Introductory works

• Feinberg, J., 1973, Social Philosophy, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, ch. 1 [article-length general introduction]. (Scholar)
• Flickschuh, K., 2007, Freedom. Contemporary Liberal Perspectives, Cambridge: Polity [introduction to Berlin and MacCallum together with analysis of the conceptions of freedom of Nozick, Steiner, Dworkin and Raz]. (Scholar)
• Carter, I., Kramer, M. H. and Steiner, H. (eds.), 2007, Freedom: A Philosophical Anthology, Oxford: Blackwell [large number of excerpts from all the major contemporary contributions to the interpretation of freedom, with editorial introductions. The first of its nine sections is specifically on positive vs negative liberty]. (Scholar)
• Gray, T., 1991, Freedom, London: Macmillan [comprehensive book-length introduction]. (Scholar)
• Kukathas, C., 1993, Liberty, in R. Goodin and P. Pettit (eds.), A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy, Oxford: Blackwell [article-length general introduction]. (Scholar)
• Pelczynski, Z. and Gray, J. (eds.), 1984, Conceptions of Liberty in Political Philosophy, London: Athlone Press [collection of essays on single authors, mostly historical]. (Scholar)
• Miller, D. (ed.), 2006, The Liberty Reader, Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers. Reprinted, New York: Routledge 2016 [representative anthology of contemporary essays, including Berlin and his critics, with editorial introduction and a guide to further reading]. (Scholar)
• Plant, R., 1991, Modern Political Thought, Oxford: Blackwell, ch 1 [article-length general introduction]. (Scholar)
• Schmidtz, D. and Pavel, C. E. (eds), 2018, The Oxford Handbook of Freedom, New York: Oxford University Press [collection of essays by major contemporary authors, both conceptual and historical, and relating freedom to other political concepts such as rule of law, self-ownership, equality, exploitation, and democracy]. (Scholar)

Other works

• Arneson, R. J., 1985, ‘Freedom and Desire’, Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 3: 425–48. (Scholar)
• Baum, B. and Nichols, R. (eds.), 2013, Isaiah Berlin and the Politics of Freedom. “Two Concepts of Liberty” 50 Years Later, London: Routledge. (Scholar)
• Bader, R., 2018, ‘Moralized Conceptions of Liberty’, in Schmidtz and Pavel 2018: 59–75. (Scholar)
• Bavetta, S., 2004, ‘Measuring Freedom of Choice: An Alternative View of a Recent Literature’, Social Choice and Welfare, 22: 29–48. (Scholar)
• Bavetta, S. and Navarra, P., 2012, The Economics of Freedom. Theory, Measurement, and Policy Implications, New York: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Bavetta, S., Navarra, P. and Maimone, D., 2014, Freedom and the Pursuit of Happiness. An Economic and Political Perspective, New York: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Berlin, I., 1969, ‘Two Concepts of Liberty’, in I. Berlin, Four Essays on Liberty, London: Oxford University Press: 118–72. New ed. in Berlin 2002: 166–217. (Scholar)
• –––, 1978, ‘From Hope and Fear Set Free’, in I. Berlin, Concepts and Categories. Philosophical Essays, ed. H. Hardy, London: Hogarth Press; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980: 173–98. Reprinted in Berlin 2002: 252–79. (Scholar)
• –––, 2002, Liberty, ed. H. Hardy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. (Scholar)
• Bobbio, N., 1955, ‘La libertà dei moderni comparata a quella dei posteri’, in N. Bobbio, Politica e cultura, Turin: Einaudi: 160–94. (Scholar)
• Bosanquet, B., 1899, The Philosophical Theory of the State, London: Macmillan. (Scholar)
• Breen, K. and McBride, C. (eds.), 2015, ‘Freedom and Domination: Exploring Republican Freedom’, Special Issue of Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 18: 349–485. Reprinted as Exploring Republican Freedom. Freedom and Domination, London: Routledge, 2018. (Scholar)
