Primary sources

Kant’s works are cited by volume and page numbers of the Akademie edition of Kants gesammelte Schriften (Berlin, 1902–). The only exception is the Critique of Pure Reason, cited by the standard A and B pagination of the first (1781) and second (1787) editions respectively. The Groundwork is printed in Akademie volume 4 and the Critique of Practical Reason in volume 5; unless otherwise noted, references beginning with “4:” are to the Groundwork and those beginning with “5:” to the second Critique. The Akademie pagination is found in the margins of all modern translations. Apart from the 2011 edition of the Groundwork, translations are from the standard Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant:

• Critique of Pure Reason, translated/edited by P. Guyer & A. Wood, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
• Practical Philosophy, translated/edited by M. Gregor, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. [Includes “What is Enlightenment?”, the Critique of Practical Reason, and the Metaphysics of Morals.] (Scholar)
• Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (German-English Edition), translated/edited by M. Gregor & J. Timmermann, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
• Religion and Rational Theology, translated/edited by A. Wood & G. di Giovanni, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. [Includes “What Does it Mean to Orient Oneself in Thinking?” and Conflict of the Faculties.] (Scholar)
• Lectures on Ethics, translated/edited by J. B. Schneewind & P. Heath, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
• Theoretical Philosophy 1755–1770, translated/edited by D. Walford, with R. Meerbote, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. [Includes Dreams of a Spirit-Seer.] (Scholar)
• Theoretical Philosophy after 1781, translated/edited by H. Allison, M. Friedman, G. Hatfield & P. Heath, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. [Includes the Prolegomena.] (Scholar)
• Anthropology, History, and Education, translated/edited by G. Zoller, R. Louden, M. Gregor & P. Guyer, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. [Includes the Anthropology.]
• Critique of the Power of Judgment, translated/edited by P. Guyer & E. Matthews, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Secondary literature

• Abela, P., 2006, “The Demands of Systematicity: Rational Judgment and the Structure of Nature,” in A Companion to Kant, G. Bird (ed.), Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 408–422. (Scholar)
• Allison, H., 1990, Kant’s Theory of Freedom, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2004, Kant’s Transcendental Idealism, revised and expanded edition, New Haven: Yale University Press. (Scholar)
• Ameriks, K., 2003, Interpreting Kant’s Critiques, Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Scholar)
• Bagnoli, C., 2017, “Kant in Metaethics: The Paradox of Autonomy, Solved by Publicity,” in The Palgrave Kant Handbook, M. Altman (ed.), London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 355–77. (Scholar)
• –––, 2022, Ethical Constructivism (Cambridge Element), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Brandom, R., 1979, “Freedom and Constraint by Norms,” American Philosophical Quarterly, 16(3): 187–196. (Scholar)
• Breitenbach, A., 2018, “Laws and Ideal Unity,” in Laws of Nature, W. Ott & L. Patton (eds.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 108–121. (Scholar)
• Buchdahl, G., 1992, Kant and the Dynamics of Reason: Essays on the Structure of Kant’s Philosophy, Oxford: Basil Blackwell (Chs. 7 & 8). (Scholar)
• Cohen, A., 2014, “Kant on the Ethics of Belief,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 114(3): 317–334. (Scholar)
• –––, 2018, “Kant on Science and Normativity,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 71(October): 6–12. (Scholar)
• Deligiorgi, K., 2005, Kant and the Culture of Enlightenment, Albany NY: State University of New York Press. (Scholar)
