Primary Literature

In Latin

• William of Ockham, 1967–88. Opera philosophica et theologica, Gedeon Gál, et al. (eds.), 17 volumes, St. Bonaventure, N. Y.: The Franciscan Institute. (Scholar)
• –––, 1956–97. Opera politica, H. S. Offler, et al. (eds.), 4 volumes; Volumes 1–3, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1956–74; Volume 4, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. (Contains all the political writings except the Dialogus.) (Scholar)
• –––, 2011. Dialogus, Part 2 and Part 3, Tract 1, John Kilcullen, et al. (eds.), Oxford: Oxford University Press for the British Academy. See Other Internet Resources below. (Scholar)

In English Translation

A fair number of Ockham’s writings are available in English, in whole or in part. For a list of translations to 1999, see Spade [1999], pp. 5–11. The following major items deserve particular mention:

• Adams, Marilyn McCord, and Kretzmann, Norman (trans.), 1983. William of Ockham: Predestination, God’s Foreknowledge, and Future Contingents, 2nd edition, Indianapolis: Hackett. (Includes Ockham’s Treatise on Predestination and God’s Foreknowledge with Respect to Future Contingents, with introduction and commentary, and translations of related passages from other works of Ockham.) (Scholar)
• Jan Ballweg, John Kilcullen, Volker Leppin, and John Scott (eds. and trans.), 2011, Dialogus (Part 2; Part 3, Tract 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press. (See Other Internet Resources below.) (Scholar)
• Birch, T. Bruce (ed. & trans.), 1930. The De sacramento altaris of William of Ockham, Burlington, Iowa: Lutheran Literary Board. Translation of Ockham’s Treatise on Quantity and On the Body of Christ. (Despite Birch’s title, these two are not parts of a larger single work De sacramento altaris.) (Scholar)
• Boehner, Philotheus (ed. & trans.), 1990. William of Ockham: Philosophical Writings, revised edition, Indianapolis, Ind.: Hackett; original edition, London: Thomas Nelson, 1957. (Selections from several texts.) (Scholar)
• Bosley, Richard N., and Tweedale, Martin (trans.), 1997. Basic Issues in Medieval Philosophy: Selected Readings Presenting the Interactive Discourse among the Major Figures, Peterborough: Broadview. (Includes a translation of On the Eternity of the World and selections from other works of Ockham.) (Scholar)
• Davies, Julian (trans.), 1989. Ockham on Aristotle’s Physics: A Translation of Ockham’s Brevis Summa Libri Physicorum, St. Bonaventure, N. Y.: The Franciscan Institute. (Complete translation of the Brief Summa of the Physics.) (Scholar)
• Freddoso, Alfred J., and Kelly, Francis E. (trans.), 1991. Quodlibetal Questions, New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. (Scholar)
• Freddoso, Alfred J., and Schuurman, Henry (trans.), 1980. Ockham’s Theory of Propositions: Part II of the Summa logicae, Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press. (Scholar)
• Kilcullen, John, and Scott, John (trans.), 2001. A Translation of William of Ockham’s Work of Ninety Days, Lewiston, NY: E. Mellen Press. (Scholar)
• Kluge, Eike-Henner W. (trans.), 1973-74. “William of Ockham’s Commentary on Porphyry: Introduction and English Translation.” Franciscan Studies, 33: 171–254, and 34: 306–82. (Scholar)
• Longaway, John Lee (trans.), 2007. Demonstration and Scientific Knowledge in William of Ockham: a Translation of Summa logicae III–II, De syllogismo demonstrativo, and Selections from the Prologue to the Ordinatio, Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press. (Scholar)
• Loux, Michael J. (trans.), 1974. Ockham’s Theory of Terms: Part I of the Summa Logicae, Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press. (Complete Translation.) (Scholar)
• McGrade, A. S., and Kilcullen, John (eds. & trans.), 1992. A Short Discourse on the Tyrannical Government Over Things Divine and Human, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Translation of Ockham’s Short Discourse.) (Scholar)
• ––– (eds. & trans.), 1995. A Letter to the Friars Minor and Other Writings, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Translation of several of Ockham’s political writings, including the Letter to the Friars Minor, Eight Questions on the Power of the Pope and The Work of Ninety Days.) (Scholar)
• Spade, Paul Vincent (trans.), 1994. Five Texts on the Mediaeval Problem of Universals: Porphyry, Boethius, Abelard, Duns Scotus, Ockham, Indianapolis, Ind.: Hackett. (Includes a complete translation of Ockham’s discussion of universals from Sent, I.2.4–8.) (Scholar)
• Wood, Rega (trans.), 1997. Ockham on the Virtues, West Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Press. (Contains a translation of Ockham’s On the Connection of the Virtues, with the original Latin text, introduction and commentary.) (Scholar)