• Bruin, B. de, 2009, ‘Liberal and Republican Freedom’, Journal of Political Philosophy, 17: 418–39. (Scholar)
• Carter, I., 1999, A Measure of Freedom, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2007, ‘Social Power and Negative Freedom’, Homo Oeconomicus, 24: 187–229, reprinted in M. J. Holler and H. Nurmi (eds), Power, Voting, and Voting Power: 30 Years After, Berlin: Springer, 2013. (Scholar)
• –––, 2008, ‘How are Power and Unfreedom Related?’, in Laborde and Maynor 2008, pp. 58–82. (Scholar)
• –––, 2011a, ‘Respect and the Basis of Equality’, Ethics, 121: 538–71. (Scholar)
• –––, 2011b, ‘The Myth of “Merely Formal Freedom”’, Journal of Political Philosophy, 19: 486–95, reprinted in S. Cahn and R. B. Talisse (eds.), Political Philosophy in the Twenty-first Century. Essential Essays, Boulder CO.: Westview Press, 2013: 169–78. (Scholar)
• –––, 2015, ‘Value-freeness and Value-neutrality in the Analysis of Political Concepts’, in D. Sobel, P. Vallentyne and S. Wall (eds.), Oxford Studies in Political Philosophy (Volume 1): 279–305. (Scholar)
• Carter, I. and Kramer, M. H., 2008, ‘How Changes in One’s Preferences Can Affect One’s Freedom (and How They Cannot): A Reply to Dowding and van Hees’, Economics and Philosophy, 2008, 24: 81–96. (Scholar)
• Carter, I. and Shnayderman, R., 2019, ‘The Impossibility of “Freedom as Independence”’, Political Science Review, 17: 136–46. (Scholar)
• Carter, I. and Steiner, H., forthcoming, ‘Freedom Without Trimmings: The Perils of Trivalence’, in V. A. J. Kurki and M. McBride (eds), Without Trimmings. The Legal, Moral, and Political Philosophy of Matthew Kramer, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Christman, J., 1991, ‘Liberalism and Individual Positive Freedom’, Ethics, 101: 343–59. (Scholar)
• –––, 2005, ‘Saving Positive Freedom’, Political Theory, 33: 79–88; revised version entitled ‘Can Positive Freedom Be Saved?’, in S. Cahn and R. B. Talisse (eds.), Political Philosophy in the Twenty-first Century. Essential Essays, Boulder CO.: Westview Press, 2013: 155–68. (Scholar)
• –––, 2009, The Politics of Persons. Individual Autonomy and Socio-historical Selves, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2013, ‘Freedom, Autonomy, and Social Selves’, in Baum and Nichols 2013: 87–101. (Scholar)
• –––, 2017, ‘Analyzing Freedom from the Shadows of Slavery’, Journal of Global Slavery, 2: 162–84. (Scholar)
• –––, 2021 (ed.), Positive Liberty. Past, Present, and Future, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Christman, J. (ed.), 1989, The Inner Citadel: Essays on Individual Autonomy, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Cohen, G. A., 1988, History, Labour and Freedom: Themes from Marx, Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1995, Self-Ownership, Freedom and Equality, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2006, Capitalism, Freedom and the Proletariat, in Miller 2006: 163–82. (Scholar)
• –––, 2011, ‘Freedom and Money’, in G. A. Cohen, On the Currency of Egalitarian Justice and Other Essays in Political Philosophy, ed. M. Otsuka, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 166–199. (Scholar)
• Cohen, M., 1960, ‘Berlin and the Liberal Tradition’, Philosophical Quarterly, 10, pp. 216–27. (Scholar)
• Coole, D., 2013, ‘From Rationalism to Micro-power: Freedom and Its Enemies’, in Baum and Nichols 2013: 199–215. (Scholar)
• Côté, N., 2020, ‘Weakness of the Will and the Measurement of Freedom’, Ethics, 130: 384–414. (Scholar)
• Crocker, L., 1980, Positive Liberty, London: Nijhoff. (Scholar)
• Day, J. P., 1970, ‘On Liberty and the Real Will’, Philosophy, 45: 177–92, reprinted in Day 1987. (Scholar)
• –––, 1987, Liberty and Justice, London: Croom Helm. (Scholar)
• De Wispelaere, J. and Casassas, D., 2014, ‘A Life of One’s Own: Republican Freedom and Disability’, Disability and Society, 29: 402–16. (Scholar)
• Dimova-Cookson, M., 2003, ‘A New Scheme of Positive and Negative Freedom: Reconstructing T. H. Green on Freedom’, Political Theory, 31: 508–32. (Scholar)
