Selected Primary Texts

Selected Primary Texts in Translation

Selected General Studies and Collections

• Adams, Robert, 1994. Leibniz: Determinist, Theist, Idealist, New York: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Antognazza, Maria Rosa, ed. 1975. The Oxford Handbook of Leibniz, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Arthur, Richard T. W., 2021. Leibniz on Time, Space, and Relativity, New York: Oxford University Press. (Scholar) (Scholar)
• –––, 2018. Monads, Composition, and Force: Ariadnean Threads Through Leibniz’s Labyrinth, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Arthur, Richard, et al. 2023. Leibniz: Publications on Natural Philosophy, New York: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Broad, C. D., 1975. Leibniz: An Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Costabel, P., 1973. Leibniz and Dynamics, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. (Scholar)
• Cover, J. A. and John O’Leary-Hawthorne, 1999. Substance and Individuation in Leibniz, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Garber, Daniel, 2009. Leibniz: Body, Substance, Monad, New York: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1995. “Leibniz: Physics and Philosophy” in Nicholas Jolley, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Leibniz, New York: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Gueroult, M., 1967. Leibniz: Dynamique et Métaphysique, Paris: Aubier-Montaigne. (Scholar)
• Hannequin, A., 1908. La première philosophie de Leibnitz, in Hannequin, Etudes d’histoire des sciences et d’histoire de la philosophie, Paris: Alcan. (Scholar)
• Hartz, Glenn, 2006. Leibniz’s Final System, New York: Routledge. (Scholar)
• Hooker, M., ed. 1982. Leibniz: Critical and Interpretive Essays, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. (Scholar)
• Janiak, Andrew, 2008. Newton as Philosopher, New York: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Jolley, N., 1995. Cambridge Companion to Leibniz, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• McDonough, Jeffrey K., 2022. A Miracle Creed: The Principle of Optimality in Leibniz’s Physics and Philosophy, New York: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Mercer, C., 2001. Leibniz’s Metaphysics: Its Origins and Development, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Nelson, Alan, 2005. The Blackwell Companion to Rationalism, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd. (Scholar)
• Okruhlik, Kathleen and J. R. Brown, 1995. The Natural Philosophy of Leibniz, Dordrecht: Reidel. (Scholar)
• Russell, B., 1937. A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz, Allen and Unwin, 2^nd edition. (Scholar)
• Rutherford, Donald, 1995. Leibniz and the Rational Order of Nature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Sleigh, R. C., Jr., 1990. Leibniz and Arnauld: A Commentary on Their Correspondence, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. (Scholar)

Leibniz’s Life and Works

• Aiton, Eric, J., 1985. Leibniz: A Biography, Bristol: Adam Hilger. (Scholar)
• Antognazza, Maria Rosa, 2009. Leibniz: An Intellectual Biography, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Ariew, Roger, 1998. “G. W. Leibniz, life and works,” in Nicholas Jolley, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Leibniz, New York: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Guhrauer, G. E., 1966 [1842]. Gottfried Wilhelm Freiherr von Leibniz: Eine Biographie, 2 volumes; reprinted, Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1966.
• Jolley, Nicholas, 2005. Leibniz, New York: Routledge, Chapter 1. (Scholar)
• Mates, Benson, 1986. The Philosophy of Leibniz: Metaphysics and Language, Oxford: Oxford University Press, Chapter 1. (Scholar)