Secondary Literature

The following list includes all works cited in this article, plus several other noteworthy items:

• Adams, Marilyn McCord, 1986. “The Structure of Ockham’s Moral Theory,” Franciscan Studies, 29: 1–35. (Scholar)
• –––, 1987. William Ockham, 2 volumes, Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press; 2nd revised edition, 1989. (Scholar)
• –––, 1999. “Ockham on Will, Nature, and Morality.” in Spade [1999], Chapter 11 (pp. 245–72). (Scholar)
• Ashworth, E. J., and Spade, Paul Vincent, 1992. “Logic in Late Medieval Oxford,” in J. I. Catto and T. A. R. Evans (eds.), History of the University of Oxford (Volume 2: Late Medieval Oxford), Oxford: Clarendon Press, Chapter 2, pp. 35–64. (Scholar)
• Boehner, Philotheus, 1946. “The Realistic Conceptualism of William Ockham,” Traditio, 4: 307–35. (Scholar)
• Brampton, C. Kenneth, 1964. “Nominalism and the Law of Parsimony,” The Modern Schoolman, 41: 273–81. (Scholar)
• Brown, Stephen F., 1972. “Walter Burleigh’s Treatise De suppositionibus and Its Influence on William of Ockham,” Franciscan Studies 32, pp. 15–64. (Scholar)
• Chalmers, David, 1999. “Is There Synonymy in Ockham’s Mental Language?” in Spade [1999], Chapter 4, pp. 76–99. (Scholar)
• Courtenay, William J., 1999. “The Academic and Intellectual Worlds of Ockham,” in Spade [1999], Chapter 1, pp. 17–30. (Scholar)
• Freppert, Lucan, 1988. The Basis of Morality according to William Ockham, Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press. (Scholar)
• Gál, Gedeon, 1982. “William of Ockham Died Impenitent in April 1347,” Franciscan Studies, 42: 90–95. (Scholar)
• Goddu, André, 1984. The Physics of William of Ockham, Leiden: E. J. Brill. (Scholar)
• –––, 1999. “Ockham’s Philosophy of Nature,” in Spade [1999], Chapter 7, pp. 143–67. (Scholar)
• Hirvonen, Vesa, 2004. Passions in William Ockham’s Philosophical Psychology, Dordrecht: Kluwer. (Scholar)
• Karger, Elizabeth, 1976. A Study of William of Ockham’s Modal Logic, Ph.D. dissertation, University of California. (Scholar)
• –––, 1999. “Ockham’s Misunderstood Theory of Intuitive and Abstractive Cognition,” in Spade [1999], Chapter 9, pp. 204–26. (Scholar)
• Keele, Rondo, 2010. Ockham Explained. From Razor to Rebellion, Chicago: Open Court. (Scholar)
• King, Peter, 1999. “Ockham’s Ethical Theory,” in Spade [1999], Chapter 10, pp. 227–44. (Scholar)
• Kilcullen, John, 1999. “The Political Writings,” in Spade [1999], Chapter 13, pp. 302–25. (Scholar)
• Leppin, Volker, 2003. Wilhelm von Ockham: Gelehrter, Streiter, Bettelmönch, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. (Scholar)
• Maurer, Armand A., 1962. Medieval Philosophy, New York: Random House. (Scholar)
• –––, 1978. “Method in Ockham’s Nominalism,” The Monist, 61: 426–43. (Scholar)
• –––, 1984. “Ockham’s Razor and Chatton’s Anti-Razor,” Mediaeval Studies, 46: 463–75. (Scholar)
• –––, 1999. The Philosophy of William of Ockham in the Light of Its Principles, Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. (Scholar)
• McGrade, A. S., 1974. The Political Thought of William of Ockham, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (New edition, 2002). (Scholar)
• –––, 1999. “Natural Law and Moral Omnipotence,” in Spade [1999], Chapter 12, pp. 273–301. (Scholar)
• Michon, Cyrille, 1994. Nominalisme: La théorie de la signification d’Occam, Paris: J. Vrin. (Scholar)
• Mollat, G., 1963. The Popes in Avignon 1307–1378, London: Thomas Nelson. (Scholar)
• Normore, Calvin G., 1975. The Logic of Time and Modality in the Later Middle Ages: The Contribution of William of Ockham, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Toronto. (Scholar)
• –––, 1999. “Some Aspects of Ockham’s Logic,” in Spade [1999], Chapter 2, pp. 31–52. (Scholar)
• Panaccio, Claude, 1990. “Connotative Terms in Ockham’s Mental Language,” Cahiers d’épistémologie, no. 9016. Montréal: Université du Québec à Montréal. (Scholar)
• –––, 1991. Les Mots, les Concepts et les Choses. Le sémantique de Guillaume d’Occam et le nominalisme d’aujourd’hui, Montréal-Paris: Bellarmin-Vrin. (Scholar)