• Engstrom, S., 1992, Review of Onora O’Neill, Constructions of Reason, Ethics, 102(3): 653–655. (Scholar)
• Ferrarin, A., 2015, The Powers of Pure Reason: Kant and the Idea of Cosmic Philosophy, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Scholar)
• Förster, E., 1992, “Was darf ich hoffen? Zum Problem der Vereinbarkeit von theoretischer und praktischer Vernunft bei Immanuel Kant,” Zeitschrift für philosophische Forschung, 46(2): 168–185. (Scholar)
• Freudiger, J., 1996, “Kants Schlußstein: Wie die Teleologie die Einheit der Vernunft stiftet,” Kant-Studien, 87(4): 423–435. (Scholar)
• Friedman, M., 1992a, “Causal Laws and Foundations of Natural Science,” in The Cambridge Companion to Kant, P. Guyer (ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 161–199. (Scholar)
• –––, 1992b, Kant and the Exact Sciences, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1992c, “Regulative and Constitutive,” Southern Journal of Philosophy, 30(Supplement): 73–102. (Scholar)
• –––, 2013, Kant’s Construction of Nature: A Reading of the Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Gardner, S., 1999, Kant and the Critique of Pure Reason, London: Routledge. (Scholar)
• –––, 2006, “The Primacy of Practical Reason,” in A Companion to Kant, G. Bird (ed.), Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 259–274. (Scholar)
• Gava, G., 2018, “Kant, Wolff and the Method of Philosophy,” in Oxford Studies in Early Modern Philosophy (Volume VIII), D. Garber & D. Rutherford (eds.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 271–303. (Scholar)
• Gava, G. & M. Willaschek, forthcoming, “The Transcendental Doctrine of Method of the Critique of Pure Reason,” in The Kantian Mind, S. Baiasu & M. Timmons (eds.), London & New York: Routledge. (Scholar)
• Gelfert, A., 2006, “Kant on Testimony,” British Journal for the History of Philosophy, 14(4): 627–652. (Scholar)
• Grier, M., 2001, Kant’s Doctrine of Transcendental Illusion, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Guyer, P., 1989, “The Unity of Reason: Pure Reason as Practical Reason in Kant’s Early Conception of the Transcendental Dialectic,” Monist, 72(2): 139–167; reprinted as Ch. 2 of his Kant on Freedom, Law and Happiness, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. (Scholar)
• –––, 1990, “Reason and Reflective Judgment: Kant on the Significance of Systematicity,” Noûs, 24(1): 17–43. (Scholar)
• –––, 1997, Review of Susan Neiman, The Unity of Reason, The Philosophical Review, 106(2): 291–295. (Scholar)
• –––, 2000a, “Freedom as the Inner Value of the World,” Ch. 3 of his Kant on Freedom, Law and Happiness, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 96–125. (Scholar)
• –––, 2000b, “The Unity of Nature and Freedom: Kant’s Conception of the System of Philosophy,” in The Reception of Kant’s Critical Philosophy, S. Sedgwick (ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 19–53. (Scholar)
• –––, 2006, “Bridging the Gulf: Kant’s Project in the Third Critique,” in A Companion to Kant, G. Bird (ed.), Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 423–440. (Scholar)
• Guyer, P. & R. Walker, 1990, “Kant’s Conception of Empirical Law,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society (Supplementary Volumes), 64: 221–258. (Scholar)
• Herman, B., 1993, The Practice of Moral Judgment, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2007, Moral Literacy, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• Hieronymi, P., 2021, “Reasoning First,” in Routledge Handbook of Practical Reasoning, R. Chang & K. Sylvan (eds.), Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 349–65. (Scholar)
• Kleingeld, P., 1995, “What Do the Virtuous Hope for? Re-reading Kant’s Doctrine of the Highest Good,” in Proceedings of the Eighth International Kant Congress (Volume 1), H. Robinson (ed.), Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, pp. 91–112. (Scholar)
• –––, 1998a, “The Conative Character of Reason in Kant’s Philosophy,” Journal of the History of Philosophy, 36(1): 77–97. (Scholar)