• Dimova-Cookson, M., 2020, Rethinking Positive and Negative Liberty, London: Routledge. (Scholar)
• Dowding, K. and van Hees, M., 2007, ‘Counterfactual Success and Negative Freedom’, Economics and Philosophy, 23: 141–162. (Scholar)
• Dworkin, G., 1988, The Theory and Practice of Autonomy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Dworkin, R., 1977, Taking Rights Seriously, London: Duckworth. (Scholar)
• –––, 2011, Justice for Hedgehogs, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• Flathman, R., 1987, The Philosophy and Politics of Freedom, Chicago: Chicago University Press. (Scholar)
• Garnett, M., 2007, ‘Ignorance, Incompetence and the Concept of Liberty’, Journal of Political Philosophy, 15: 428–46. (Scholar)
• –––, 2016, ‘Value-neutrality and the Ranking of Opportunity Sets’, Economics and Philosophy, 32: 99–119. (Scholar)
• –––, 2018, ‘Coercion: The Wrong and the Bad’, Ethics, 128: 545–73. (Scholar)
• –––, forthcoming, ‘Prevention, Coercion, and Two Concepts of Negative Liberty ’, in V. A. J. Kurki and M. McBride (eds), Without Trimmings. The Legal, Moral, and Political Philosophy of Matthew Kramer, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Gibbs, B., 1976, Freedom and Liberation, London: Chatto and Windus. (Scholar)
• Goodin, R. E. and Jackson, F., 2007, ‘Freedom from Fear’, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 35: 249–65 (Scholar)
• Gorr, M., 1989, Coercion, Freedom and Exploitation, New York: Peter Lang. (Scholar)
• Gould, C. C. 2013, ‘Retrieving Positive Freedom and Why It Matters’, in Baum and Nichols 2013: 102–113. (Scholar)
• ––– 2021, ‘Reframing Democracy with Positive Freedom: The Power of Liberty Reconsidered’, in Christman 2021: 141–54. (Scholar)
• Grant, C., 2013, ‘Freedom and Oppression’, Politics, Philosophy and Economics, 12: 413–25. (Scholar)
• Gray, J., 1980, ‘On Negative and Positive Liberty’, Political Studies, 28: 507–26. (Scholar)
• –––, 1995, Isaiah Berlin, London: HarperCollins. (Scholar)
• Green, T. H., 1895, Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation, London: Longmans, Green. (Scholar)
• Hayek, F. A. von, 1960, The Constitution of Liberty, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. (Scholar)
• –––, 1982, Law, Legislation and Liberty, London: Routledge. (Scholar)
• Hees, M. van, 2000, Legal Reductionism and Freedom, Dordrecht: Kluwer. (Scholar)
• Hindricks, F., 2008, ‘The Freedom of Collective Agents’, Journal of Political Philosophy, 16: 165–83. (Scholar)
• Hirschmann, N. J., 2003, The Subject of Liberty: Toward a Feminist Theory of Freedom, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2013, ‘Berlin, Feminism, and Positive Liberty’, in Baum and Nichols 2013: 185–98. (Scholar)
• –––, 2021, ‘Disability and Positive Liberty’, in Christman 2021: 155–73. (Scholar)
• Honneth, A., 2014, Freedom’s Right. The Social Foundations of Democratic Life, Cambridge, Polity Press. (Scholar)
• Ingham, S. and Lovett, F., 2019, ‘Republican Freedom, Popular Control, and Collective Action’, American Political Science Review, 63: 774–87. (Scholar)
• Kirby, N., 2016, ‘Revising Republican Liberty: What is the Difference Between a Disinterested Gentle Giant and a Deterred Criminal?’, Res Publica, 22, 369–86. (Scholar)
• Kramer, M. H., 2003, The Quality of Freedom, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2008, ‘Liberty and Domination’, in Laborde and Maynor 2008: 31–57. (Scholar)
• Kristjánsson, K., 1996, Social Freedom: The Responsibility View, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Laborde, C. and Maynor, J. (eds.), 2008, Republicanism and Political Theory, Oxford: Blackwell. (Scholar)
• Lang, G., 2012, ‘Invigilating Republican Liberty’, Philosophical Quarterly, 62: 273–93. (Scholar)
• Lovett, F., 2010, A General Theory of Domination and Justice, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2018, ‘Non-Domination’, in Schmidtz and Pavel 2018: 102–123. (Scholar)