Leibniz’s Early Physics

• Bassler, Otto, 2002. “Motion and Mind in the Balance: The Transformation of Leibniz’s Early Philosophy,” Studia Leibnitiana, 34(2): 221–231. (Scholar)
• –––, 1998. “The Leibnizian Continuum in 1671,” Studia Leibnitiana, 30(1): 1–23. (Scholar)
• Beeley, Philip, 1999. “Mathematics and Nature in Leibniz’s Early Philosophy,” in Stuart Brown, ed., The Young Leibniz and His Philosophy (1646–76), 123–145. (Scholar)
• –––, 1996. Kontinuität und Mechanismus. Zur Philsophie des jungen Leibniz in ihrem ideengeschichtlichen Kontex (Studia Leibnitiana Supplementa XXX), Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 119–136. (Scholar)
• Bernstein, Howard, 1980. “’Conatus’, Hobbes and the Young Leibniz,” Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science, 11: 25–37. (Scholar)
• Bevaval, Yvon, 1976. “Premières Animadversions sur les ‘Principes’ de Descartes,” reprinted in Études leibniziennes, Paris: Editions Gallimard, 57–85. (Scholar)
• Brown, Stuart, 1999. “Leibniz’s Formative Years (1646–76)” in Stuart Brown, ed., The Young Leibniz and His Philosophy (1646–76), 1–18. (Scholar)
• Capek, Milic, 1966. “Leibniz’s Thought Prior to the Year 1670, From Atomism to a Geometrical Kinetism,” Revue Internationale de Philosophie, 20: 249–256. (Scholar)
• –––, 1973. “Leibniz on Matter and Memory,” in I. Leclerc (ed.), The Philosophy of Leibniz and the Modern World, Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 78–113. (Scholar)
• Duchesneau, François, 1985. “The Problem of Indiscernibles in Leibniz’s 1671 Mechanics,” in K. Okruhlik and J. R. Brown (eds.), The Natural Philosophy of Leibniz, Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 7–26. (Scholar)
• Garber, Daniel, 1982. “Motion and Metaphysics in the Young Leibniz,” in Michael Hooker (ed.), Leibniz: Critical and Interpretive Essays, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 160–184. (Scholar)
• Kabitz, Willy, 1909. Die Philosophie des jungen Leibniz, Heidelberg: C. Winter. (Scholar)
• Kulstad, Mark, Mogens Laerke and David Snyder (eds.), 2009. The Philosophy of the Young Leibniz, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. (Scholar)
• Mercer, Christia, 1999. “The Young Leibniz and His Teachers,” in Stuart Brown (ed.), The Young Leibniz and His Philosophy (1646–76), Dordrecht: Springer, 19–40. (Scholar)
• –––, 2004. “Leibniz and His Master: The Correspondence with Jakob Thomasius,” in Paul Lodge, ed., Leibniz and His Correspondents, New York: Cambridge University Press, 10–46. (Scholar)
• Rutherford, Donald, 1996. “Demonstration and Reconciliation: The Eclipse of the Geometrical Method in Leibniz’s Philosophy,” in R. Woolhouse (ed.), Leibniz’s ‘New System’ (1695), Florence: Olschki, 181–201. (Scholar)
• White, Michael, 1992. “The Foundations of the Calculus and the Conceptual Analysis of Motion: The Case of the Early Leibniz (1670–1676),” Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 73(3): 283–313. (Scholar)
• Wilson, Catherine, 1990. “Atom, Minds, and Vortices in De Summa Rerum: Leibniz vis-à-vis Hobbes and Spinoza,” in Stuart Brown, ed., The Young Leibniz and his Philosophy, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 223–243. (Scholar)
• –––, 1982. “Leibniz and Atomism,” Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science, 13(3): 175–99. (Scholar)
• Woolhouse, R. S., 2000. “Leibniz’s Collision Rules for Inertialess Bodies Indifferent to Motion,” History of Philosophy Quarterly, 17(2): 143–157. (Scholar)

