Primary Sources

• Charleton, Walter, 1654, Physiologia Epicuro-Gassendo-Charltoniana: or a Fabrick of Science Natural Upon the Hypothesis of Atoms, London: Tho. Newcomb. Reprinted with indices and introduction by Robert Hugh Kargon, New York and London: Johnson Reprint Corporation, 1966. (Scholar)
• Clarke, Samuel, 1717, A collection of papers, which passed between the late learned Mr. Leibnitz and Dr. Clarke, in the years 1715 and 1716, London: J. Knapton.
  Reprints:
  • Alexander, H. G. (ed.), The Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence, Manchester University Press, 1956. (Scholar)
  • Ariew, Roger (ed.), Correspondence / G. W. Leibniz and Samuel Clarke, Indianapolis: Hackett, 2000.
  • Robinet, A. (ed.), 1957, Correspondance Leibniz-Clarke; presentée d'après les manuscrits originaux des bibliothèques de Hanovre et de Londres; Bibliothèque de philosophie contemporaine. Histoire de la philosophie et philosophie generale, Paris. (Scholar)
• Descartes, René, 1644, Principia Philosophiae, Amsterdam: Elzevir. Reprinted in Oevres de Descartes, vol. VIII, edited by Charles Adam and Paul Tannery, Paris: Léopold Cerf, 1905.
  English translations:
  • Miller, Valentine Rodger, and Miller, Reese P. (trans.), Principles of Philosophy, Dordrecht/Boston/Lancaster: D. Reidel, 1983. (Scholar)
  • Blair Reynolds (trans.), Principles of Philosophy, Lewiston, N.Y.: E. Mellen Press, 1988.
• Hall, A. Rupert, and Hall, Marie Boas (eds. and trans.), 1962, Unpublished Scientific Papers of Isaac Newton, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Herivel, John (ed.), 1965, The Background to Newton's Principia: A Study of Newton's Dynamical Researches in the Years 1664-84, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Newton, Isaac, 1686/7, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, London: Joseph Streater, 1687. Reproduced in facsimile by William Dawson & Sons, London: Henderson & Spalding. (Scholar)
• –––, 1726 [1972], Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, third edition, with variant readings (in two volumes), edited by Alexandre Koyré, I. Bernard Cohen, and Anne Whitman, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Scholar)

Principal Secondary Sources

• Rynasiewicz, Robert, 1995a, “By Their Properties, Causes and Effects: Newton's Scholium on Time, Space, Place and Motion. Part I: The Text,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 26: 133-153. (Scholar)
• –––, 1995b, “By Their Properties, Causes and Effects: Newton's Scholium on Time, Space, Place and Motion. Part II: The Context,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 26: 295-321. (Scholar)