• –––, 1999. Le Discours Intérieur: de Platon à Guillaume d’Ockham, Paris: Éditions du Seuil. (Scholar)
• –––, 2004. Ockham on Concepts, Aldershot, England: Ashgate. (Scholar)
• –––, 2012. “Intellections and Volitions in Ockham’s Nominalism,” in Martin Pickavé and Lisa Shapiro (eds.), Emotion and Cognitive Life in Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, pp. 75–93. (Scholar)
• –––, 2014. “Ockham: Intuition and Knowledge,” in Lisa M. Osbeck and Barbara S. Held (eds.), Rational Intuition. Philosophical Roots, Scientific Investigations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014, pp. 55–74. (Scholar)
• –––, 2015. “Ockham’s Externalism,” in Gyula Klima (ed.) [2015], Intentionality, Cognition and Mental Representation in Medieval Philosophy, New York: Fordham University Press, pp. 166–185. (Scholar)
• –––, 2016. “Ockham on Nominal Definitions, Synonymy and Mental Language,” in Laurent Cesalli, Frédéric Goubier and Alain de Libera (eds.), Formal Approaches and Natural Language in Medieval Logic, Barcelona: Fédération Internationale des Instituts d’Études Médiévales, 2016, pp. 393–415. (Scholar)
• Panaccio, Claude and Piché, David, 2010. “Ockham’s Reliabilism and the Intuition of Non-Existents,” in Henrik Lagerlund (ed.) [2010]. Rethinking the History of Skepticism. The Missing Medieval Background, Leiden: Brill, pp. 97–118. (Scholar)
• Pelletier, Jenny, 2013. William of Ockham on Metaphysics. The Science of Being and God, Leiden: Brill. (Scholar)
• Robinson, Jonathan, 2013. William of Ockham’s Early Theory of Property Rights in Context, Leiden: Brill. (Scholar)
• Schierbaum, Sonja, 2014. Ockham’s Assumption of Mental Speech. Thinking in a World of Particulars, Leiden: Brill. (Scholar)
• Spade, Paul Vincent, 1974. “Ockham on Self-Reference,” Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, 15: 298–300. (Scholar)
• –––, 1975. “Ockham’s Distinctions between Absolute and Connotative Terms,” Vivarium, 13: 55–76. (Scholar)
• –––, 1975a. “Some Epistemological Implications of the Burley-Ockham Dispute,” Franciscan Studies, 35: 212–22. (Scholar)
• –––, 1980. “Synonymy and Equivocation in Ockham’s Mental Language,” Journal of the History of Philosophy, 18: 9–22. (Scholar)
• –––, 1988. “The Logic of the Categorical: The Medieval Theory of Descent and Ascent,” in Norman Kretzmann (ed.), Meaning and Inference in Medieval Philosophy, Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1988, pp. 187–224. (Scholar)
• –––, 1990. “Ockham, Adams and Connotation: A Critical Notice of Marilyn Adams, William Ockham,” The Philosophical Review, 99: 593–612. (Scholar)
• –––, 1998. “Three Versions of Ockham’s Reductionist Program,” Franciscan Studies 56, pp. 335–46. (Scholar)
• ––– (ed.), 1999. The Cambridge Companion to Ockham, New York: Cambridge University Press. (Scholar)
• –––, 1999a. “Ockham’s Nominalist Metaphysics: Some Main Themes,” in Spade [1999], Chapter 5, pp. 100–117. (Scholar)
• Stump, Eleonore, 1999. “The Mechanisms of Cognition: Ockham on Mediating Species,” in Spade [1999], Chapter 8, pp. 168–203. (Scholar)
• Tachau, Katherine H., 1988. Vision and Certitude in the Age of Ockham: Optics, Epistemology and the Foundations of Semantics, 1250–1345, Leiden: E. J. Brill. (Scholar)
• Trentman, John, 1970. “Ockham on Mental,” Mind, 79: 586–90. (Scholar)
• Tweedale, Martin M., 1992. “Ockham’s Supposed Elimination of Connotative Terms and His Ontological Parsimony,” Dialogue, 31: 431–44. (Scholar)
• Wood, Rega, 1999. “Ockham’s Repudiation of Pelagianism,” in Spade [1999], Chapter 15, pp. 350–73. (Scholar)

Other Bibliographies

Ample bibliographies of the secondary literature up to 1990 may be found in:

• Beckmann, Jan P., 1992. Ockham—Bibliographie: 1900–1990, Hamburg: Felix Meiner. (Scholar)
• Heynick, Valens, 1950. “Ockham-Literatur: 1919-1949.” Franziskanische Studien, 32: 164–83. (Scholar)
• Reilly, James P., 1968. “Ockham Bibliography, 1950–1967.” Franciscan Studies, 28: 197–214. (Scholar)