patrick R., 2014, Kant’s Empirical Psychology, New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139507035 (Scholar)
• Gaskin, J.C.A., 1993, “Hume on Religion”, in The Cambridge Companion to Hume, David Fate Norton (ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 313–344. doi:10.1017/ccol0521382734.011 (Scholar)
• Gauthier, David, 1979, “David Hume, Contractarian”, Philosophical Review, 88(1): 3–38; reprinted in his Moral Dealing: Contract, Ethics, and Reason, Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 1990, ch. 3. doi:10.2307/2184777 (Scholar)
• Gill, Michael B., 2006, The British Moralists on Human Nature and the Birth of Secular Ethics, New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499272 (Scholar)
• –––, 2007, “Moral Rationalism vs. Moral Sentimentalism: Is Morality More Like Math or Beauty?” Philosophy Compass, 2(1): 16–30. doi:10.1111/j.1747-9991.2006.00052.x (Scholar)
• –––, 2014, Humean Moral Pluralism, New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198714033.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Gregor, Mary J., 1963, Laws of Freedom: A Study of Kant’s Application of the Categorical Imperative in the Metaphysik der Sitten, Oxford: Basil Blackwell. (Scholar)
• Guyer, Paul, 1987, Kant and the Claims of Knowledge, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511624766 (Scholar)
• –––, 1992, “Review of Henry E. Allison: Kant’s Theory of Freedom”, Journal of Philosophy, 89(2): 99–110. doi:10.2307/2027154 (Scholar)
• –––, 1993, Kant and the Experience of Freedom, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139172516 (Scholar)
• –––, 2000, Kant on Freedom, Law, and Happiness, New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139173339 (Scholar)
• –––, 2005, Kant’s System of Nature and Freedom, Oxford: Clarendon Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199273461.001.0001 (Scholar)
• –––, 2008, Knowledge, Reason, and Taste: Kant’s Responses to Hume, Princeton: Princeton University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2009, “Problems wih Freedom: Kant’s Argument in Groundwork III and its Subsequent Emendation”, in Timmermann 2009b: 176–202. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511770760.011">10.1017/cbo9780511770760.011 (Scholar)
• –––, 2010, “Moral Feelings in the ‘Metaphysics of Morals’”, in Denis 2010b: 130–51. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511763250.008 (Scholar)
• –––, 2016, Virtues of Freedom: Selected Essays on Kant, New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198755647.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Hare, John E., 1996, The Moral Gap: Kantian Ethics, Human Limits, and God’s Assistance, Oxford: Clarendon Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198269571.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Holden, Thomas, 2010, Spectres of False Divinity: Hume’s Moral Atheism, Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:0.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579945.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Hope, V.M., 1989, Virtue by Consensus: The Moral Philosophy of Hutcheson, Hume, and Adam Smith, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Hudson, Hud, 1994, Kant’s Compatibilism, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. (Scholar)
• Irwin, Terence, 1984, “Morality and Personality: Kant and Green”, in Self and Nature in Kant’s Philosophy, Allen W. Wood (ed.), Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 31—56. (Scholar)
• –––, 2008, The Development of Ethics: A Historical and Critical Study, Volume II: From Suarez to Rousseau, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2009, The Development of Ethics: A Historical and Critical Study, Volume III: From Kant to Rawls, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Korsgaard, Christine M., 1996a, Creating the Kingdom of Ends, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139174503 (Scholar)
• –––, 1996b, The Sources of Normativity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511554476 (Scholar)
• –––, 2008, The Constitution of Agency: Essays on Practical Reason and Moral Psychology, Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199552733.001.0001 (Scholar)
• Kuehn, Manfred, 1987, Scottish Common Sense in Germany, 1768–1800: A Contribution to the History of the Critical Philosophy, Kingston, Ont.: McGill-Queen’s University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2001, Kant: A Biography, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781107050433 (Scholar)
• –––, 2005, “The Reception of Hume in Germany”, in The Reception of David Hume in Europe, Peter Jones (ed.), London: Thoemmes Continuum. (Scholar)
• Landy, David, 2015, Kant’s Inferentialism: The Case Against Hume, New York: Routledge. (Scholar)
• Mackie, J.L., 1980, Hume’s Moral Theory, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. (Scholar)
• McCarty, Richard, 2009, Kant’s Theory of Action, Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567720.001.0001 (Scholar)
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• Nagel, Thomas, 2012, “The Taste for Being Moral”, New York Review of Books, December 6. [Nagel 2012 available online] (Scholar)
• Pereboom, Derk, 2006, “Kant on Transcendental Freedom”, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 73(3): 537–567. (Scholar)
• Radcliffe, Elizabeth Schmidt, 1996, “How Does the Humean Sense of Duty Motivate?”, Journal of the History of Philosophy, 34(3): 383–407. doi:10.1353/hph.1996.0058 (Scholar)
• –––, 1997, “Kantian Tunes on a Humean Instrument: Why Hume is not Really a Skeptic about Practical Reasoning”, Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 27(2): 247–270. doi:10.1080/00455091.1997.10717479 (Scholar)
• Russell, Paul, 1995, Freedom and Moral Sentiment: Hume’s Way of Naturalizing Responsibility, New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/0195152905.001.0001 (Scholar)
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• –––, 1998, The Invention of Autonomy: A History of Modern Moral Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511818288 (Scholar)
• –––, 2009, “Kant Against the ‘Spurious Principles of Morality’”, in Timmermann 2009b: 140–158. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511770760.009 (Scholar)
• –––, 2010, “Hume and the Religious Significance of Moral Rationalism”, in Essays on the History of Moral Philosophy, J.B. Schneewind, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 222–236. (Scholar)
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• Timmermann, Jens, 2007, Kant’s ‘Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals’: A Commentary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511487316 (Scholar)
• –––, 2009a, “Acting From Duty: Inclination, Reason and Moral Worth”, in Timmermann 2009b: 45–62. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511770760.004 (Scholar)
• ––– (ed.), 2009b, Kant’s ‘Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals’: A Critical Guide, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511770760 (Scholar)
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• –––, 2006, Ethics: Twelve Lectures on the Philosophy of Morality, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• Williams, Bernard, 1985, Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy, London and New York: Routledge. (Scholar)
• Wood, Allen, 1970, Kant’s Moral Religion, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1978, Introduction and notes to Kant’s Lectures on Philosophical Theology, Allen W. Wood (trans., ed.) and Gertude M. Clark (trans.), Ithaca, New York and London: Cornell University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1984, “Kant’s Compatibilism” in Self and Nature in Kant’s Philosophy, Allen W. Wood (ed.), Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, pp. 73–101. (Scholar)
• –––, 1999, Kant’s Ethical Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139173254 (Scholar)
• –––, 2005a, Kant, Oxford: Blackwell. (Scholar)
• –––, 2008, Kantian Ethics, New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511809651 (Scholar)
• Wuerth, Julian, 2014, Kant on Mind, Action, and Ethics, New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199587629.001.0001 (Scholar)