Leibniz on Matter

• Arthur, Richard, 2003. “The Enigma of Leibniz’s Atomism,” Oxford Studies in Early Modern Philosophy, 1: 183–228. (Scholar)
• Capek, Milic, 1966. “Leibniz’s Thought Prior to the Year 1670, From Atomism to a Geometrical Kineticism,” Revue International de Philosophie, 20: 249–256. (Scholar)
• –––, 1973. “Leibniz on Matter and Memory,” in The Philosophy of Leibniz and the Modern World, Ivor Leclerc (ed.), Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 78–113. (Scholar)
• Crockett, Timothy, 2009. “The Fluid Plenum: Leibniz on Surfaces and the Individuation of Body,” British Journal for the History of Philosophy, 17(4): 735–767. (Scholar)
• –––, 2005. “Leibniz on Shape and the Cartesian Conception of Body,” in Alan Nelson, ed., The Blackwell Companion to Rationalism, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd. (Scholar)
• Duncan, Stewart, 2012. “Toland, Leibniz, and Active Matter,” in Oxford Studies in Early Modern Philosophy, 6: 249–78. (Scholar)
• –––, 2010. “Leibniz on Hobbes’s Materialism.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science (Part A), 41(1): 11–18. (Scholar)
• Garber, Daniel, 2004. “Leibniz on Body, Matter and Extension,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society (Supplement), 78: 23–40. (Scholar)
• –––, 1985. “Leibniz and the Foundations of Physics: The Middle Years,” in The Natural Philosophy of Leibniz, K. Okruhlik and J. R. Brown (eds.), Dordrecht: Reidel, 27–130. (Scholar)
• Garber, Daniel, et al., 1998. “New Doctrines of Body and its Powers, Place, and Space,” in Michael Ayers and Daniel Garber, eds., The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy: Two Volumes, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Hartz, Glenn. 1984. “Launching a Materialist Ontology: The Leibnizian Way,” History of Philosophy Quarterly, 1: 315–332. (Scholar)
• Holden, Thomas, 2004. The Architecture of Matter: Galileo to Kant, Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Scholar)
• Levey, Samuel, 2004. “Leibniz on Precise Shapes and the Corporeal World,” in Donald Rutherford and J. A. Cover (eds.), Leibniz: Nature and Freedom, New York: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2002. “Leibniz and the Soreities,” Leibniz Review, 12: 25–49. (Scholar)
• –––, 1999. “Matter and Two Concepts of Continuity in Leibniz,” Philosophical Studies, 94(1–2): 81–118. (Scholar)
• –––, 1998. “Leibniz on Mathematics and the Actual Infinite Division of Matter,” Philosophical Review, 107(1): 49–96. (Scholar)
• Lodge, Paul, 2002. “Leibniz on Divisibility, Aggregates, and Cartesian Bodies,” Studia Leibnitiana, 34(1): 59–80. (Scholar)
• –––, 2001. “Leibniz’s Notion of an Aggregate,” British Journal of Philosophy, 9(3): 467–486. (Scholar)
• –––, 1998. “Leibniz’s Heterogeneity Argument Against the Cartesian Conception of Body,” Studia Leibnitiana, 30(1): 83–102. (Scholar)
• –––, 1997. “Force and the Nature of Body in Discourse on Metaphysics Paragraph 17–18,” Leibniz Society Review, 7: 116–124. (Scholar)
• McDonough, Jeffrey K. 2016. “Leibniz and the Foundations of Physics: The Later Years” The Philosophical Review 125(1): 1–34. (Scholar)
• Miller, Richard, 1988. “Leibniz on the Interaction of Bodies,” History of Philosophy Quarterly, 5: 245–255. (Scholar)
• Phemister, Pauline, 2005. Leibniz and the Natural World: Activity, Passivity, and Corporeal Substances in Leibniz’s Philosophy, Dordrecht: Springer. (Scholar)
• Repo, Arto and Valtteri Viljanen (eds.), 2009. “Leibniz on Force, Activity, and Passivity,” in The World as Active Power: Studies in the History of European Reason, Juhani Pietarinen & Valtteri Viljanen (eds.), Leiden: Brill. (Scholar)
• Smith, Justin, E. H. 2004. “Christian Platonism and the Metaphysics of Body in Leibniz,” British Journal for the History of Philosophy, 12(1): 43–59. (Scholar)

Leibniz’s Dynamics

• Bernstein, Howard, 1981. “Passivity and Inertia in Leibniz’s ‘Dynamics’,” Studia Leibnitiana, 13: 97–113. (Scholar)
• Bertoloni Meli, Domenico, 1993. Equivalence and Priority: Newton versus Leibniz, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Costabel, P., 1973. Leibniz and Dynamics, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. (Scholar)
• Cover, J. A. and Glenn Hartz, 1994. “Are Leibnizian Monads Spatial?” History of Philosophy Quarterly, 11(3): 295–316. (Scholar)
• Duchesneau, François, 2023. Leibniz’s Dynamics: Origin and Structure of a New Science (Studia Leibnitiana: Volume 58), Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. (Scholar)
• –––, 1994. La Dynamique de Leibniz, Paris: Vrin. (Scholar)
• Gabby, Alan, 1971. “Force and Inertia in Seventeenth-Century Dynamics,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 2: 1–68. (Scholar)
• Gale, George, 1988. “The Concept of ‘Force’ and Its Role in the Genesis of Leibniz’s Dynamical Viewpoint,” Journal of the History of Philosophy, 26: 45–67. (Scholar)
• –––, 1973. “Leibniz’s Dynamical Metaphysics and the Origins of the Vis Viva Controversy,” Systematics, 11: 184–207. (Scholar)
• Garber, Daniel, 1985. “Leibniz and the Foundations of Physics: The Middle Years,” in Kathleen Okruhlik, ed., The Natural Philosophy of Leibniz, Dordrecht: Reidel, 27–130. (Scholar)
• –––, 2005. “Leibniz and Idealism,” in Donald Rutherford and J. A. Cover (eds.), Leibniz: Nature and Freedom, New York: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Iltis, C., 1974. “Leibniz’ Concept of Force: Physics and Metaphysics,” (Studia Leibnitiana Supplement XIII, Band II), Weisbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 143–149. (Scholar)
• –––, 1979. “Leibniz and the Vis Viva Controversy,” Isis, 62: 21–35. (Scholar)
• Jolley, Nicholas, 1986. “Leibniz and Phenomenalism,” Studia Leibnitiana, 18: 38–51. (Scholar)
• Jorati, Julia, 2019. “Leibniz’s Ontology of Force,” Oxford Studies in Early Modern Philosophy, 8: 189–224. (Scholar)
• Laudan, L., 1968. “A Postmortem on the Vis Viva Controversy,” Isis, 59: 296–300. (Scholar)
• McDonough, Jeffrey K., 2016. “Leibniz and the Foundations of Physics: The Later Years,” The Philosophical Review, 125(1): 1–34. (Scholar)
• Rutherford, Donald, 1998. Leibniz and the Rational Order of Nature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Rutherford, Donald, 1992. “Leibniz’s Principle of Intelligibility,” History of Philosophy Quarterly, 9(1): 35–49. (Scholar)
• –––, 1990a. “Leibniz’s ‘Analysis of Multitude and Phenomena into Unities and Reality’,” Journal of the History of Philosophy, 28: 525–552. (Scholar)
• –––, 1990b. “Phenomenalism and the Reality of Body in Leibniz’s Later Philosophy,” Studia Leibnitiana, 22: 11–28. (Scholar)
• Westfall, Richard, 1971. Force in Newton’s Physics: The Science of Dynamics in the Seventeenth Century, New York: Elsevier. (Scholar)