• –––, 1998b, “Kant on the Unity of Theoretical and Practical Reason,” Review of Metaphysics, 52(2): 311–339. (Scholar)
• –––, 2010, “Moral consciousness and the ‘fact of reason’,” in Kant’s Critique of Practical Reason: A Critical Guide, A. Reath & J. Timmermann (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 55–72. (Scholar)
• –––, 2016, “Kant on ‘Good’, the Good, and the Duty to Promote the Highest Good,” in The Highest Good in Kant’s Philosophy, T. Höwing (ed), Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 33–49. (Scholar)
• Klemme, H., 2014. “Is the Categorical Imperative the Highest Principle of Both Pure Practical and Theoretical Reason?” Kantian Review, 19(1): 119–126. (Scholar)
• Korsgaard, C., 1996, Creating the Kingdom of Ends, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1997, “The Normativity of Instrumental Reason,” in Ethics and Practical Reason, G. Cullity & B. Gaut (eds.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 215–254; reprinted as Ch. 1 of her 2008, pp. 27–68. (Scholar)
• –––, 2008, The Constitution of Agency: Essays on Practical Reason and Moral Psychology, New York: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Lenczewska, O., 2021, “Becoming Pluralists: Kant on the Normative Features of Pluralistic Thinking,” Kant Yearbook, 13(1): 107–28. (Scholar)
• Łuków, P., 1993, “The Fact of Reason: Kant’s Passage to Ordinary Moral Knowledge,” Kant-Studien, 84(2): 204–221. (Scholar)
• MacIntyre, A., 1988, Whose Justice? Which Rationality?, London: Duckworth. (Scholar)
• Mikalsen, K. K., 2010, “Testimony and Kant’s Idea of Public Reason,” Res Publica, 16(1): 23–40. (Scholar)
• Møller, S., 2020, Kant’s Tribunal of Reason: Legal Metaphor and Normativity in the Critique of Pure Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Mudd, S., 2016, “Rethinking the Priority of Practical Reason in Kant,” European Journal of Philosophy, 24(1): 78–102. (Scholar)
• –––, 2017, “The Demand for Systematicity and the Authority of Theoretical Reason in Kant,” Kantian Review, 22(1): 81–106. (Scholar)
• Neiman, S., 1994, The Unity of Reason: Rereading Kant, New York: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Newton, A., 2017, “The Analytic Proposition Underlying Kantian Hypothetical Imperatives,” Kant-Studien, 108(4): 543–67. (Scholar)
• Nuzzo, A., 2005, Kant and the Unity of Reason, West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press. (Scholar)
• O’Neill, O., 1984, “Transcendental Synthesis and Developmental Psychology,” Kant-Studien, 75(2): 149–167. (Scholar)
• –––, 1989, Constructions of Reason, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1990, “Enlightenment as Autonomy: Kant’s Vindication of Reason,” in The Enlightenment and its Shadows, P. Hulme & L. Jordanova (eds.), London: Routledge, pp. 184–199. (Scholar)
• –––, 1992, “Vindicating Reason,” in The Cambridge Companion to Kant, P. Guyer (ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 280–308; reprinted as Ch. 1 of O’Neill 2015. (Scholar)
• –––, 1996, Towards Justice and Virtue, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2000, “Four Models of Practical Reason,” in her Bounds of Justice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 11–28; German version, 1994, “Vier Modelle praktischer Vernunft,” in Vernunftbegriffe in der Moderne, H. F. Fulda & R. Horstmann (eds.), Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, pp. 586–606. (Scholar)
• –––, 2002, “Autonomy and the Fact of Reason in the Kritik der praktischen Vernunft, 30–41,” in Immanuel Kant, Kritik der praktischen Vernunft, O. Höffe (ed.), Berlin: Akademie Verlag, pp. 81–97. (Scholar)
• –––, 2004, “Kant: Rationality as Practical Reason,” in The Oxford Handbook of Rationality, A. Mele & P. Rawling (eds.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 93–109; reprinted as Ch. 2 of O’Neill 2015. (Scholar)