• –––, forthcoming, The Well-Ordered Republic, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• List, C. and Valentini, L., 2016, ‘Freedom as Independence’, Ethics, 126: 1043–74. (Scholar)
• MacCallum, G. C. Jr., 1967, ‘Negative and Positive Freedom’, Philosophical Review, 76: 312–34, reprinted in Miller 2006: 100–122. (Scholar)
• Macpherson, C. B., 1973, Berlin’s Division of Liberty, in C. B. Macpherson, Democratic Theory: Essays in Retrieval, Oxford: Clarendon Press: 95–119. (Scholar)
• Mason, A., 1996, ‘Workers Unfreedom and Womens’ Unfreedom: Is there a Significant Analogy?, Political Studies, 44, 75–87. (Scholar)
• Miller, D., 1983, ‘Constraints on Freedom’, Ethics, 94: 66–86. Partial reprint in Miller 2006: 183–99. (Scholar)
• Milne, A. J. M., 1968, Freedom and Rights, London: George Allen and Unwin. (Scholar)
• Moen, L. J. K., forthcoming, ‘Eliminating Terms of Confusion. Resolving the Liberal-Republican Dispute’, Journal of Ethics. (Scholar)
• Morriss, P., 2012, ‘What is Freedom if it is Not Power?’, Theoria, 59: 1–25. (Scholar)
• Nelson, E., 2005, ‘Liberty: One Concept Too Many?’, Political Theory, 33: 58–78. (Scholar)
• Nozick, R., 1974, Anarchy, State and Utopia, New York: Basic Books. (Scholar)
• Nussbaum, M. C., 2006, Frontiers of Justice. Disability, Nationality, Species Membership, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• Nussbaum, M.C. 2001, Creating Capabilities. The Human Development Approach, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• Oppenheim, F. E., 1961, Dimensions of Freedom: An Analysis, New York: St. Martin’s Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1981, Political Concepts: A Reconstruction, Oxford, Blackwell. (Scholar)
• Pansardi, P., 2012, ‘Power and Freedom: Opposite or Equivalent Concepts?’, Theoria, 59: 26–44. (Scholar)
• Pattanaik, P. and Xu, Y., 1990, ‘On Ranking Opportunity Sets in Terms of Freedom of Choice’, Recherches Economiques de Louvain, 56: 383–90. (Scholar)
• –––, 1998, ‘On Preference and Freedom’, Theory and Decision, 44: 173–98. (Scholar)
• Pettit, P., 1997, Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2001, A Theory of Freedom, Cambridge: Polity Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2008a, ‘Freedom and Probability. A Comment on Goodin and Jackson’, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 36: 206–20. (Scholar)
• –––, 2008b, ‘Republican Freedom: Three Axioms, Four Theorems’, in Laborde and Maynor 2008: 102–130. (Scholar)
• –––, 2011, ‘The Instability of Freedom as Non-Interference. The Case of Isaiah Berlin’, Ethics, 121: 693–716. (Scholar)
• –––, 2012, On the People’s Terms. A Republican Theory and Model of Democracy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2014, Just Freedom. A Moral Compass for a Complex World, New York: Norton. (Scholar)
• Pitkin, H., 1988, ‘Are Freedom and Liberty Twins?’, Political Theory, 16: 523–52. (Scholar)
• Plamenatz, J., 1938, Consent, Freedom and Political Obligation, London: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Rawls, J., 1971, A Theory of Justice, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1991, Political Liberalism, New York: Columbia University Press. (Scholar)
• Ricciardi, M., 2007, ‘Berlin on Liberty’, in G. Crowder and H. Hardy (eds.), The One and the Many. Reading Isaiah Berlin, Amherst NY: Prometheus Books: 119–39. (Scholar)
• Rothbard, M. N., 1982, The Ethics of Liberty, Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press. (Scholar)
• Ruggiero, G. de, 1925, Storia del liberalismo europeo, Bari: Laterza, English R. G. Collingwood, The History of European Liberalism, London: Oxford University Press 1927. (Scholar)
• Sen, A., 1985, ‘Well-being, Agency and Freedom’, Journal of Philosophy, 82: 169–221. (Scholar)
• –––, 1988, ‘Freedom of Choice: Concept and Content’, European Economic Review, 32: 269–94. (Scholar)