Leibniz on The Laws of Motion

• Arthur, Richard R.T.W., 2015. “Newton and Leibniz on the Relativity of Motion,” in The Oxford Handbook of Newton, Eric Schliesser and Chris Smeenk (eds.), Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Bernstein, Howard, 1984. “Leibniz and Huygens on the ‘Relativity’ of Motion.” Studia Leibnitiana, 13: 97–113. (Scholar)
• Brown, Gregory, 1992. “Is There a Pre-Established Harmony of Aggregates in the Leibnizian Dynamics, or Do Non-Substantial Bodies Interact?” Journal of the History of Philosophy, 30(1): 53–75. (Scholar)
• Crockett, Timothy, 1999. “Continuity in Leibniz’s Mature Metaphysics,” Philosophical Studies, 94(1–2): 119–138. (Scholar)
• Dong, Hao, 2024. “Law and Physics in Leibniz,” Journal of the History of Philosophy, 62(1): 49–73. (Scholar)
• Gabbey, Alan, 2003. “New Doctrines of Motion,” in Michael Ayers and Daniel Garber (eds.), The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy, 2 volumes, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Garber, Daniel, 1983. “Mind, Body, and the Laws of Nature in Descartes and Leibniz,” Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 8: 105–134. (Scholar)
• Hacking, Ian, 1985. “Why Motion is Only a Well-founded Phenomenon,” in Kathleen Okruhlik, ed., The Natural Philosophy of Leibniz, Dordrecht: Reidel. (Scholar)
• Jauernig, Anja, 2009. “Leibniz on Motion – Reply to Edward Slowik,” The Leibniz Review, 19: 139–147. (Scholar)
• –––, 2008. “Leibniz on Motion and the Equivalence of Hypotheses,” The Leibniz Review, 18: 1–40. (Scholar)
• Levey, Samuel, 2003. “The Interval of Motion in Leibniz’s Pacidius Philalethi,” Noûs, 37(3): 371–416. (Scholar)
• Lodge, Paul, 2003. “Leibniz on Relativity and the Motion of Bodies,” Philosophical Topics, 31(1–2): 277–308. (Scholar)
• Puryear, Stephen, 2012. “Motion in Leibniz’s Middle Years: A Compatibilist Approach,” in Oxford Studies in Early Modern Philosophy, Daniel Garber and Donald Rutherford (eds.), New York: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Roberts, John, 2003. “Leibniz on Force and Absolute Motion,” Philosophy of Science, 70(3): 553–573. (Scholar)
• Rutherford, Donald, 1993. “Natures, Laws and Miracles: The Roots of Leibniz’s Critique of Occasionalism,” in Steven Nadler, ed., Causation in Early Modern Philosophy, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. (Scholar)
• Slowik, Edward, 2009. “Another Go-Around on Leibniz and Rotation.” The Leibniz Review, 19: 131–137. (Scholar)
• Stein, H., 1977. “Some Philosophical Prehistory of General Relativity,” in J. Earman, C. Glymour, and J. Stachel (eds.), Foundations of Space-Time Theories (Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science: Volume VIII), Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 3–49. (Scholar)
• Tho, Tzuchien, 2019. “The Immanent Contingency of Physical Laws in Leibniz’s Dynamics,” in Rodolfo Garau and Pietro Omodeo (eds.), Contingency and Natural Order in Early Modern Science, Cham: Springer Verlag, 289–316. (Scholar)
• Woolhouse, R. S., 2000. “Leibniz’s Collision Rules for Inertialess Bodies Indifferent to Motion,” History of Philosophy Quarterly, 17(2): 143–157. (Scholar)

