Cited Literature

• Ayer, A.J., 1936, Language Truth, and Logic, London: Gollancz. (Scholar)
• Carnap, R., 1928/1967, Der logische Aufbau der Welt, translated by R.A. George as The Logical Structure of the World, Berkeley: University of California Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1934/1937, Logische Syntax der Sprache, translated by A. Smeaton as The Logical Syntax of Language, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. (Scholar)
• –––, 1935, Philosophy and Logical Syntax, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, & Co. (Scholar)
• –––, 1936–37, “Testability and Meaning”, Philosophy of Science, 3: 419–71, 4: 1–40. (Scholar)
• –––, 1938, “Logical Foundations of the Unity of Science”, International Encyclopedia of Unified Science (Volume 1, Number 1), Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 42–62. (Scholar)
• –––, 1942, Introduction to Semantics, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1950, Logical Foundations of Probability, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1958 [2017], “Value Concepts”, transcribed and translated by A. Carus, Synthese 194: 185–94. [Original manuscript available online] (Scholar)
• –––, 1963a, “Carl G. Hempel on Scientific Theories”, in The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap, P.A. Schilpp (ed.), LaSalle, IL: Open Court, 958–66. (Scholar)
• –––, 1963b, “K.R. Popper on Probability and Induction”, in The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap, P.A. Schilpp (ed.), LaSalle, IL: Open Court, 995–998. (Scholar)
• –––, 1966, Philosophical Foundations of Physics, M. Gardner (ed.), New York: Basic Books. (Scholar)
• Carus, A.W., 2007, Carnap and Twentieth-Century Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar) (Scholar)
• Creath, R., 1976, “On Kaplan on Carnap on Significance”, Philosophical Studies, 30: 393–400. (Scholar)
• –––, 2009, “The Gentle Strength of Tolerance: The Logical Syntax of Language and Carnap’s Philosophical Programme”, in Carnap’s Logical Syntax of Language, P. Wagner (ed.), Houndsmills, Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 203–214. (Scholar)
• Earman, J., 1992, Bayes or Bust: A Critical Examination of Bayesian Confirmation Theory, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (Scholar)
• Friedman, M., 1987, “Carnap’s Aufbau Reconsidered”, Noûs, 21: 521–45. (Scholar)
• Gillies, D., 2000, “Varieties of Propensity”, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 51: 807–835. (Scholar)
• Gödel, K., 1995, “Is Mathematics Syntax of Language?” in K. Gödel, Collected Works (Volume 3), S. Fefferman, et al. (eds.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 334–362. (Scholar)
• Hempel, C.G., 1950, “Problems and Changes in the Empiricist Criterion of Meaning”, Revue International de Philosophie, 11: 41–63. (Scholar)
• –––, 1951, “The Concept of Cognitive Significance: A Reconsideration”, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 80: 61–77. (Scholar)
• Howson, C. and Urbach, P., 1993, Scientific Reasoning: The Bayesian Approach, LaSalle, IL: Open Court. (Scholar)
• –––, 2004, Subjective Probability: The Real Thing, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Kaplan, D., 1975, “Significance and Analyticity: A Comment on Some Recent Proposals of Carnap”, in Rudolf Carnap, Logical Empiricist, J. Hintikka (ed.), Dordrecht, Boston: Reidel, 87–94. (Scholar)
• Kemeny, J., 1955, “Fair Bets and Inductive Probabilities”, Journal of Symbolic Logic, 20: 263–73. (Scholar)
• Kuhn, T., 1962, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, International Encyclopedia of Unified Science (Volume II, Number 2), Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Scholar)
• Passmore, J., 1967, “Logical Positivism”, The Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Volume 5), P. Edwards (ed.), New York: Macmillan, 52–57. (Scholar)
• Popper, K., 1935/1959, Logik der Forschung, translated by the author as The Logic of Scientific Discovery, New York: Basic Books. (Scholar)
• –––, 1957, “The Propensity Interpretation of the Calculus of Probability”, S. Körner (ed.), The Colston Papers, 9: 65–70. (Scholar)
• –––, 1959, “The Propensity Interpretation of Probability”, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 10: 25–42. (Scholar)
• Quine, W.V., 1951, “Two Dogmas of Empiricism”, Philosophical Review, 60: 20–43. (Scholar)
• –––, 1963, “Carnap and Logical Truth”, in The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap, P. Schilpp (ed.), LaSalle, IL: Open Court, 385–406. (Scholar)
• –––, 1974, The Roots of Reference, LaSalle, IL: Open Court. (Scholar)
• Reichenbach, H., 1916/2008, Der Begriff der Wahrscheinlichkeit für die mathematische Darstellung der Wirklichkeit, edited and translated by F. Eberhardt and C. Glymour as The Concept of Probability in the Mathematical Representation of Reality, LaSalle, IL: Open Court. (Scholar)
• –––, 1938, Experience and Prediction: An Analysis of the Foundations and the Structure of Knowledge, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Scholar)
• Richardson, A., 1998, Carnap’s Construction of the World: The Aufbau and the Emergence of Logical Empiricism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Russell, B., 1914, Our Knowledge of the External World as a Field for Scientific Method in Philosophy, LaSalle, IL: Open Court. (Scholar)
• Salmon, W., 1967, The Foundations of Scientific Inference, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1968, “The Justification of Inductive Rules of Inference”, in The Problem of Inductive Logic, I. Lakatos (ed.), Amsterdam: North-Holland, 24–43. (Scholar)
• –––, 1970, ““Statistical Explanation”, in Nature and Function of Scientific Theories, R. Colodny (ed.), Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 173–231. (Scholar)
• Schilpp, P. (ed.), 1974, The Philosophy of Karl Popper, LaSalle, IL: Open Court. (Scholar)
• Suppes, P., 1978, “The Plurality of Science”, in PSA 1978: Proceedings of the 1978 Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association (Volume 2), P. Asquith and I. Hacking (eds.), East Lansing, MI: Philosophy of Science Association, 3–16. (Scholar)
• Tarski, A., 1936a/1956, “Der Wahrheitsbegriff in den formalisierten Sprachen”, translated by J.H. Woodger as “The Concept of Truth in Formalized Languages” in Logic, Semantics, Metamathematics, by A. Tarski, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 152–278. (Scholar)
• –––, 1936b/1956, “Über den Begriff den logischen Folgerung”, translated by J.H. Woodger as “On the Concept of Logical Consequence”, in Logic, Semantics, Metamathematics, by A. Tarski, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 409–20. (Scholar)
• Uebel, T., 2012, “Carnap, Philosophy, and ‘Politics in its Broadest Sense’”, in Carnap and the Legacy of Logical Empiricism, R. Creath (ed.), Vienna: Springer, 133–145. (Scholar)
• –––, 2013, “Logical Positivism – Logical Empiricism: What’s in a Name?”, Prespectives of Science, 21: 58–99. (Scholar)
• Waismann, F., 1967/1979, Wittgenstein und der Wiener Kreis, translated by J. Schulte and B. McGinnis as Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle, Oxford: Basil Blackwell. (Scholar)
• Wittgenstein, L., 1921/1922, Logische-Philosophische Abhandlung, translated by C.K. Ogden as Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. (Scholar)
• Zabell, S. L., 2007, “Carnap on Probability and Induction”, in The Cambridge Companion to Carnap, M. Friedman and R. Creath (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 273-294. (Scholar)