• –––, 2015, Constructing Authorities: Reason, Politics and Interpretation in Kant’s Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Patrone, T., 2008, How Kant’s Conception of Reason Implies a Liberal Politics: An Interpretation of the “Doctrine of Right”, Lewiston NY: Edwin Mellen Press. (Scholar)
• Pollok, K., 2017, Kant’s Theory of Normativity: Exploring the Space of Reason, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Prauss, G., 1981, “Kants Problem der Einheit theoretischer und praktischer Vernunft,” Kant-Studien, 72(3): 286–303. (Scholar)
• Rauscher, F., 1998, “Kant’s Two Priorities of Practical Reason,” British Journal for the History of Philosophy, 6(3): 397–419. (Scholar)
• Reath, A., 1988, “Two Conceptions of the Highest Good in Kant,” Journal of the History of Philosophy, 26(4): 593–619. (Scholar)
• –––, 2013, “Formal Approaches to Kant’s Formula of Humanity,” in Kant on Practical Justification: Interpretive Essays, S. Baiasu & M. Timmons (eds.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 201–228. (Scholar)
• Rescher, N., 2000, Kant and the Reach of Reason: Studies in Kant’s Theory of Rational Systemization, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Ripstein, A., 2021, Kant and the Law of War, New York: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Ruffing, M., 2015, “Kants ‘Stimme der Vernunft’—Analyse einer unauffälligen Metapher,” in Kant and the Metaphors of Reason, P. Kauark-Leite, G. Cecchinato, V. de Araujo Figuereido, M. Ruffing & A. Serra (eds.), Hildesheim: Olms, pp. 195–204. (Scholar)
• Russell, F., 2020, “Kantian Self-Conceit and the Two Guises of Authority,” Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 50(2): 268–83. (Scholar)
• Saner, H., 1967/73, Kant’s Political Thought: Its Origins and Development, E. Ashton (trans.), Chicago: Chicago University Press. (Scholar)
• Schadow, S., 2022, “Acting for a Reason. What Kant’s Concept of Maxims Can Tell Us about Value, Human Action, and Practical Identity,” in Kant’s Theory of Value, C. Horn & R. Dos Santos (eds.), Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 65–88. (Scholar)
• Sticker, M., 2021, Rationalizing (Vernünfteln). Elements in the Philosophy of Immanuel Kant, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108625661 (Scholar)
• Stoddard, E., 1988, “Reason on Trial: Legal Metaphors in the Critique of Pure Reason,” Philosophy and Literature, 12(2): 245–260. (Scholar)
• Timmermann, J., 2009, “The Unity of Reason: Kantian Perspectives,” in Spheres of Reason, S. Robertson (ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 183–198. (Scholar)
• –––, 2010, “Reversal or retreat? Kant’s Deductions of Freedom and Morality,” in Kant’s Critique of Practical Reason: A Critical Guide, A. Reath & J. Timmermann (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 73–89. (Scholar)
• Velkley, R., 1989, Freedom and the Ends of Reason: On the Moral Foundations of Kant’s Critical Philosophy, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Scholar)
• Walker, R., 1989, The Coherence Theory of Truth: Realism, Anti-Realism, Idealism, London: Routledge. (Scholar)
• Wartenberg, T., 1992, “Reason and the Practice of Science,” in The Cambridge Companion to Kant, P. Guyer (ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 228–248. (Scholar)
• Westphal, K., 2011, “Kant’s Moral Constructivism and Rational Justification,” in Politics and Metaphysics in Kant, S. Baiasu, S. Pihlström & H. Williams (eds.), Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp. 28–46. (Scholar)
• Willaschek, M., 2010, “The Primacy of Practical Reason and the Idea of a Practical Postulate,” in Kant’s Critique of Practical Reason: A Critical Guide, A. Reath & J. Timmermann (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 168–196. (Scholar)
• Wood, A., 1970, Kant’s Moral Religion, Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1992, Review of Onora O’Neill, Constructions of Reason, Philosophical Review, 101(3): 647–650. (Scholar)
• Ypi, L., 2021, The Architectonic of Reason: Purposiveness and Systematic Unity in Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)