• –––, 1992, Inequality Reexamined, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2002, Rationality and Freedom, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• Schmidt, A., 2015, ‘Why Animals have an Interest in Freedom’, Historical Social Research, 40: 92–109. (Scholar)
• –––, 2016, ‘Abilities and the Sources of Unfreedom’, Ethics, 126: 179–207. (Scholar)
• –––, 2018, ‘Domination without Inequality? Republicanism, Mutual Domination, and Gun Control’, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 46, pp. 175–206. (Scholar)
• –––, 2020, ‘Does Collective Unfreedom Matter? Individualism, Power and Proletarian Unfreedom’, Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, first online 06 October 2020. doi:10.1080/13698230.2020.1830350 (Scholar)
• Sharon, A., 2016, ‘Domination and the Rule of Law’, in D. Sobel, P. Vallentyne and S. Wall (eds.), Oxford Studies in Political Philosophy (Volume 2), New York: Oxford University Press: 128–55. (Scholar)
• Shnayderman, R., 2012, ‘Liberal vs. Republican Notions of Freedom’, Political Studies, 60: 44–58. (Scholar)
• –––, 2013, ‘Social Freedom, Moral Responsibility, Actions and Omissions’, Philosophical Quarterly, 63: 716–39. (Scholar)
• –––, 2016, ‘Ian Carter’s Non-evaluative Theory of Freedom and Diversity. A Critique’, Social Choice and Welfare, 46: 39–55. (Scholar)
• Simpson, T. W., 2017, ‘The Impossibility of Republican Freedom’, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 45: 28–53. (Scholar)
• Skinner, Q., 1998, Liberty before Liberalism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2002, ‘A Third Concept of Liberty’, Proceedings of the British Academy, 117(237): 237–68. (Scholar)
• –––, 2008, ‘Freedom as the Absence of Arbitrary Power’, in Laborde and Maynor 2008: 83–101. (Scholar)
• Steiner, H., 1974–5, ‘Individual Liberty’, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 75: 33–50, reprinted in Miller 2006: 123–40. (Scholar)
• –––, 1983, ‘How Free: Computing Personal Liberty’, in A. Phillips Griffiths, Of Liberty, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 73–89. (Scholar)
• –––, 1994, An Essay on Rights, Oxford: Blackwell. (Scholar)
• –––, 2001, ‘Freedom and Bivalence’, in Carter and Ricciardi 2001: 57–68. (Scholar)
• Sugden, R., 1998, ‘The Metric of Opportunity’, Economics and Philosophy, 14: 307–337. (Scholar)
• –––, 2003, ‘Opportunity as a Space for Individuality: its Value, and the Impossibility of Measuring it’, Ethics, 113(4): 783–809. (Scholar)
• –––, 2006, ‘What We Desire, What We Have Reason to Desire, Whatever We Might Desire: Mill and Sen on the Value of Opportunity’, Utilitas, 18: 33–51. (Scholar)
• Taylor, C., 1979, ‘What’s Wrong with Negative Liberty’, in A. Ryan (ed.), The Idea of Freedom, Oxford: Oxford University Press, reprinted in Miller 2006: 141–62. (Scholar)
• Taylor, M., 1982, Community, Anarchy and Liberty, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Van Parijs, P., 1995, Real Freedom for All, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Waldron, J., 1993, ‘Homelessness and the Issue of Freedom’, in J. Waldron, Liberal Rights. Collected Papers 1981–1991, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 309–38. (Scholar)
• Weinstock, D. and Nadeau, C. (eds.), 2004, Republicanism: History, Theory and Practice, London: Frank Cass. (Scholar)
• Wendt, F., 2011, ‘Slaves, Prisoners, and Republican Freedom’, Res Publica, 17: 175–92. (Scholar)
• Williams, B., 2001, ‘From Freedom to Liberty: The Construction of a Political Value’, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 30: 3–26. (Scholar)
• Young, R., 1986, Autonomy. Beyond Negative and Positive Liberty, New York: St. Martin’s Press. (Scholar)
• Zimmerman, D., 2002, ‘Taking Liberties: the Perils of “Moralizing” Freedom and Coercion in Social Theory and Practice’, Social Theory and Practice, 28: 577–609. (Scholar)