Additional Sources

• Ariotti, P., 1973, “Toward Absolute Time: Continental Antecedents of the Newtonian Conception of Absolute Time,” Annals of Science, 30: 31–50. (Scholar)
• Arthur, Richard, 1994, “Space and Relativity in Newton and Leibniz,” The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 45(1): 219–240. (Scholar)
• –––, 1995 “Newton’s Fluxions and Equably Flowing Time,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 26(2): 323–351. (Scholar)
• Baker, J. T., 1930, An Historical and Critical Examination of English Space and Time Theories From Henry More to Bishop Berkeley. Bronxville, NY: Sarah Lawrence College. (Scholar)
• Barbour, Julian B., 1989, Absolute or Relative Motion?: A Study from Machian Point of View of the Discovery and the Structure of Dynamical Theories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Chapt. 11. (Scholar)
• Belkind, Ori, 2007, “Newton's Conceptual Argument for Absolute Space,” International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 21(3): 271–293. (Scholar)
• Blackwell, R. J., 1986, Christian Huygens’ The Pendulum Clock or Geometrical Demonstrations Concerning the Motion of Pendulum as Applied to Clocks. Ames: The Iowa State University Press. (Scholar)
• Bricker, Phillip, and Hughes, R.I.G. (eds.), 1990, Philosophical Perspectives on Newtonian Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (Scholar)
• Broad, C. D., 1946, “Leibniz’s Last Controversy with the Newtonians,” Theoria, 12: 143–168. (Scholar)
• Burtt, Edwin A., 1954, The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science. New Jersey: Doubleday & Co, 243–263. (Scholar)
• Carriero, J., 1990, “Newton on Space and Time: Comments on J.E. McGuire,” in Bricker and Hughes (1990), 109–134. (Scholar)
• Cohen, I. Bernard, 1993, “The Principia, the Newtonian Style, and the Newtonian Revolution in Science,” in Action and Reaction, P. Theerman and A. F. Seeft (eds.), Newark: University of Delaware Press, 61–104. (Scholar)
• Cohen, I. Bernard, and Smith, George E., 2002, The Cambridge Companion to Newton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• DiSalle, Robert, 2002, “Newton's Philosophical Analysis of Space and Time,” in Cohen and Smith (2002), 33–56. (Scholar)
• Dobbs, B. J. T., 1982, “Newton’s Alchemy and His Theory of Matter,” Isis, 73(4): 511–528. (Scholar)
• Ducheyne, Steffen, 2008, “A Note on J.B. van Helmont’s De Tempore as an Influence on Isaac Newton’s Doctrine of Absolute Time,” Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie, 90: 216–228. (Scholar)
• Dugas, Rene, 1958, Mechanics in the Seventeenth Century. Neuchatel: Editions du Griffon. (Scholar)
• Earman, John, 1989, World Enough and Space-Time: Absolute versus Relational Theories of Space and Time. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 61–62. (Scholar)
• Fierz, Basel, 1954, “Ueber den Ursprung und die Bedeutung der Lehre Isaac Newtons vom Absoluten Raum,” Gesnerus, 11: 62–120. (Scholar)
• Garber, Daniel, 1992, Descartes’ Metaphysical Physics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Scholar)
• Grant, E., 1981, Much Ado About Nothing: Theories of Space and Vacuum from the Middle Ages to the Scientific Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• Hall, A. Rupert, 1992, “Newton and the Absolutes: Sources,” in The Investigation of Difficult Things: Essays on Newton and the History of the Exact Sciences. P. M. Harmon and A. Shapiro (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 261–285. (Scholar)
• Huggett, N., 2008, “Why the Parts of Absolute Space are Immobile,” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 59(3): 391–407. (Scholar)
• Jammer, Max, 1969, Concepts of Space. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Chapt. 4. (Scholar)
• Janiak, Andrew, 2008, Newton as Philosopher. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 130–162. (Scholar)
• Jessop, T. E., 1953, “Berkeley and Contemporary Physics,” Revue Internationale de Philosophie, 7: 87–100. (Scholar)
• Koyre, A., 1957, From the Closed World to The Infinite Universe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Chapt. VII. (Scholar)
• –––, 1965, Newtonian Studies, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Chapt. III. (Scholar)
• Lacey, Hugh, 1970 “The Scientific Intelligibility of Absolute Space: A Study of Newtonian Argument,” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 21(4): 317–342. (Scholar)
• Laymon, Ronald, 1978, “Newton’s Bucket Experiment,” Journal of the History of Philosophy, 16: 399–413. (Scholar)
• Mach, Ernst, 1960, The Science of Mechanics, Chicago: Open Court, Chapt. vi. (Scholar)
• McGuire, J.E., 1966, “Body and Void and Newton’s De Mundi Systemate: Some New Sources,” Archive for the History of Exact Sciences, 3: 206–248. (Scholar)
• –––, 1978a, “Existence, Actuality, and Necessity: Newton on Space and Time,” Annals of Science, 35: 463–508. (Scholar)
• –––, 1978b, “Newton on Place, Time, and God: An Unpublished Source,” British Journal for the History of Science, 11: 114–129. (Scholar)
• –––, 1990, “Predicates of Pure Existence: Newton on God’s Space and Time,” in Bricker and Hughes (1990), 91–108. (Scholar)
• Meli, Domenico Bertoloni, 2002, “Newton and the Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence,” in Cohen and Smith (2002), 455–464. (Scholar)
• Nagel, Ernest, 1961, The Structure of Science: Problems in the Logic of Scientific Explanation. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, Chapt. 9. (Scholar)
• Nerlich, Graham, 2005, “Can Parts of Space Move? On Paragraph Six of Newton’s Scholium,” Erkenntnis, 62: 119–135. (Scholar)
• Palter, Robert, 1987, “Saving the Text: Documents, Readers, and the Ways of the World,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 18: 385–439. (Scholar)
• Pemberton, Henry, 1728, A View of Sir Isaac Newton’s Philosophy, London: S. Palmer. (Scholar)
• Popper, K. R., 1953, “A Note on Berkeley as Precursor of Mach,” British Journal for the Philsophy of Science, 4: 26–36. (Scholar)
• Power, J. E., 1970, “Henry More and Isaac Newton on Absolute Space,” Journal of the History of Ideas, 31: 289–296. (Scholar)
• Ray, C., 1987, The Evolution of Relativity. Bristol: Adam Hilger, 3–12. (Scholar)
• Reichenbach, H., 1958, The Philosophy of Space and Time. New York: Dover Publications, 210–218. (Scholar)
• Shapin, S., 1981, “Of Gods and Kings: Natural Philosophy and Politics in the Leibniz-Clarke Disputes,” Isis, 72: 187–215. (Scholar)
• Sklar, L., 1974, Space, Time and Space-Time. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 161–193. (Scholar)
• Slowik, Ed, 2009, “Newton's Metaphysics of Space: A `Tertium Quid' betwixt Substantivalism and Relationism, or merely A `God of The (Rational Mechanical) Gaps'?” Perspectives on Science 17: 429–456. (Scholar)
• Stein, Howard, 1967, “Newtonian Space-Time,” in Robert Palter (ed.), The Annus Mirabilis of Sir Isaac Newton 1666-1966. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 174–200. (Scholar)
• –––, 1977, “Some Philosophical Prehistory of General Relativity,” in Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. VIII, J. Earman, C. Glymour, and J. Stachel (eds.), Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 3–49. (Scholar)
• Stewart, L., 1981, “Samuel Clarke, Newtonianism, and the Factions of Post-Revolutionary England,” Journal of the History of Ideas, 42: 53–72. (Scholar)
• Strong, E. W., 1970, “Barrow and Newton,” Journal of the History of Philosophy, 8: 155–172. (Scholar)
• Suchting, W. A., 1961, “Berkeley’s Criticism of Newton on Space and Motion,” Isis, 58: 186–97. (Scholar)
• Toulmin, S., 1959a, “Criticism in the History of Science: Newton on Absolute Space, Time, and Motion, I,” The Philosophical Review, 68: 1–29. (Scholar)
• –––, 1959b, “Criticism in the History of Science: Newton on Absolute Space, Time, and Motion, II,” The Philosophical Review, 68: 203–227. (Scholar)
• Vailati, Ezio, 1997, Leibniz & Clarke: A Study of Their Correspondence. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Scholar)
• Westfall, R. S., 1964, “Newton and Absolute Space,” Archives Internationale d’Histoire des Sciencie, 17: 121–136. (Scholar)
• –––, 1971, Force in Newton’s Physics. New York: American Elsevier, chap. 8. (Scholar)
• Whitrow, G. J., 1953, “Berkeley’s Philosophy of Motion,” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 4: 37–45. (Scholar)