Leibniz on Space & Time

• Arthur, Richard T. W., 2021. Leibniz on Time, Space, and Relativity, New York: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1994. “Space and Relativity in Newton and Leibniz,” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 45(1): 219–240. (Scholar)
• –––, 1985. “Leibniz’s Theory of Time,” in Okruhlik and Brown (eds.), The Natural Philosophy of Leibniz, Dordrecht: Reidel, 263–313. (Scholar)
• –––, 2013. “Leibniz’s Theory of Space,” Foundations of Science, 18(3): 499–528. (Scholar)
• Broad, C. D., 1981. “Leibniz’s Last Controversy with the Newtonians,” in R.S. Woolhouse, ed., Leibniz: Metaphysics and Philosophy of Science, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 157–174. (Scholar)
• Cover, J. A., 1997. “Non-Basic Time and Reductive Strategies: Leibniz’s Theory of Time,” Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science, 28(2): 289–318. (Scholar)
• Earman, John, 1989. World Enough and Space-Time: Absolute Versus Relational Theories of Space and Time, Cambridge, MA: MIT Bradford Books. (Scholar)
• Fox, Michael, 1970. “Leibniz’s Metaphysics of Space and Time,” Studia Leibnitiana, 2: 29–55. (Scholar)
• Futch, Michael, 2008. Leibniz’s Metaphysics of Time and Space, Boston, MA: Springer Science and Business Media B.V. (Scholar)
• –––, 2002a. “Leibniz’s Non-Tensed Theory of Time,” International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 16(2): 125–139. (Scholar)
• –––, 2002b. “Supervenience and (Non-Modal) Reductionism in Leibniz’s Philosophy of Time,” Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science, 33(4): 793–810. (Scholar)
• Garber, Daniel, et al., 1998. “New Doctrines of Body and Its Powers, Place, and Space,” in Michael Ayers and Daniel Garber, eds., The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy, Two Volumes, New York: Cambridge University Press, 553–623. (Scholar)
• Grant, Edward, 1981. Much Ado About Nothing: Theories of Space and Vacuum from the Middle Ages to the Scientific Revolution, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Hartz, Glenn and J. A. Cover, 1988. “Space and Time in the Leibnizian Metaphysic,” Noûs, 22: 493–519. (Scholar)
• Khamara, Edward, 1993. “Leibniz’s Theory of Space: A Reconstruction,” Philosophical Quarterly, 43: 472–488. (Scholar)
• –––, 1988. “Indiscernibles and the Absolute Theory of Space and Time,” Studia Leibnitiana, 20: 140–159. (Scholar)
• McRae, Robert, 1979. “Time and the Monad,” Nature and System, 1: 103–109. (Scholar)
• Nerlich, Graham, 1991. “How Euclidean Geometry Has Misled Metaphysics,” Journal of Philosophy, 88(4): 169–189. (Scholar)
• Risi, Vincenzo de, 2007. Geometry and Monadology: Leibniz’s Analysis Situs and Philosophy of Space, Basel: Birkhäuser. (Scholar)
• Rynasiewicz, Robert, 1995a. “By Their Properties, Causes and Effects: Newton’s Scholium on Time, Space, Place and Motion – I. The Text,” Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science, 26(1): 133–153. (Scholar)
• –––, 1995b. “By Their Properties, Causes and Effects: Newton’s Scholium on Time, Space, Place and Motion – II. The Context,” Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science, 26(2): 295–321. (Scholar)
• Sklar, Lawrence, 1974. Space, Time and Spacetime, Berkeley: University of California Press. (Scholar)
• Vailati, Ezio, 1993. “Clarke’s Extended Soul,” Journal of the History of Philosophy, 31(3): 387–403. (Scholar)
• –––, 1997. Leibniz and Clarke: A Study of Their Correspondence, New York: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Winterbourne, A. T., 1982. “On the Metaphysics of Leibnizian Space and Time,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 13: 201–214. (Scholar)