Selected Secondary Literature

• Awodey, S. and A. W. Carus, 2004, “How Carnap Could Have Replied to Gödel”, in S. Awodey and C. Klein (eds.), Carnap Brought Home: The View From Jena, LaSalle, IL: Open Court, 203-223. (Scholar)
• Blatti, S. and S. Lapointe (eds.), 2016, Ontology After Carnap, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Cartwright, N. , J. Cat, L. Fleck, and T. Übel, 1996, Otto Neurath: Philosophy Between Science and Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Carus, A.W., 2007, Carnap and Twentieth-Century Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Friedman, M., 1987, “Carnap’s Aufbau Reconsidered”, Noûs, 21: 521–45. (Scholar)
• –––, 1999, Reconsidering Logical Positivism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 2000, A Parting of the Ways: Carnap, Cassirer, and Heidegger, LaSalle, IL: Open Court. (Scholar)
• Friedman, M. and R. Creath (eds.), 2007, The Cambridge Companion to Carnap, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Frost-Arnold, G., 2013, Carnap, Tarski, and Quine at Harvard: Conversations of Logic, Mathematics, and Science, Chicago: Open Court. (Scholar)
• Hintikka, J. (ed.), 1962, Logic and Language: Studies Dedicated to Professor Rudolf Carnap on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday, Dordrecht: Reidel. (Scholar)
• ––– (ed.), 1975, Rudolf Carnap, Logical Empiricist: Materials and Perspectives, Dordrecht: Reidel. (Scholar)
• Howson, C., 1973, “Must the Logical Probability of Laws be Zero?” British Journal for Philosophy of Science, 24: 153–163. (Scholar)
• Jeffrey, R., 1975, “Probability and Falsification: Critique of the Popper Program”, Synthese, 30: 95–117. (Scholar)
• –––, 2004, Subjective Probability: The Real Thing, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Mancosu, P., “Harvard 1940–41: Tarski, Carnap, and Quine on a Finitistic Language of Mathematics for Science”, History and Philosophy of Logic, 26: 327–57. (Scholar)
• Miller, D., 1997, “Sir Karl Raimund Popper, CH, FBA”, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society of London”, 43: 367–409. (Scholar)
• Parrini, P., W. Salmon, and M. Salmon (eds.), 2003, Logical Empiricism: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. (Scholar)
• Rescher, N. (ed.), 1985, The Heritage of Logical Positivism, Lanham, MD: University Presses of America. (Scholar)
• Rescher, N., 2006, “The Berlin School of Logical Empiricism and Its Legacy, Erkenntnis, 64: 281–304. (Scholar)
• Richardson, A., 1998, Carnap’s Construction of the World: The Aufbauand the Emergence of Logical Empiricism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Richardson, A. and Übel, T. (eds.), 2007, The Cambridge Companion to Logical Empiricism, New York: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Salmon, W. and G. Wolters (eds.), 1994, Language, Logic, and the Structure of Scientific Theories: The Carnap-Reichenbach Centennial, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, and Konstanz, Germany: University of Konstanz Press. (Scholar)
• Sarkar, S., (ed.), 1992, Synthese: Carnap: A Centenary Reappraisal, Volume 93, Numbers 1–2. (Scholar)
• Schilpp, P. (ed.), 1963, The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap, LaSalle, IL: Open Court. (Scholar)
• Spohn, W. (ed.), 1991, Erkenntnis: Special Volume in Honor of Rudolf Carnap and Hans Reichenbach, Volume 35, Numbers 1–3. (Scholar)
• Stadler, F., 1997/2001, Studien zum Wiener Kreis: Entwicklung und Wirkung des Logischen Empiricismus im Kontext, translated by C. Nielsen, et al. as The Vienna Circle: Studies in the Origins, Development and Influence of Logical Empiricism, Vienna: Springer. (Scholar)
• Übel, T., 2007, Empiricism at the Crossroads: The Vienna Circle’s Protocol-Sentence Debate Revisited, LaSalle, IL: Open Court. (Scholar)
• Zabell, S. L., 1996, “Confirming Universal Generalizations”, Erkenntnis, 45: 267–283. (Scholar)